Computer Basics - Chapter 1

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By:-

ANKIT MAHINDROO

(Asst. Professor, LMTSOM)

COMPUTER BASICS

(CHAPTER 1)


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COMPUTER STANDS FOR??

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opyright L M Thapar School of Management2

y There is no real full form of the computer , it is made by users and Computerthe word is generated with the English word "Compute" , it's generalmeaning Calculate. If any word has full form then it should be in Capitalletter such as " COMPUTER" ....this capital letter means it is the collectionof many different words but here it is a English word in it self. So English

says that there is no Full Form of any English word which has any meaning .So Computer has no Full Form...

y Computer is not an acronym, it is a device that "computes" by executingbasic instructions.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_full_form_of_c.o.m.p.u.t.e.r.


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WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

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DEFINITION 1

y A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machinethat performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or thatassembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.

DEFINITION 2

y A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores andmanipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.

DEFINITION 3y Electronic machine capable of performing calculations and other

manipulations of various types of data, under the control of a stored setof instructions. The machine itself is the hardware; the instructions arethe program or software.


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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

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y First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

y Eg. UNIVAC (UNIVersalAutomatic Computer), ENIAC

(Electronic NumericalIntegratorAndComputer)

IBM 650, 1954


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y Second generation (1954-1959) transistor

y far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to

become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient

and more reliable. Eg. IBM 1401

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer


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y Third generation (1959-1971) IC

PDP-8,Digital Equipment Corporation

Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8

is the least expensive general purpose small

computer in 1960s


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y Fourth generation (1971-present) microprocessor

y Eg. IBM PC

ALU

Instructiondecoder

Reg.

Programcounter

I/ORefreshlogic

System bus

Control logic

ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset

Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout


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y Fifth-generation (now and the future)

y Infancy stage

y No precise classification

yMay be based on artificial intelligence (AI)

y Likely use voice input

y May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology


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HARDWARE

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HARDWARE

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y Input devices

y Used to input data into the computer

y Keyboards, mouse, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks,etc.

y Processing devices

y Perform calculations and control computers operation

y Central processing unit (CPU) and memory

y

Output devicesy Present results to the user

y Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.


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HARDWARE

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y Storage devices

y Used to store data on or access data from storage media

y Hard drives, DVD disks and drives, USB flash drives, etc.

y Communications devices

y Allow users to communicate with others and to electronicallyaccess information

y Modems, network adapters, etc.


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HARDWARE

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SOFTWARE

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y Software: The programs or instructions used to tell the

computer hardware what to do

y System software: Operating system allows a computer to

operate

y Boots the computer and launches programs at the users direction

y Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus,

buttons, etc.

y Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.


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SOFTWARE

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SOFTWARE

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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y Application software: Performs specific tasks or applications

y Creating letters, budgets, etc.

y Managing inventory and customer databases

y Editing photographs

y Scheduling appointments

y Viewing Web pages

y Sending and receiving e-mail

y Recording / playing CDs

y Designing homesy Playing games


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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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LIVEWARE

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y Liveware was used in the computer industry as early as

1966 to refer to computer users,


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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

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y Speed

y Arithmetical and Logical Operations

y Accuracy

y Reliability

y Storagey Retrieving data and programs

y Automation

y Versatility

y Communications

y No Feelings

y Consistency

y Precision


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COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION

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y Embedded Computers

y Mobile Devices

y Personal Computers/Desktop PCs

y Portable PCs

y Mainframes

y Supercomputers


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EMBEDDED COMPUTERS

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y Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designedto perform specific tasks or functions for that product

y Cannot be used as general-purpose computers

y Often embedded into:

y Household appliances

y Thermostats

y Sewing machines

y A/V equipment

y Cars


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MOBILE DEVICES

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y Mobile device: A very small device with some

type of built-in computing or Internet

capability

y Typically based on cellular phones

y Examples:

y Smart phones

y Smart watches

y Handheld gaming devices

y Portable digital media players


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MOBILE DEVICES

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characteristics:

They cost much less than PCs.

Their operating systems are simpler than those on a desktop

PC

. They provide good performance at specific tasks but do not

replace the full functions of a PC.

They provide both computer and/or communications

features. They offer a Web portal that is viewable on a screen.


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PERSONAL COMPUTERS / DESKTOP PCs

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y Personal computer: a computer systemdesigned to be used by one person at atime

y Also called a microcomputer

y Can be desktop or portable computers

y Desktop PCs: fit on or next to a desk

y Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-

in-oney Can be PC-compatible or Macintosh

y Not designed to be portable


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PORTABLE PCs


y Notebook (laptop) computersy Typically use clamshell design

y Tablet PCs

y Can be slate

tablets or

convertible


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PORTABLE PCs


y Handheld computers

y Size of a paperback book orpocket calculator

y Some include phone capabilities

y Ultra Mobile PersonalComputer (UMPC): Fully-functioning handheld


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MAINFRAMES


Mainframes are not as powerful and

generally not as expensive assupercomputers.

Large corporations, where data processing iscentralized and large databases are maintained, oftenuse mainframe computers.

Applications that run on a mainframe can be largeand complex, allowing for data and information to

be shared throughout the organization. Large computers are called mainframes.

Mainframe computers process data at very high ratesof speed, measured in the millions of instructionsper second.

Mainframes are designed for multiple users and

process vast amounts of data quickly. Banks,insurance companies, manufacturers, mail-ordercompanies, and airlines are typical users.Mainframes are often servers-- computers thatcontrol the networks of computers for largecompanies like catalog merchandiser L. L. Bean.


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SUPERCOMPUTERS



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SUPERCOMPUTERS


y Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type ofcomputer

y Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible

y Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers,

supercomputing clustery Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather

forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complexWeb sites,decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.

yGrid computing: Using the unused processing power of a largenumber of computers to work together on a single task


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TYPES OF MEMORY


two categories of memory:

y REGISTER

y a part of the CPU and is very fast, and the internal memory

chips, which reside outside the CPU and are slower.

y A register is circuitry in the CPU that allows for the fast storage

and retrieval of data and instructions during the processing.

y The control unit, the CPU, and the primary storage all have

registers.

y Small amounts of data reside in the register for very short

periods, prior to their use.


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y INTERNALMEMORY

y is used to store data just before they are processed by

the CPU.

y Immediately after the processing it comprises two types of

storage space: RAM and ROM.


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y Random-AccessMemory (RAM)

y is the place in which the CPU stores the instructions and

data it is processing.

y The larger the memory area, the larger the programs that can

be stored and executed.

y Advantage: very fast in storing and retrieving any type of data,

whether textual, graphical, sound, or animation-based.

y Disadvantage: relatively expensive and volatile thus it means

that all data and programs stored in RAM are lost when thepower is turned off.


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y DRAM

y most widely used chips

y known to be volatile since they need to be recharged and

refreshed hundreds of times per second in order to retain the

information stored in them.


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y SRAM (Static RAM)y Costs more than DRAM

y Has a higher level of performance

y FLASHMEMORYy Form of re-writable memory storage

y Have limited capacity, are compact, portable and require little

energy to read and writey is very popular for small portable technologies such as cellular

telephones, digital cameras, handheld computers,


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y CACHEMEMORY

y a temporary storage for the most frequently used blocks

y RAMis used to store the next most frequently used blocks

y secondary storage for the least used blocks.

y MRAM

y can maintain data securely without a constant source ofpower

y magnetic that uses minuscule magnets rather than electric

charges to store the 0s and 1s of binary datay ADV OVER DRAM: No information leakage since the bits are

stored magnetically


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y Read OnlyMemory (ROM)

y portion of primary storage that cannot be changed or

erased

y is nonvolatile; that is, the program instructions are continually

retained within the ROM

y For example, the instructions needed to start, or boot


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TYPES OF MEMORY


y Programmable read-only memory (PROM)

y a memory chip on which a program can be stored

y cannot wipe it or clean and use it to store something else

y Is non-volatile

y Erasable programmable read-only memory

(EPROM)

y

a special type ofPROM that can be erased by ex

posing it toultraviolet light.


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TYPES OF MEMORY


TYPESOF CACHEMEMORY

y Level 1 (L1) cache is located in the processor. L1 cache is

smaller and faster than L2 cache

y

Level 2 (L2) cache is located on the motherboard but notactually in the processor.

y Chip manufacturers are now designing chips with L1 cache

and L2 cache in the processor and Level 3 (L3) cache on the

motherboard.


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TYPES OF MEMORY


CACHEMEMORY

y ADVANTAGE: Cache memory operates at a much higher

speed than conventional memory (i.e., RAM), this

technique greatly increases the speed of processing because it

reduces the number of times the program has to fetch

instructions and data from RAM and secondary storage.


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SECONDARY STORAGE


y Secondary storage is separate from primary storage

and the CPU, but directly connected to it.

y E.g. magnetic tape, magnetic disk, magnetic diskette, optical

storage, and digital videodisk.


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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE


Main

Memory

Input

Output

Systems

Interconnection

Central

Processing

Unit


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COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER


central processing unit

Storage(External memory)

input/output Main Memory(RAM)


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COMPUTER COMPONENTS



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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION


Central Processing Unit (CPU) or microprocessor,controls the operation of the computer and performs itsdata processing functions

Main memory- also called internal memory storesinstructions and data. Memory is partitioned intoseparate instruction and data spaces

Input/output (I/O) moves data between thecomputer and its external environment

System interconnection some mechanism thatprovides for communications among the CPU, the mainmemory, and the I/O devices

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Computer Basics - Chapter 1