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Evaluation Use Only
CompTIA A+ Certification (Exam 220-902)
Official Study Guide
Study Notes
G187eng v036
Evaluation Use Only
Module 1 / Unit 5
Page 72
© 2016 gtslearning
Module 1 / Unit 5 Managing Applications
Objectives
On completion of this unit, you will be able to:
■ Install, uninstall, and configure software, Windows Store apps, and
Windows features.
■ Configure software compatibility options and Windows 7's XP Mode.
■ Use the Services console to manage background processes.
■ Use msconfig to control startup items and boot settings.
■ Use Task Manager to monitor and troubleshoot processes.
Managing Software
Local applications are installed to the Program Files directory on the boot
partition (for example, C:\Program Files). Most applications will also write
configuration data to the registry and may add folders and files to the user's
home directory (or to the All Users directory for settings shared by all users).
To ensure that all these folders, files, and registry settings are created
correctly, applications should be installed and removed using the supplied
Setup program.
Application installation and removal under legacy versions of
Windows could cause problems if an application changed or
removed DLL (Dynamic Link Library) files used by other
applications, causing them to malfunction. Microsoft introduced the
Windows Installer Service to mitigate these problems. Most
application vendors use setup programs that are compliant with
Windows Installer (Windows Installer packages have .MSI
extensions). System Restore can also be configured to create a
Restore Point automatically upon application installation, adding a
further measure of protection.
64-bit Windows and 32-bit Applications
Many of the software applications available for Windows are still 32-bit. These
applications can usually be installed under 64-bit versions of Windows. They
run within a special application environment called WOW64 (Windows on
Windows 64-bit). This environment replicates the 32-bit environment expected
by the application and translates its requests into ones that can be processed
by the 64-bit CPU, memory, and file subsystems.
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In a 64-bit Windows environment, 32-bit application files are installed to the
Program Files (x86) folder while 64-bit applications are stored in Program
Files (unless the user chooses custom installation options). Windows' 64-bit
shared system files (DLLs and EXEs) are stored in
%SystemRoot%\system32; that is, the same system folder as 32-bit versions
of Windows. Files for the 32-bit versions are stored in
%SystemRoot%\syswow64.
A 32-bit version of Windows cannot run 64-bit applications.
Installing a Desktop Application
Launch the program's setup application and complete the setup wizard to
install it. In order to install a program successfully, you should exit any other
applications or files. You may also need to disable anti-virus software.
Programs and Features
Programs and Features allows you to uninstall a program or add or remove
component features of software such as Microsoft Office. There is also usually
a repair option, which will reinstall the components of the program.
Programs and Features - select a program icon then use the options to uninstall, change, or repair
In order to uninstall a program successfully, you should exit any
applications or files that might lock files installed by the application
or the PC will need to be restarted. You may also need to disable
anti-virus software. If the uninstall program cannot remove locked
files, it will normally prompt you to check its log file for details (the
files and directories can then be deleted manually).
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Enabling and disabling Windows Features
You can use Programs and Features to enable or disable optional Windows
components. Click the Turn Windows features on or off link then check the
boxes for the features you want to enable (or uncheck boxes to remove those
features).
Default Programs
Use the Default Programs applet to set the programs you wish to use for
particular tasks or to configure individual file associations (choosing which
application is used to open files with a particular extension).
Default Programs applet
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Compatibility Mode
One of the challenges for Microsoft in releasing a new version of Windows is to
provide compatibility for hardware and software developed for previous
versions.
Windows provides a degree of support for legacy DOS and Windows 9x
programs and each version provides support for earlier 2000/XP/Vista/7
versions. Shortcuts to such programs have a Compatibility tab.
Access program compatibility options via the application's executable or shortcut file properties
This allows you to configure the program's original operating system
environment and force it to use compatible display settings.
Features such as User Account Control and its greater protection for system
folders (Program Files and the system root), the Aero desktop compositing
engine, and 64-bit Windows versions have made application compatibility even
more challenging. UAC problems can be solved by running the program as an
administrator and there is an option to turn off advanced desktop compositing
effects. There is a Program Compatibility Troubleshooter wizard (right-click
the shortcut or executable) to help.
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Windows 7 XP Mode
The "business" and Ultimate editions of Windows 7 come with a virtualization
product called Windows Virtual PC XP Mode. This provides an XP
environment for compatibility with older hardware and software but still
integrated with the user's Start Menu and profile.
Windows 7 XP Mode
To use XP Mode, select Start > Windows Virtual PC > Windows XP Mode. If
necessary, download and install the updates as prompted. Complete setup by
entering a password for the XP mode system account, enabling Automatic
Updates, and enabling disk sharing.
Windows Virtual PC can be installed under Windows Home Basic
and Windows Home Premium but these do not support XP Mode.
Windows Virtual PC will not be installed if the CPU does not support
hardware virtualization. Windows 8 Professional comes with new
virtualization software (Hyper-V) but does not support XP Mode.
Applications installed in the XP VPC are listed under Windows XP Mode
Applications in the Start Menu. The VPC maps the host's local drives so that
files can easily be saved to the host machine.
Windows Store Windows 8 introduces support for a different kind of program, referred to
variously as a Windows app, Windows Store app, Universal app, or Modern /
Metro app. These apps run across any kind of Windows device, including
smartphones and tablets. Windows apps are not installed via Programs and
Features but via the Windows Store.
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Managing Applications
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Users must sign into the Windows Store using a Microsoft account. Apps can
be transferred between any Windows device where the user signs in with that
Microsoft account.
Managing app purchases via the Windows Store account
Windows apps can be uninstalled via the app's shortcut menu on Start Screen.
You can choose to uninstall an app from that device only or from all devices,
wiping any data stored by the app in your account in the process.
Uninstalling a Windows app via the Start Screen
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Managing Services
A service is a Windows process that does not require any sort of user
interaction and so runs in the "background" (without a window). Services
provide functionality for many parts of the Windows OS, such as allowing
logon, browsing the network, or indexing file details to optimize searches.
Services may be installed by Windows and by other applications, such as anti-
virus, database, or backup software.
Managing services using the Computer Management console
You might want to disable non-essential services to improve performance or
security. You can prevent a service from running at startup by setting it to
Manual or prevent it running completely by setting it to Disabled. Note that
this may cause problems if other services depend upon it. If something is not
working properly, you should check that any services it depends upon are
started. To configure services, open the Computer Management console then
expand Services and Applications from the tree and click the Services icon.
Alternatively you can run the services.msc command. The services snap-in
displays a list of installed services in the right-hand panel. Clicking a service
displays information about it in the left-hand panel. The shortcut menu for a
service allows you to start, stop, pause / resume, or restart (stop then start).
Component Services
The Component Object Model (COM+, Distributed COM [DCOM], and ActiveX)
is a means for developers to link software applications and leverage Windows
services. For example, COM OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) allows an
Excel spreadsheet to be saved within a Word document) or a bespoke software
application could use COM to write to the event log. The Component Services
snap-in (accessed via Administrative Tools) enables you to register new server
applications or reconfigure security permissions for existing services.
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Data Sources
The Data Sources or ODBC Data Sources snap-in (off Administrative Tools)
enables you to control data connections set up on the local computer. A data
source allows a client application to share data from a server application. For
example, an Excel spreadsheet could be set up with a data connection to an
SQL Server.
Checking available drivers using the Data Sources snap-in
An Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) data source consists of a driver for
the server application plus the location of the data (a file or a server). You may
also need to supply the table name and logon credentials. Typically drivers get
added when an application is installed.
Users can set up new data sources using the My Data Sources folder that
gets added within their Documents folder in their profile.
msconfig
The System Configuration Utility (msconfig) is used to modify various
settings and files that affect the way the computer boots and loads Windows.
General Tab
The General tab allows you to configure the startup mode, choosing between
Normal, Diagnostic, and a Selective startup (where each portion of the boot
sequence can be selected).
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System Configuration Utility - General tab
Boot Tab
The Boot tab lets you configure basic settings in the Boot Configuration Data
(BCD) store. You can change the default OS, add boot options, and set the
timeout value (the duration for which the boot options menu is displayed). To
add boot paths you have to use the bcdedit command.
See Unit 3.1 for more information about troubleshooting system
startup
System Configuration Utility - Boot tab
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Services Tab
The Services tab lets you choose specifically which services are configured to
run at startup. The date that a service was disabled is also shown, to make
troubleshooting easier.
System Configuration Utility - Services tab
Startup Tab
In Windows Vista/7, the Startup tab controls the shortcuts that have been
placed in the Startup folder of the Start Menu (these also run automatically
when Windows starts) and startup items that have been written to the registry.
System Configuration Utility - Startup tab (Windows 7)
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The Start Menu is built from a template containing settings for all users plus
shortcuts customized for the current user profile. The template is stored in
C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs and the user-
specific shortcuts are in
C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu.
If the computer's performance is sluggish, try disabling startup
items (so long as they are not providing key services, such as virus
protection).
Windows 8 provides a new means of disabling startup items via Task Manager
(see below).
Tools Tab
The Tools tab contains shortcuts to various useful utilities including System
Information, Configuring UAC, Registry Editor, and so on.
System Configuration Utility - Tools tab
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Task Manager
The Task Manager utility (taskmgr) allows the user to shut down applications
that are not responding. An ordinary user can end unresponsive applications
but administrative rights are required to end processes that were not started by
the user. This protects the system as things like malware cannot disable anti-
virus software. In addition to this functionality, Task Manager can be used to
monitor the PC's key resources. The quickest way to open Task Manager is to
press Ctrl+Shift+Esc.
Other ways to open Task Manager include pressing
Ctrl+Alt+Del and selecting Task Manger, right-clicking the
taskbar, and running taskmgr.exe.
Task Manager has been significantly overhauled in Windows 8. The following
notes discuss the Vista/7 version and a topic on the Windows 8 version follows
after.
Applications Tab
The Applications tab shows applications currently running in a desktop
window. The shortcut menu for each allows you to force the application to
close (End Task), manage its window, and show the process associated with
the application.
Windows 7 Task Manager - Applications tab
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If an application is not responding, forcing it to close may result in the loss of
any unsaved data. You are prompted to confirm what you want to do:
Program not responding dialog
Some applications, including Microsoft Office ones, can try to recover unsaved
information from autosave and temp files.
Processes Tab
While the Applications tab shows tasks that run in a desktop window, many
more processes will be running on the computer. Some may show
management icons in the Notification Area while others are system and
application processes with no direct interactivity (some may be configured via
Control Panel or Services). To view system-level processes (those not running
under the logged-on user account), you must select the Show processes
from all users option.
The Processes tab shows CPU utilization and memory usage for each
process. You would examine these values to discover whether a particular
application was misbehaving. For example, an application may "leak" memory
by not freeing it up when it has finished using it. To show more than the default
CPU and Memory Usage, select View > Select Columns and check the items
that you want to look at.
If a process is not responding or if you suspect it is faulty, you can right-click
and select End Process to terminate it.
In some circumstances, you may want to privilege one task over another (or
conversely, set one task to have fewer resources than others). You can do this
by right-clicking the process and choosing an option from the Set Priority
submenu. For example, if you had a Voice over IP application and its priority
was not already set to Above normal, changing its priority might improve call
quality as the CPU would privilege that process over ones set to any other
level.
As with other administrative tools, some settings in Task Manager
(such as showing system level processes) are not available unless
you run the tool with administrative privileges.
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Windows 7 Task Manager - Processes tab
You can choose to open the folder containing the process and inspect its file
properties. This can be useful if you suspect a malware infection - you should
check that the process is installed to a valid location. Sometimes a single
process (such as svchost.exe) will "host" multiple services; conversely there
may be multiple versions of the process running. You can use the Go to
Service(s) option in the process's shortcut menu to view them.
Use the File menu to launch a new process. You can choose to
launch the process with administrative privileges by checking the
box.
tasklist and taskkill You can also identify which service is running in which process (and vice versa)
at a command-line using the tasklist command. tasklist shows a list of
processes (images) along with a PID, session name and number, and memory
usage (in kilobytes). You can run the command with the /fi switch to apply
various filters (for example, tasklist /fi "memusage gt 150000" shows
processes using more than 150 MB) - check the online help for details. Using
tasklist /svc shows a list of services within each process.
taskkill can be used to end processes and services. Use taskkill /pid
processid or taskkill /im ImageName to end a task by PID or image
name respectively. Use the /t switch to also halt any child processes.
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The /f switch terminates the process without any user notification (for the user
to save changes for instance) and will also terminate it even if it is currently
displaying a dialog. You can run the command with an appropriate filter (/fi
"Criteria"). You can use a PID, image name, service name, or window title
or target multiple images using a filter for CPU time, memory usage, or status
("Not Responding" for instance).
There may be circumstances when you need to run Explorer with
administrative privileges. To do this, open a command prompt
using "Run as administrator". Use taskkill /f /im
explorer.exe to terminate the existing Explorer process then run
explorer.exe again from the same command prompt.
On a network, you can use taskkill and tasklist to manage
processes on a remote computer using the /s switch to identify the
remote host (by IP address or host name) and the /u and /p
switches to specify credentials (user name and password).
Services Tab
Windows 7 Task Manager - Services tab
You can use the Services tab to show which services are running, start and
stop services, or open the services management console. Each running
service is associated with a host process through its PID (Process ID). You
can use the Go to Process option in the process's shortcut menu to view it.
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Performance and Networking Tabs
The Processes tab shows which applications might be using (or over-using)
system resources. You can also use Task Manager to get a snapshot of
overall system performance. Click the Performance tab to view resource
usage. On a system with multiple processors, you should see multiple graphs
for CPU Usage (one for each CPU). If this is not the case, select View > CPU
History > One Graph per CPU. Note that physical, multi-core, and
HyperThreaded processors are all represented.
Windows 7 Task Manager - Performance tab
The following memory usage is displayed:
■ Physical Memory - usage of system RAM (not including the pagefile).
■ Kernel Memory - physical and paged memory used by Windows core files.
■ System summary - showing handles, threads, and processes (software
objects being managed by the CPU), system uptime, and the commit
charge (overall memory usage, including physical memory and pagefile).
High peak values are nothing to worry about, but consistently high utilization
means that you should consider adding more resources to the system (or run
fewer processes!). CPU and physical memory obviously require physical
upgrades. Windows will normally change the pagefile dynamically if it is
running out of space. If it has been set manually, you should increase it (using
the Performance Settings button on the Advanced page of System
Properties).
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If the commit charge exceeds total physical memory then
performance will suffer as the system will be using the disk-based
pagefile extensively. You need to multiply the commit charge
(measured here in gigabytes) by 1024 to compare to physical
memory (measured in megabytes).
There is also a link to Resource Monitor, which shows additional live
performance information.
Task Manager is useful for viewing system resources at a point-in-
time. For more in-depth performance analysis, you can record
historical logs and track usage over time using a tool such as
Performance Monitor (available from Computer Management) or
a third-party tool. Refer to Unit 2.2 for more information.
The Networking tab shows the status and utilization of the network adapter(s).
Users Tab
The Users tab shows who is logged on to the machine. An administrator can
disconnect or log off other users or send them a notification (to inform them
that the computer will be shut down for instance).
Windows 7 Task Manager - Users tab
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Windows 8 Task Manager
In Windows 8, you can open Task Manager via the Ctrl+Shift+Esc key
combo, by right-clicking the taskbar, or by using the Start+X menu. Task
Manager may start in a "compact" mode; click the Show details button to
expand it.
Windows 8 Task Manger - Processes tab
In Windows 8, the functions of the Applications and Processes tabs are
consolidated across the Processes and Details tabs. On the Processes tab,
you can expand each app or background process to view its sub-processes
and view more clearly what resources each is taking up.
The shortcut menu allows you to end a task. There is also an option to search
for information about the process online. Another option is to view more
information about a process via the Details tab. You can identify Services
associated with a process via the shortcut menu on the Details tab.
The Performance tab provides more information about the CPU, memory,
disk, and network subsystems while the App History tab shows usage
information for Windows Store apps.
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Windows 8 Task Manger - Performance tab
The Users tab lets you see who is logged on (and allows you to send them a
message or sign them out) plus information about the processes they are
running and the resource utilization associated with their account.
Windows 8 Task Manger - Users tab
The Startup tab lets you disable programs added to the Startup folder (type
shell:startup at the Run dialog to access this). It also shows how much
impact each item has on boot times.
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Review Questions / Module 1 / Unit 5 / Managing Applications
Answer these questions to test what you have learned in this unit. You can
submit your answers and review the model answers on the course website.
1) What is the key combination to display Task Manager?
2) The installer program presents three options in Programs and Features.
Two are "Uninstall" and "Change". What is the third?
3) Which Windows version(s) support(s) XP Mode?
4) How would you configure a legacy Windows 98 application to work with
Windows 8.1?
5) How do you cause a program to run automatically for all users when
Windows 7 starts?
6) True or false? Kernel memory does not use the pagefile.
7) Why might you open the "Services" tab in msconfig?
8) How would you check peak memory usage for a particular process?
9) What additional information is shown on the "Users" tab in Windows 8 Task
Manager compared to Windows 7?
10) You are watching CPU Usage and notice that it often jumps to 100% then
falls back. Does this indicate a problem?
11) True or false? Only a user with administrative privileges can add or remove
Windows components.
12) You take a support call where the user doesn't understand why a program
runs at startup when the "Startup" folder is empty. What is the likely cause
and how could you verify this?
If you have access to the Practice Labs, complete the "Using
Windows Features and Tools" lab now.
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Lab 5 / Application Management
In this lab you will explore some software compatibility issues and look at the
Services snap-in and Task Manager tools.
Exercise 1: Testing Program Compatibility
Windows can run software in an environment that simulates older versions of
Windows to try to solve compatibility problems.
1) Start the WIN7 VM and log on.
2) Open the c:\GTSLABS folder.
3) Double-click the PGPfreeware.exe file to run it.
4) Click OK to the error message.
5) Right-click the executable and select Troubleshoot compatibility.
6) Select Try recommended settings then click Start the program.
7) Click Yes to the UAC prompt to continue with the installation.
You should be cautious about installing unsigned software.
8) Cancel out of any error messages but leave the troubleshooter open.
9) In the "Program Compatibility" troubleshooter, click Next then No, try
again using different settings.
10) Check The program worked in earlier versions of Windows but won't
install or run now. Click Next.
11) Select Windows 95 and click Next.
12) Click Start the program.
13) Click Yes to the UAC prompt to continue with the installation.
14) The program will still not install - cancel out of the error messages.
15) In the Program Compatibility troubleshooter, click Next then No, report
the problem to Microsoft and check online for a solution.
16) Click Close the troubleshooter.
In this instance, the software is just not compatible with Windows 7 and you
would have to look at the vendor's site for an updated version.
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Exercise 2: Using Programs and Features
The Programs and Features applet in Control Panel allows you to safely
uninstall application software and view the patches installed by Windows
Update. You can also use Control Panel to configure application defaults, such
as setting the program associated with a particular file extension.
1) Select Start > Control Panel > Uninstall a program. There are no
programs installed.
2) Select View installed updates. There is only one update - note that it
cannot be uninstalled.
3) Select Turn Windows features on or off. Note that you can install
services such as Telnet or SNMP here. Click Cancel.
4) In the Control Panel window breadcrumb, click Programs. Click Default
Programs. Explore the following configuration options (click the Back
button in the address bar or use the Close or Cancel button to exit each
applet without making changes):
Set your default programs: associate programs with a standard set of
file extensions and network protocols.
Associate a file type or protocol with a program: change the default
program for a specific file type.
Change AutoPlay settings: control what happens when different types
of removable media are inserted.
Set program access and computer defaults: set the programs used
by default by other programs for functions such as web browsing,
email, and playing media files.
5) Close Control Panel.
Exercise 3: System Configuration and Services
Some services are essential but others can be disabled to reduce startup time
or make more system memory available.
1) Press the Start key, type msconfig, and press Enter.
The System Configuration utility loads.
2) Select the Boot tab.
You can use this tab to set Windows to boot to some type of safe mode on
the next restart (or permanently if required).
3) Click Advanced options.
This dialog allows you to limit the number of CPUs and amount of system
memory available, which can sometimes be useful for troubleshooting.
4) Click Cancel.
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5) Click the Services tab. Click the Status column header to sort by this field.
Observe the list of running services.
6) Locate the Themes service and uncheck it. Click Apply. Note that the date
and time the service was disabled is recorded.
7) Click the Startup tab. This shows shortcuts added to the Startup program
group on the Start menu and programs that will run at startup or login due
to various registry settings.
8) Click the Tools tab and observe the utilities that can be run from here.
Select Computer Management and click Launch.
9) Switch back to the System Configuration utility window and click OK to
close it. Select Exit without Restart when prompted.
10) In the management console, expand Services and Applications then click
Services in the left-hand pane.
This snap-in lets you manage services. These are Windows and third-party
processes that run in the background to support functions of Windows and
third-party applications. You may choose to disable or enable services to
improve performance or to troubleshoot a problem.
11) Locate the Themes service, right-click it and select Stop. Note the change
to the desktop when the service is not running.
12) Right-click Themes and select Properties. Note the options available here:
General: Start, stop, pause, and resume a service and change its
startup type (whether the service runs when Windows starts)
If the startup type is disabled, you cannot start the service. You
must change the startup type to automatic or manual first.
Log On: specify the user account used to run the service.
Recovery: options for troubleshooting if the service does not start.
Dependencies: any relationships to other services.
13) On the General tab, change the "Startup type" to Automatic. Click Apply.
14) Click Start then OK.
15) Close any open windows.
Exercise 4: Task Manager in Windows 7
In this exercise, you will use the Task Manager tool to obtain a snapshot of
system performance.
1) Right-click the taskbar and then click Start Task Manager. Observe the
Applications tab.
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Note that nothing is running.
2) Click the Processes tab. Note the background processes running under
the user account.
3) Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > WordPad.
4) Check the Applications and Processes tabs in Task Manager and note
the CPU and memory utilization for the wordpad.exe process.
5) Click the Performance tab. Note that CPU Usage graph shows the point at
which WordPad was launched and then (because there was no user
activity) a reversion to baseline usage. Note how much of the VM's
resources are committed just to running Windows itself.
6) Click the Services tab and sort by Status. Note the number of services is
far higher than the number of processes seen previously. Also note that
each service has a PID (Process ID).
7) Click the Processes tab then click the Show processes from all users
button.
Services running under the system, local, and network services accounts
are shown.
8) Select View > Select Columns. Check the box for PID and click OK.
Note the number of svchost.exe processes running and that these have the
same PID as many of the services you looked at. Svchost is a generic
process for running many Windows services.
9) Right-click a svchost.exe process and select Go to Service(s).
10) Look at the Performance tab again and make a note of the usage levels.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
11) Click the Applications tab. Right-click the WordPad item and select End
Task. Switch back to the Performance tab and note the effect.
12) Close Task Manager.
Exercise 5: Task Manager in Windows 8
In this exercise, you will use the Task Manager in Windows 8.
1) Start the CLIENT virtual machine and open its connection window.
2) Log on as CLIENT\Admin with the password Pa$$w0rd.
3) On the desktop, right-click Start and then click Task Manager.
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4) In Task Manager, click More details.
5) On the Processes tab, notice the list of Apps, Background processes, and
Windows processes running.
6) Click the Memory column to order the apps and processes by memory
usage.
7) Click to order the apps and processes by CPU usage.
8) Right-click the app or process using the most CPU resource and then
select Go to details.
9) On the Details tab, you can see a list of apps and processes listed by
executable name. The highlighted executable is for the process you
selected from the Processes tab. Information includes the status of a
process, its PID (process ID), and resource usage. To end a process, you
can right-click it and then click End task, or End process tree. The latter
closes not only the selected task, but all related tasks started by the
selected task. You can add additional columns by right-clicking the column
header and then clicking Select columns.
10) Click the Performance tab. You can view the current system performance
on this tab in terms of CPU usage, memory consumption, disk usage, and
network throughput.
11) On the left, click Disk 0 (C:). You can see detailed information about the
disk resources.
12) Click the App history tab. This shows the usage history of installed
Windows Store apps.
13) Click the Startup tab. This shows information about items configured to run
at startup. There may be nothing showing here.
14) Click the Users tab. This shows information about resource usage on a
per-user basis.
15) Click the Services tab. This is a list of all services in the computer, and
shows the status (running, stopped) of each. Also shown is the PID.
Exercise 6: Closing the Lab
We will discard the changes made to the VMs during this lab.
1) On your HOST, open Hyper-V Manager. For each running VM, complete
the following steps:
o Right-click the VM icon and select Revert.
o In the "Revert Virtual Machine" dialog, click Revert.
o If the "Virtual Machine Connect" window is still open, you can close it.