COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH EVALUATION OF ECO ... Rama Krishna and P. Jagadeesh, Compressive strength evaluation of eco-friendly concrete replacing sand partially with High impact polystyrene,

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018, pp. 865–870, Article ID: IJCIET_09_01_084

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH EVALUATION OF

ECO-FRIENDLY CONCRETE REPLACING

SAND PARTIALLY WITH HIGH IMPACT

POLYSTYRENE

CH. Bala Rama Krishna and P. Jagadeesh

School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the variation of compressive strength with an increase in

percentage fine aggregate replacement with High impact polystyrene at the age of 7,

14 and 28 days curing periods. It helps in finding optimal percentage replacement of

electronic waste HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) as sand in concrete. Thus possibility

of reduction in plastic disposal problem can be achieved. Thereby energy consumption

and protects environment from pollution. Investigation reported that reduction in

compressive strength up to 20% is minimal and reduction raises as percentage of

HIPS replacement increased further. The results obtained as compressive strength

reduced when compared to conventional concrete, however achieved target mean

strength of the mix design. As an alternative to sand scarcity problem as well as to

reduce e-waste disposal problem, this eco-friendly concrete belongs to medium weight

serves its application for nonstructural elements.

Keywords: High impact polystyrene, electronic waste, compressive strength, non-

structural elements

Cite this Article: CH. Bala Rama Krishna and P. Jagadeesh, Compressive strength

evaluation of eco-friendly concrete replacing sand partially with High impact

polystyrene, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(1), 2018,

pp. 865–870.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

Due to rapid technology growth in manufacturing and service industries, there is an

uncontrollable increment of e-waste in the world. Its disposal becomes a severe problem to

maintain clean environment. Recent years, there is a considerable concern regarding recycling

and reuse of this waste for various research efforts and valued added applications. One trend

in recent research approach of disposing e-waste is substituting aggregates in concrete. Since

concrete is the second world’s most usage material, the maximum potential utilization of

disposing is possible.

Compressive strength evaluation of eco-friendly concrete replacing sand partially with High impact

polystyrene


E-waste has more lighter, flexible and tougher nature. It possesses low thermal

conductivity property. In order to counter above property researchers have investigated

several ways of modification of e-waste form and shape to suit concrete and to improve

concrete’s properties.

Poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) from PET bottles was replaced for sand in concrete and

showed result as same workability characteristics and little lower compressive strength and

splitting tensile strength to the conventional concrete [1-2]. Fabriform polyethylene of

postconsumer plastic containers with length ranging 0.15–12 mm and width from 0.15– 4 mm

were utilized in sand replacement of concrete [3]. Scrapped polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

granules were replaced sand partially and identified workability, compressive strength and

splitting tensile strength were lower than conventional concrete and the concrete properties

possessed low density, more ductility, lower drying shrinkage and resists chloride ion

penetration [4]. Shredded plastic and glass up to 20% of fine aggregates; crushed concrete up

to 20% of coarse aggregates were verified as substitutes in concrete mixtures [5].Researchers

identified processed high impact polystyrene (HIPS) for replacing sand in cement mortar to

reduce the disposal problem of solid waste. HIPS in various percentages of sand replacement

offered applications as light weight concrete [6].The impact of additives on the physical,

mechanical properties and microstructure of the newly invented materials compared to their

traditional counterparts was identified. Report suggested the addition of HIPS improves the

compressive strength and found no significant impact on the change of absorption but density

of concrete reduced [7]. Powdered PCB with size varying from 4.75mm to 2 mm with

specific gravity of 1.4 was used as fine aggregate and suggested 10% replacement of fine

aggregate with PCB can be used for load bearing elements [8]. The survey done [9] revealed

that plastic waste materials can be replaced partially both fine and coarse aggregate in

concrete mostly for non-structural concrete elements.

2. MATERIALS

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade Zuari Cement is used in concrete according to the BIS

specifications 12269-1987 and its physical properties are shown in Table 1. Coarse aggregate

ranging from 12.5-20 mm and fine aggregate sand with a density of 2.44 g/cm3 and maximum

size of 4.75 mm are used. Physical properties of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are

shown in Table 2. And also e-waste plastic namely, High impact polystyrene (HIPS) of

varying size 1.18-3 mm with a density of 1.04 g/cm3 is replaced fine aggregate partially.

Physical properties of HIPS are shown in Table 3. The surface of HIPS aggregate as shown in

Figure 1 and is smooth in surface texture and round in shape. HIPS aggregates are used in the

concrete mixtures as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in various volume percentages of 5,

10, 15 and 20%. The M20 grade concrete mix with 0.55 water–cement (W/C) ratio based on

BIS 10262-2009 is designed. Based on BIS 456-2000 recommendations, Potable water at

room temperature is used for concrete mixing. In total, 45 concrete specimens are casted and

performed compression tests on the 7th

, 14th

and28th

day in accordance with BIS516-1959a and

BIS1199-1959b.



Figure 1 HIPS for sand replacement

Table 1 Physical Properties of Cement

Characteristics Experimental Values IS12269 :1987 specifications

Grade 53 53

Specific gravity 3.12 3.15

Normal Consistency 32% 30% - 35%

Fineness of cement 6.50% < 10%

Initial Setting Time 50 min > 30

Final Setting Time 420 min < 600

Soundness 1.2 mm < 10 mm

Table 2 Properties of Aggregate

Characteristics Coarse aggregate Zone II

Fine aggregate

Specific Gravity 2.78 2.60

Fineness Modulus 7.22 2.7

Water Absorption 0.83 % 0.20 %

Table 3 Properties of High Impact Polystyrene

Specific gravity 1.04

Tensile strength 42 MPa

Water absorption Nil

Flexural strength 2.1GPa

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Compressive Strength test

All concrete cube specimens of 10cm x 10cm x 10cm size in this test are loaded in the

compression-testing machine as shown in Figure 2. The specimens are loaded up to failure

and the specimens containing HIPS aggregate failed at a lower compressive load compared

with the control specimen. This general downward trend observed for the 7th

, 14th and 28th

days’ strengths in comparison to ordinary concrete is shown in Figure 3.


polystyrene


Figure 2 Compression testing machine loaded with cube specimen

3.2. Effect of HIPS on compression strength

The strength decreased with an increase in HIPS ratio for the W/C ratio 0.55 as shown in

Figure 4. The characteristic compressive strength of concrete at 28 days is achieved for 0.55

W/C ratios at 20% HIPS replacement of sand. The cube specimens with HIPS aggregate

underwent more deformation than the conventional concrete specimen. The percentage

decrease in compressive strength as related to the percent increase of HIPS is calculated. For

each W/C ratio, a linear relationship was used to understand the reduction in compressive

strength as the percentage of the HIPS ratio in the mixture increases.Compressive strength of

concrete specimens with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% HIPS replacement for sand reduced by 34.5%,

14.03%, 7.30%, and 4.97% respectively at 7days of curing period. Similarly a reduction of

15.62%, 8.23%, 2.38%, 0% and 5.7%, 1.3%, 0%, 0% was observed for 14 days and 28 days

concrete specimen for 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% HIPS replacement for sand.

Figure 3 Compressive strength of concrete with partial of replacement of fine aggregate with HIPS



Figure 4 % Reduction of compressive strength of concrete with increase in %HIPS for different

curing periods

3.3. Discussion

Aforesaid experimental results revealed that the reduction in compressive strength of M20

concrete decrease as the % HIPS replacement increases from 0% to 20% in fine aggregate.

For 28 day and 14 days test, compressive strength results almost same as conventional

concrete, however a reduction 4.97% observed during 7 days test. This may be due to less

days of curing, regular shape and smooth surface of HIPS caused a poor bond between

cement paste and HIPS.As shown in Figure 5 due to weak bond, cracks are developed even at

lower loads during testing of specimens at the interface of cement paste and HIPS aggregate.

As the hardened strength properties influenced by the volume of fine aggregate in the

concrete, HIPS (e-waste) replacement resulted in decrease in the actual volume of fine

aggregate and in turn leads to reduction in concrete strength.

Figure 5 Cracks formed in specimen at lower loads during compressive strength test


polystyrene


4. CONCLUSIONS

Current experimental investigation on compressive strength of M20 concrete made by partial

replacement of fine aggregate with HIPS granules, following conclusions are drawn.

• Linear reduction in compressive strength of concrete was observed with varying

(5-20) % of HIPS replacement in fine aggregate.

• Decrease in compressive strength of concrete was reduced as the % HIPS replacement

increases from 0% to 20% in fine aggregate. For 28 day and 14 days test, compressive

strength results almost same as conventional concrete. But, a reduction of 4.97%

observed during 7 days test.

• Reasons may be due to less days of curing, regular shape and smooth surface of HIPS

caused a poor bond between cement paste and HIPS.

• An optimal replacement of fine aggregate with HIPS for M20 concrete arrived as

20%.

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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH EVALUATION OF ECO ... Rama Krishna and P. Jagadeesh, Compressive strength evaluation of eco-friendly concrete replacing sand partially with High impact polystyrene,