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8/12/2019 Comprehensive Stuck Pipe
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COMPREHENSIVE
STUCK PIPECOURSE
Suez Canal Univ.SPE studenNovember,
Cause, Solutions & Preve
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Course Instru
Name
Ahmed Mokhtar Nofal
Presenter experience
Drilling Supervisor, Agiba Pet. Co.
Rig auditor, SEPSCOConsultant
Instructor, OGSBoots & Coots
Education
ElAzhar University, Petroleum EngineeringM.Sc.
Suez Canal University, Petroleum EngineeringB.Sc.
Contacts
Cell: 002-0126885503
Mail: [email protected]
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COMPREHENSIVE
STUCK PIPECOURSE
Suez Canal Univ.SPE studenNovember,
Cause, Solutions & Preve
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Introduction - Basic knowledge
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Friction: The force resulting from the movement of one elem
another. Direction of friction is o
direction of movement
Friction can be called Drag forces
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Torque:The force to rotate the string in
bore. Torque is measured in unit of forc
(ft.lbf)
Drag: The axial resistance opposite to
movement,
it is generated due to the interaction be
(DS or Csg) and formation.
The drag is normally measured in term
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Rotating weight: The weight indicator reading which
includes the travelling equipment weight and the drag free
buoyed weight of the drill string suspended by the blocks.
Off BTM torque: The torque required to rotate the drill
string at a standard RPM without drilling torque.
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Recording off BTM torque & Rotating
weight
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Up weight: The weight indicator reading required to raise
the drillstring at a standard speed without rotation and
circulation
* Up weightRotating weight = Up drag
String tension limit: The maximum safe weight indicator
reading with no torque to avoid plastic yield (Stretching) of
the drillstring.
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Recording Up weight
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Down weight: The weight indicator reading required to
lower the drillstring at a standard speed without rotation an
circulation
String set down limit: The minimum safe weight indicatorreading with no torque to avoid plastic deformation
(buckling) of the drillstring.
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Recording Down weight
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Effect of circulating
pressure
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IntroductionBasic knowled
Effect of circulating pressure
Recording string weights
without circulation provides
actual string drag information.
Stop circulation when
recording string weight data
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IntroductionBasic knowled
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IntroductionStuck pipe
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IntroductionStuck pipe
Stuck pipe:An interruption in planned operations as exces
forces prevent pulling the drillstring out of the hole.
Tight hole:A momentary interruption in planned operation
drag forces restrict drillstring movement above normal ope
conditions. The pipe is not stuck in the hole as acceptable
is still being made.
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IntroductionStuck pipe
Cause:The condition(s) responsible
for the sticking mechanism.
There are +20 causes of stuck pipe.
Mechanism:The mechanical force
sticking the drillstring in the hole.
There are only 3 mechanisms of stuck
pipe.
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Stuck pipe mechanisms
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Stuck pipe mechanisms
Stuck pipe
mechanisms
Hole pack off
Differential
Well bore geo
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Stuck pipe mechanisms
Differential Sticking
mechanism
Hydrostatic overbalance
pressure drives the static
drillstring into the thick filter cakeof a permeable zone.
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Stuck pipe mechanisms
Well bore geometry
mechanism
Sharp changes in hole
angle/direction; an undergauge
hole diameter
or
increase in assembly stiffness
will not allow passage of the
string.
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Stuck pipe mechanisms
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Stuck pipe mechanisms
Stuck pipe mechanism determinatio
Exercises
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Stuck pipe Causes
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole
cleaning
Settled cuttings
Well bore instability Geo-pressurized shale
Hydro-charged shale
Reactive shale
Overburden/tectonic stresses
Unconsolidated /fracturedformations
Plastic formationsCement related
Special
Cement failure
Soft cement
Junk in hole
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
The inability to efficiently remove formation solids (cuttings, cav
wellbore.
040 degree holes > 40 deg
holes
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uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
040 degree holes
Force of Ann ular Velocity :
- The lifting force generated by the velocity of
the
fluid slipping by the cuttings (slip velocity).
- Higher annular velocity exhibits better hole
cleaning efficiency due to greater pressure drop
across the cutting.
- Annular velocity is the second greatest
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
040 degree holes
Carry ing Capacity of Yield Poin t :
- The lifting force generated by over coming the electrical attraction of
solids(gel).
- Higher YP exhibits better hole cleaning efficiency (near vertical hole) attraction forces between the gel platelets.Suspens ion Capacity of Gel Strength:
- The ability of mud to thicken when static and to become more fluid wh
(thixotropic).
- When circulation is stopped, the electrical strength of the gels reduces
velocity of the solids.
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
> 40 degree holes
Assis tance of Flu id Buo yancy is Lost :
In high angle holes, the force of buoyancy provides less assistance in
out of the hole.
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
> 40 degree holes
Force From A nnular Veloc ity and YP (LSYP):
The forces generated from AV and YP push the cuttings out of the hole
"tumbling" motion
(much like wind blowing leaves across the yard). When circulation is s
cuttings sink
to the low side of the hole forming a stable cutt ings b ed (does not sl
dow n ho le).In the horizontal
section
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
> 40 degree holes
Force From Annu lar Velocit y and YP (LSYP):
The forces from AV and YP push the cuttings out of the hole in a "short
Cuttings accumulate on the low side of the hole forming an unstable cu
(s l ides down ho le even while circulat ing ).
Fluid circulation is displaced to the top side of the hole by the higher den
settling to the low side. When circulation is stopped, the bed of cuttings
hole, eventually stabilizing at +/-65hole angle.
40 : 65 degree section Boycott effect
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Hole cleaning pills
Proper use of mud pills will improve hole cleaning and the pill
should be determined based on the hole size and the calculate
hydrostatic head.
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uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Hole cleaning pills
The concept is that the low viscosity pill stirs up the cuttings fr
side of the hole and the high viscosity pill sweeps them out of
Low viscosity/High viscosity pills
Tandem Pill
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Hole cleaning pills
The concept is that the low viscosity pill stirs up the cuttings fr
side of the hole and the weighted pill sweeps them out of the h
Low viscosity/Weighted pills
Tandem Pill
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Hole cleaning pills
-2 to 3 ppg heavier than the mud
-This type of pill will aid hole cleaning by increasing the buoyanc
slightly
Weighted pills
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Drillstring
rotation/Reciprocation
As flow rate alone cannot always remove a cuttings bed, recipr
rotating of the drill pipe are advised whenever the hole is being
clean. This action will dramatically increase the erosion of cutti
highly deviated wells
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Recommended drilling
parameters
uc p pe causes ac
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Circulation prior to connection or tripping out of
hole
Before making a connection, the hole should be circulated at the
rate to clear the cuttings from around the BHA. Depending upon and the length of BHA, a circulation time of 5 to 10 min is often n
uc p pe causes acff/B id
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uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
Circulation prior to connection or tripping out of
holeBefore tripping out , the hole should be circulated at the normal flow rate
shakers are clean, whilst at the same time the drill pipe should be rotate
speed / reciprocated. This may require up to 3 * bottom-ups, depending
angle and hole size
uc p pe causes acff/B id
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p poff/Bridge
Inadequate hole cleaning
0:40 degree holes
cleaning summery
-High viscosity sweeps.-High RPM required.
-High AV ( 50 * Hole diameter = GPM).
-Proper Mwt.
-Proper mud reology.
Recommended
practices
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ff/B id
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off/Bridge
Well bore insta
The mechanics o
is based on the d
stresses imposedsurrounding
the wellbore
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uc p pe causes acff/B id
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Overburden stresses: Generated by
the force of gravity of thecombined weight of the rock and
the formation fluids overlaying a
depth of interest.
Tectonic stresses: Produced by
lateral forces (side by side) in the
Well bore instability
p poff/Bridge
Well bore stresses
uc p pe causes acff/B id
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Vertical to Horizontal stresses
V:H = (Poissons ratio)/(1-)
For water in a cylinder
=0.5 V:H = 1:1
For shale in a cylinder
=0.45 V:H = 1:0.8
p poff/Bridge
Well bore instability
Well bore stresses
uc p pe causes acff/B id
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The pressure of the native fluids (Water , Oil,
Gas) within the pore space of the rock.
Normal formation pressure:
Equals to a full column (From surface to
depth of interest) of formation water.
Normal FP (psi)=
0.465 (psi/ft) * TVD (ft)
Well bore instability
Well bore stresses
p poff/Bridge
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Abnormal:Greater than normal FP
expected for depth of interest.
When permeability drops to near zero,
formation fluids becomes trapped &any other compaction will pressurize
the formation pressure over the
normal.
Subnormal:Lower than normal.
May exist regarding production depletion
Well bore instability
Well bore stresses
p poff/Bridge
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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= Dewatering
Increasing Depth
and Compaction
p poff/Bridge
Well bore instabi
Well bore stresses
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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p poff/Bridge
Normal
Pressure
Abnormal
Normal PreWell bore instability
Well bore stresses
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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Mud HP: The pressure exerted on the
wellbore regarding the drilling fluid
column at a certain depth.
The mud hydrostatic pressure value
should be between the formation
fracture pressure and the
formation pore pressure values.
HP(psi) = Mwt (ppg)x .052 x TV
- Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Mw
- Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) =Pre
TVD (ft)
- Mwt (ppg) = Pressure Gradien
- Mwt (ppg) = HP (psi) TVD (f
Well bore instability
Well bore stresses
p poff/Bridge
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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off/Bridge
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for e
following Mud Weights.
11 ppg12 ppg14 ppg
2-What Mud Weight is required to give a pressure gradient of 0
3-Mud Hydrostatic = 3900 psi at the bottom of an 8000 ft. TVD wwould be the pressure gradient for the mud?
4-For question above what is the equivalent Mud Weight?
5-Pressure Gradient = 0.57 psi/ft. What is hydrostatic at 12000
off/Bridge
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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1-Well TVD = 8000 ft. Calculate Mud Hydrostatic pressure for each
following Mud Weights.
11 ppg12 ppg14 ppg
4576 psi4992 psi5824 psi
2-What Mud Weight is required to give a pressure gradient of 0.59
ppg
3-Mud Hydrostatic = 3900 psi at the bottom of an 8000 ft. TVD wel
be the pressure gradient for the mud? 0.49 psi/ft
4-For question above what is the equivalent Mud Weight? 9.4 ppg
5-Pressure Gradient = 0.57 psi/ft. What is hydrostatic at 12000 ft. T
off/Bridge
uc p pe causes acoff/Bridge
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off/Bridge
Well bore insta
Geo-pressurized
Curved splintery
the shale shake
blocky with the h
enlargement
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Stuck pipe causes Differen
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Stuck pipe causesDifferen
Minimize Overbalance Pressure:
Plan the casing setting depths to minimize high overbalance pressure a
zone depths.
Maintain the minimum mud weight required for well pressure control and
stability.
Control the rate of penetration to minimize mud weight and use proper h
practices.
Minimize Formation Permeability:
Use fine calcium carbonate to isolate wellbore pressure from low pressu
zones
until casing can be set. Add fine LCM to the mud system if seepage loss
Prevention
Stuck pipe causes Differen
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Stuck pipe causesDifferen
Causes & pr
Contact area
Stuck pipe causes Differen
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Stuck pipe causes Differen
Caus
preve
Pipe
Stuck pipe freeing Differen
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Stuck pipe freeing Differen
Stuck pipe freeing Differen
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Stuck depthcalculation
Stuck pipe freeing Differen
Stuck pipe WB Geometry
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Stuck pipe WB Geometry
Causes preventi
Key seat
Stuck pipe WB Geometry
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Stuck pipe WB Geometry
Causes preventi
Micro do
Stuck pipe WB Geometry
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Stuck pipe WB Geometry
Causes preventi
Ledges
Stuck pipe WB Geometry
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Stuck pipe WB Geometry
Causes preventi
Thick filt
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Stuck pipe WB Geometry
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Stuck pipe WB Geometry
Causes preventi
Mobile fo
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Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
Drilling Jars
Mechanical jar
Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
Drilling Jars
Hydraulic jar
Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
Drilling Jars
Pump open force
Cocking from the Ope
More difficult to cock theCocking From the Clo
Easier to cock the jar.
Jarring Up: Intensifies
up-jar blow.
Jarring Down: Dampe
the down-jar blow.
Bleed trapped pressure
pump speed when cock
the open position or wh
Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
DrillingAcceleratorsAccelerators
types
Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
Drilling Jars
Jar calculations
Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
Drilling Jars
Jar Notes
-Use the largest possible size of drilling ja
will give the biggest impact )
-Do not place any stabilizers above the dr
may become stuck at a stabilizer renderin
)
- Do not place the jar next to a stabilizer. (
higher bending stress )
- Have the same diameter tubular above a
ie
the jar should not be at a transition betwee
-Have at least three drill collars or two sta
above the jar to act as an anvil
Stuck pipeJar & Accelerat
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p p
Drilling Jars
Jar Notes
- Ensure that you and the driller know :
What kind of jars are in the string
The method of operation to jar up and dow
How much pump open force to expect
- Consider the use of a jar intensifier ( acc
improve jar impact force and double impu
intensifier one stand of HWDP above the