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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
AND APPLICATIONS
Contents iii
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
AND APPLICATIONS
VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD
Ashok AroraVisiting Faculty,
Institute of Management Technology,and
Sikkim Manipal University
VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTDE-28, Sector-8, Noida – 201301 (UP) IndiaPhone: +91-120-4078900 • Fax: +91-120-4078999Registered Office: 576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi – 110014. India
E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.vikaspublishing.com• Ahmedabad : 305, Grand Monarch, 100 ft, Shyamal Road, Near Seema Hall,
Ahmedabad – 380 051 • Ph. 079-65254204• Bengaluru : First Floor, N.S. Bhawan, 4th Cross, 4th Main, Gandhi Nagar,
Bengaluru – 560009 • Ph. +91-80-22204639, 22281254• Chennai : E-12, Nelson Chambers, 115, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai,
Chennai – 600029 • Ph. +91-44-23744547, 23746090• Hyderabad : Aashray Mansion, Flat-G (G.F.), 3-6-361/8, Street No. 20, Himayath Nagar,
Hyderabad – 500029 • Ph. +91-40-23269992 • Fax. +91-40-23269993• Kolkata : 6B, Rameshwar Shaw Road, Kolkata – 700014 • Ph. 033-22897888• Mumbai : 67/68, 3rd Floor, Aditya Industrial Estate, Chincholi Bunder, Malad (West),
Mumbai – 400064 • Ph. +91-22-28772545, 28768301• Patna : Flat No. 101, Sri Ram Tower, Beside Chiraiyatand Overbridge,
Kankarbagh Main Road, Kankarbagh, Patna – 800020, (Bihar)
Computer Fundamentals and ApplicationsISBN: 978-93259-7160-8
Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas Publishing House Pvt LtdCopyright © Author, 2015
All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Information contained in this book has been published by Vikas® Publishing House Pvt Ltd and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes, if any, are subject to Delhi Jurisdiction only.
Printed in India.
To
My ParentsSmt. Lajwanti & Late Shri Hari Chand
My BrothersLate Shri Baldev Raj Arora & Shri Jagdish Arora
My SistersSmt. Nirmal Arora & Smt. Sudesh Sachdeva
AndMy Nieces & Nephews
Sarika Arora, Preeti Arora, Mohit Arora, Komal Sachdeva & Gaurav Sachdeva
Contents
Preface xxiiiAcknowledgements xxv
Section A Fundamentals of ComputersChapter 1 Introduction to Computers 1
1.1 Introduction 11.2 What is A Computer? 11.3 History of Computers 2
1.3.1 Earlier Computing Devices 21.3.2 Zeroth Generation Computers 31.3.3 First Generation Computers 31.3.4 Second Generation Computers 41.3.5 Third Generation Computers 51.3.6 Fourth Generation Computers 51.3.7 Fifth Generation Computers 6
1.4 Types of Computers 71.4.1 Based on Purpose 71.4.2 Based on Technology Used 81.4.3 Based on Size and Storage Capacity 8
1.5 Computers of the Future 111.5.1 Mobile Computers 121.5.2 Nanotech Computers 12
1.6 Organisation of Basic Computers 121.6.1 Hardware and Software 131.6.2 Input/Output Unit 131.6.3 Central Processing Unit 141.6.4 Memory Unit 151.6.5 Storage Unit 161.6.6 Motherboard 161.6.7 Cards, Ports and Cards 171.6.8 Power Supply 17
1.7 Applications of Computers 171.7.1 Role of Computers in Business 171.7.2 Role of Computers in Science 191.7.3 Role of Computers in Education 191.7.4 Role of Computers in Entertainment 191.7.5 Role of Computers in Data Communications 201.7.6 Emerging Information Technologies 20
1.8 Limitations of Computers
Case Study 22Summary 22Exercises 23
viii Computer Fundamentals and Applications
Chapter 2 Hardware Devices 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Motherboard 25
2.2.1 CPU Chip 262.2.2 Memory Chip 26
2.3 Input Devices 282.3.1 Keyboard 282.3.2 Mouse 282.3.3 Joystick 292.3.4 Trackball 292.3.5 Touch Screen 292.3.6 Light Pen 302.3.7 Digitiser 302.3.8 Scanner 302.3.9 Bar Code Reader 30
2.3.10 MICR Device 312.3.11 Optical Character Reader 312.3.12 OMR (Optical Mark Reader) 312.3.13 Microphone 312.3.14 Web Camera 32
2.4 Output Devices 322.4.1 Monitor 322.4.2 Printer 332.4.3 Plotter 352.4.4 Computer Output Microfilm 36
2.5 Storage Devices 362.5.1 Evolution and Kinds of Computer Storage 362.5.2 Hard Disk 382.5.3 Floppy Disk 382.5.4 CD-Rom 392.5.5 DVD-ROM/RAM Disk 402.5.6 Pen Drive 40
Case Study 40Summary 41Exercises 42Chapter 3 Software Concepts 44
3.1 Introduction 443.2 System Software 44
3.2.1 Operating Systems 443.2.2 Booting 453.2.3 Types of Operating Systems 453.2.4 Functions of Operating Systems 483.2.5 Operating System Techniques 48
3.3 Utility Software 493.3.1 File Management Utilities 49
Contents ix
3.3.2 Text Editing Utilities 493.3.3 Virus Detection and Removal Utilities 493.3.4 Diagnostic Utilities and Performance Monitoring Utilities 503.3.5 Spooling Utilities 503.3.6 Data Compression Utilities 503.3.7 MIDI Software 513.3.8 Speech Synthesis Software 513.3.9 Web Authoring Software 51
3.4 Application Software 513.4.1 Word Processors 523.4.2 Database Management Packages 543.4.3 Spreadsheet Packages 553.4.4 Presentation Packages 563.4.5 Office Suits (Office Automation Packages) 563.4.6 Desktop Publishing Software 573.4.7 Graphics, Multimedia and Animation Software 573.4.8 Computer Aided Design Software 583.4.9 Business Application Software 58
Case Study 58Summary 59Exercises 59Chapter 4 Data Representation in Computers 61
4.1 Introduction 614.2 Bits and Bytes 614.3 Number Systems for Data Representation 624.4 Coding Schemes 63
4.4.1 BCD Code 634.4.2 EBCDIC Code 634.4.3 ASCII Code 63
4.5 Conversion of Numbers 644.5.1 Converting Decimal Number to Binary Number 644.5.2 Converting Binary Number to Decimal Number 654.5.3 Converting Decimal Real Numbers to Binary Real Numbers 654.5.4 Converting Binary Real Numbers to Decimal Real Numbers 664.5.5 Converting Decimal Number to Octal Number 664.5.6 Converting Octal Number to Decimal Number 664.5.7 Converting Decimal Number to Hexadecimal Number 674.5.8 Converting Hexadecimal Number to Decimal Number 674.5.9 Converting Octal Number to Binary Number 68
4.5.10 Converting Binary Number to Octal Number 684.5.11 Converting Hexadecimal Number to Binary Number 684.5.12 Converting Binary Number to Hexadecimal Number 68
4.6 Binary Arithmetic 694.6.1 Addition 694.6.2 Subtraction 69
continue
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