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Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ioni
c an
d M
olec
ular
Co
mpo
unds
Chap
ter 6
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.1
Ions
: Tra
nsfe
r of E
lect
rons
Lear
ning
Goa
l W
rite
the
sym
bols
for t
he si
mpl
e io
ns o
f the
re
pres
enta
tive
elem
ents
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ioni
c an
d Co
vale
nt B
onds
Chem
ical b
onds
are
form
ed w
hen
atom
s los
e, g
ain,
or
shar
e va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons t
o co
mpl
etel
y fil
l the
ir ou
term
ost
elec
tron
shel
l.
•Io
nic b
onds
occu
r whe
n va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons o
f a m
etal
at
om a
re tr
ansf
erre
d to
the
atom
of a
non
met
al.
•Co
vale
nt b
onds
occu
r whe
n no
nmet
al a
tom
s sha
re
elec
tron
s to
atta
in a
nob
le g
as a
rran
gem
ent.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ioni
c an
d Co
vale
nt B
onds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Posit
ive
Ions
: Met
als
Lose
Ele
ctro
ns
In io
nic b
ondi
ng, i
ons f
orm
whe
n at
oms g
ain
or lo
se
thei
r val
ence
ele
ctro
ns to
form
a st
able
ele
ctro
n co
nfig
urat
ion.
M
etal
s:•
have
low
ioni
zatio
n en
ergi
es.
•re
adily
lose
one
or m
ore
of th
eir v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
to
form
ions
with
a p
ositi
ve ch
arge
.•
lose
ele
ctro
ns u
ntil
they
hav
e th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons a
s the
nea
rest
nob
le g
as, u
sual
ly
eigh
t val
ence
ele
ctro
ns.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Posit
ive
Ions
: Los
s of
Ele
ctro
ns
Whe
n so
dium
ato
ms i
n Gr
oup
1 ar
e ne
utra
l, th
ey h
ave
11
elec
tron
s and
11
prot
ons.
•Th
ey lo
se o
ne e
lect
ron
to
have
the
sam
e nu
mbe
r of
vale
nce
elec
tron
s as n
eon
and
a fil
led
ener
gy le
vel.
•Th
ey w
ill fo
rm a
n io
n w
ith
10 e
lect
rons
, 11
prot
ons,
and
an io
nic c
harg
e of
1+:
Na
+ .
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Posit
ive
Ions
: Los
s of
Ele
ctro
ns
Whe
n m
agne
sium
ato
ms i
n Gr
oup
2 ar
e ne
utra
l, th
ey h
ave
12 e
lect
rons
and
12
prot
ons.
•Th
ey w
ill lo
se 2
ele
ctro
ns to
ha
ve th
e sa
me
num
ber o
f va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons a
s neo
n an
d a
fille
d en
ergy
leve
l.•
They
form
an
ion
with
10
elec
tron
s, 12
pro
tons
, with
an
ioni
c cha
rge
of 2
+: M
g2+.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Neg
ativ
e Io
ns: N
onm
etal
s Gai
n El
ectr
ons
Nonm
etal
s•
Have
hig
h io
niza
tion
ener
gies
•re
adily
gai
n on
e or
mor
e va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons t
o fo
rm io
ns
with
a n
egat
ive
char
ge.
•ga
in e
lect
rons
unt
il th
ey h
ave
the
sam
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce
elec
tron
s as t
he n
eare
st n
oble
gas
, usu
ally
eig
ht va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Neg
ativ
e Io
ns: G
ain
of E
lect
rons
Whe
n ch
lorin
e at
oms i
n Gr
oup
17 a
re n
eutr
al, t
hey
have
17 e
lect
rons
and
17
prot
ons.
•Th
ey w
ill g
ain
one
elec
tron
to h
ave
the
sam
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce
elec
tron
s as a
rgon
. •
They
form
an
ion
with
18
elec
tron
s, 17
pro
tons
, an
d a
char
ge o
f 1−:
Cl− .
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Form
ulas
, Nam
es o
f Com
mon
Ions
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ioni
c Ch
arge
s, G
roup
Num
bers
We
can
use
the
grou
p nu
mbe
rs in
the
perio
dic t
able
to d
eter
min
e th
e ch
arge
s for
the
ions
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Chem
istry
Lin
k to
Hea
lth: I
mpo
rtan
t Ion
s in
the
Body
Ions
are
impo
rtan
t in
regu
latin
g bo
dy fu
nctio
ns.
Ion
Occ
urre
nce
Func
tion
Sour
ceN
a+Pr
inci
palc
atio
nou
tside
the
cell
Regu
latio
n an
d co
ntro
l of
body
flui
dsSa
lt, c
hees
e,
pick
les
K+
Prin
cipa
l cat
ion
outsi
de th
e ce
llRe
gula
tion
of b
ody
fluid
s an
d ce
llula
r fun
ctio
nsB
anan
as, p
otat
oes,
oran
geju
ice,
milk
Ca2+
Catio
nou
tside
the
cell;
foun
d in
bon
esM
ajor
cat
ion
in b
ones
, ne
eded
for m
uscl
e co
ntra
ctio
ns
Milk
, yog
urt,
chee
se, g
reen
s, sp
inac
hM
g2+Ca
tion
outsi
de th
e ce
ll; fo
und
in b
ones
Esse
ntia
lfor
cer
tain
en
zym
es, m
uscl
es, a
nd
nerv
e co
ntro
l
Chlo
roph
yll,
nuts,
grai
ns
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Writ
e th
e fo
rmul
a an
d sy
mbo
l of a
n io
n w
ith16
pro
tons
and
18
elec
tron
s.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Cons
ider
the
elem
ents
cal
cium
and
chl
orin
e.
A.Id
entif
y ea
ch a
s a m
etal
or a
non
met
al.
B.St
ate
the
num
ber o
f val
ence
ele
ctro
nsfo
r eac
h.C.
Stat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of e
lect
rons
that
mus
t be
lost
or g
aine
d fo
r eac
h to
acq
uire
an o
ctet
.D.
Writ
e th
e sy
mbo
l, in
cludi
ng it
s ion
ic ch
arge
, and
nam
e of
eac
h re
sulti
ng io
n.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.2
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for
Ioni
c Co
mpo
unds
Lear
ning
Goa
l Us
ing
char
ge b
alan
ce, w
rite
the
corr
ect f
orm
ula
for
an io
nic c
ompo
und.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Prop
ertie
s of I
onic
Com
poun
ds
Ioni
c com
poun
ds•c
onsis
t of p
ositi
ve a
nd n
egat
ive
ions
.•h
ave
attr
actio
ns ca
lled
ioni
c bon
dsbe
twee
n po
sitiv
ely
and
nega
tivel
y ch
arge
d io
ns.
•hav
e hi
gh m
eltin
g po
ints
.•a
re so
lids a
t roo
m te
mpe
ratu
re.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
NaC
l, An
Ioni
c Co
mpo
und
Sodi
um ch
lorid
e is
mor
e co
mm
only
kno
wn
as ta
ble
salt.
The
mag
nific
atio
n of
Na
Clcr
ysta
ls sh
ows t
he
arra
ngem
ent o
f Na+
and
Cl−
ions
in a
n Na
Clcr
ysta
l.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Form
ulas
of I
onic
Com
poun
ds
In a
chem
ical f
orm
ula,
•the
sym
bols
and
subs
crip
ts a
re w
ritte
n in
the
low
est w
hole
-num
ber
ratio
of t
he a
tom
s or i
ons.
•the
sum
of i
on ch
arge
s equ
als
zero
. •t
he to
tal p
ositi
ve ch
arge
= to
tal n
egat
ive
char
ge.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Subs
crip
ts in
For
mul
as
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Writ
ing
Ioni
c Fo
rmul
as fr
om Io
n Ch
arge
s
To b
alan
ce io
nic c
harg
e in
an
ioni
c com
poun
d,to
tal p
ositi
ve ch
arge
= to
tal n
egat
ive
char
ge
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Writ
e th
e io
nic f
orm
ula
of th
e co
mpo
und
form
edw
ith B
a2+an
d Cl
−io
ns.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Sele
ct th
e co
rrec
t for
mul
a fo
r eac
h of
the
follo
win
g io
nic c
ompo
unds
.1.
Na+
and
O2−
A.Na
OB.
Na2O
C.Na
O2
2.Al
3+an
d Cl
−
A.Al
Cl3
B.Al
ClC.
Al3C
l3.
Mg2+
and
N3−
A.M
gNB.
Mg 2
N 3C.
Mg 3
N 2
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.3
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c Co
mpo
unds
Lear
ning
Goa
l Gi
ven
the
form
ula
of a
n io
nic c
ompo
und,
writ
e th
e co
rrec
t nam
e; g
iven
the
nam
e of
an
ioni
c co
mpo
und,
writ
e th
e co
rrec
t for
mul
a.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
ing
Ioni
c Co
mpo
unds
Whe
n na
min
g an
ioni
c com
poun
d,• t
he n
ame
of th
e m
etal
is w
ritte
n fir
st a
nd is
the
sam
e as
th
e na
me
of th
e el
emen
t.•t
he n
ame
of th
e no
nmet
al is
the
first
sylla
ble
of th
e no
nmet
al n
ame
+ ide
endi
ngan
d is
writ
ten
seco
nd.
•a sp
ace
is pl
aced
bet
wee
n th
e na
me
of th
e m
etal
and
no
nmet
al io
n.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
es o
f Som
e Io
nic
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
ing
Ioni
c Co
mpo
unds
, K 2
O
Nam
e th
e io
nic c
ompo
und
K 2O.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Writ
e th
e na
mes
of t
he fo
llow
ing
com
poun
ds.
A.Ca
OB.
Al2O
3
C.M
gCl 2
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Met
als
with
Var
iabl
e Ch
arge
Tran
sitio
n m
etal
s exc
ept f
or Z
n2+, C
d2+, a
nd A
g+fo
rm tw
o or
mor
e po
sitiv
e io
ns (c
atio
ns).
A Ro
man
num
eral
equa
l to
the
ion
char
ge is
pla
ced
in
pare
nthe
ses i
mm
edia
tely
afte
r the
met
al n
ame.
Cu2+
copp
er(II
) Pb
2+le
ad(II
)Cu
+co
pper
(I)Pb
4+le
ad(IV
)Fe
2+iro
n(II)
Cr2+
chro
miu
m(II
)Fe
3+iro
n(III
)Cr
3+ch
rom
ium
(III)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Met
als
with
Var
iabl
e Ch
arge
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Dete
rmin
atio
n of
Var
iabl
e Ch
arge
Dete
rmin
e th
e ch
arge
of t
he m
etal
ion
in: M
nF2
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ion
Char
ges,
Per
iodi
c Ta
ble
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
ing
Ioni
c Co
mpo
unds
with
Var
iabl
e Ch
arge
M
etal
s, F
eCl 2
Nam
e th
e io
nic c
ompo
und
FeCl
2.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Nam
e th
e fo
llow
ing
ioni
c com
poun
d co
ntai
ning
a v
aria
ble
char
ge m
etal
.
SnO
2
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
from
the
Nam
e of
an
Ioni
c Co
mpo
und
The
form
ula
for a
n io
nic
com
poun
d is
writ
ten
from
,•t
he fi
rst p
art o
f the
nam
e th
at d
escr
ibes
the
met
al
ion.
•t
he se
cond
par
t of t
he
nam
e th
at sp
ecifi
es th
e no
nmet
al io
n.
Subs
crip
ts a
re a
dded
to
bala
nce
the
char
ge.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
from
the
Nam
e of
an
Ioni
c Co
mpo
und
Writ
e th
e fo
rmul
a fo
r iro
n(III
) chl
orid
e.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Writ
e ch
emica
l for
mul
as fo
r the
follo
win
g co
mpo
unds
:A.
nick
el(II
) sul
fide
B.al
umin
um c
hlor
ide
C.iro
n(III
) oxi
de
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.4
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
Lear
ning
Goa
l W
rite
the
nam
e an
d fo
rmul
a fo
r an
ioni
c co
mpo
und
cont
aini
ng a
pol
yato
mic
ion.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns
An io
nic c
ompo
und
may
cont
ain
a po
lyat
omic
ion
(man
y-at
om
ion)
as o
ne it
s cat
ions
or a
nion
s.•A
pol
yato
mic
ion
is a
grou
p of
cova
lent
ly b
onde
d at
oms t
hat
has a
n ov
eral
l ion
ic ch
arge
. •
Mos
t pol
yato
mic
ions
are
mad
e up
of n
onm
etal
s (SO, N
O,ClO)
•Al
mos
t all
of th
em h
ave
nega
tive
char
ges (
-1, -
2, -3
, etc
)•NH
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns, N
ames
, and
For
mul
as
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
es o
f Pol
yato
mic
Ions
1.Na
mes
of p
olya
tom
ic io
ns e
nd in
ate
.SO
42−su
lfate
PO43−
phos
phat
e NO
3− nitr
ate
2.W
hen
a re
late
d io
n ha
s one
less
oxy
gen,
its
nam
e en
ds in
ite.
SO32−
sulfi
tePO
33−ph
osph
iteNO
2− nitr
ite
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
es o
f Pol
yato
mic
Ions
3.Ex
cept
ions
to th
ese
rule
s are
the
follo
win
g:
CN−
cyan
ide
OH−
hydr
oxid
e
4.Ha
loge
ns fo
rm 4
pol
yato
mic
ions
with
oxy
gen.
Ea
ch h
as a
−1
char
ge.
ClO
4−pe
rchl
orat
eCl
O3−
chlo
rate
ClO
2−ch
lorit
eCl
O−
hypo
chlo
rite
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for C
ompo
unds
Con
tain
ing
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns
Whe
n w
ritin
g fo
rmul
as fo
r ion
ic co
mpo
unds
cont
aini
ng
poly
atom
ic io
ns, w
e us
e th
e sa
me
rule
s of c
harg
e ba
lanc
e as
th
ose
for s
impl
e io
nic c
ompo
unds
.
Mag
nesiu
m n
itrat
e
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
with
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
Writ
e th
e fo
rmul
a fo
r alu
min
um n
itrite
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Writ
e th
e fo
rmul
a fo
r sod
ium
pho
spha
te.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
ing
Com
poun
ds w
ith P
olya
tom
ic Io
ns
Whe
n na
min
g io
nic c
ompo
unds
cont
aini
ng p
olya
tom
ic io
ns,
•firs
t writ
e th
e po
sitiv
e io
n, u
sual
ly a
met
al.
•writ
e th
e na
me
of th
e po
lyat
omic
ion
seco
nd.
Reco
gnizi
ng p
olya
tom
ic io
ns in
a ch
emica
l for
mul
a he
lps t
o na
me
it co
rrec
tly.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Com
poun
ds w
ith P
olya
tom
ic Io
ns
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Sele
ct th
e co
rrec
t for
mul
a fo
r eac
h.1.
alum
inum
nitr
ate
A. A
lNO
3B.
Al(N
O) 3
C.Al
(NO
3)3
2.co
pper
(II) n
itrat
eA.
CuN
O3
B.Cu
(NO
3) 2C.
Cu2
(NO
3)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Sele
ct th
e co
rrec
t for
mul
a fo
r eac
h.3.
iron(
III) h
ydro
xide
A. F
eOH
B.Fe
3OH
C.Fe
(OH)
3
4.tin
(IV) h
ydro
xide
A. S
n(O
H)4
B.Sn
(OH)
2C.
Sn4(O
H)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Flow
Cha
rt, N
amin
g Io
nic
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Nam
e th
e fo
llow
ing
ioni
c com
poun
ds:
A.Ca
(NO
3) 2
B.Fe
PO4
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Nam
e ea
ch o
f the
follo
win
g co
mpo
unds
cont
aini
ng p
olya
tom
ic io
ns.
A.M
gSO
3
B.M
gSO
4
C.Pb
3(PO
3) 2
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Nam
e ea
ch o
f the
follo
win
g co
mpo
unds
:A.
Fe2(S
O4) 3
B.Ba
3(PO
3) 2
C.Ni
CO3
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.5
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sh
arin
g El
ectr
ons
Lear
ning
Goa
l Gi
ven
the
form
ula
of a
mol
ecul
ar co
mpo
und,
writ
e its
corr
ect n
ame;
giv
en th
e na
me
of a
mol
ecul
ar co
mpo
und,
writ
e its
form
ula.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Cova
lent
Bon
ds
Mol
ecul
ar co
mpo
unds
form
w
hen
•ato
ms o
f tw
o or
mor
e no
nmet
als s
hare
ele
ctro
ns a
nd
form
a co
vale
nt b
ond.
•val
ence
ele
ctro
ns a
re sh
ared
by
non
met
al a
tom
s to
achi
eve
stab
ility
.A
mol
ecul
e fo
rms w
hen
two
or
mor
e at
oms s
hare
ele
ctro
ns.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
es a
nd F
orm
ulas
, Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
Whe
n na
min
g a
mol
ecul
ar c
ompo
und,
th
e•
first
non
met
al in
the
form
ula
is na
med
by i
ts e
lem
ent n
ame.
•se
cond
non
met
al is
nam
ed u
sing
the
first
sylla
ble
of th
e na
me
follo
wed
by
ide.
Whe
n a
subs
crip
t ind
icate
s tw
o or
m
ore
atom
s of a
n el
emen
t, a
pref
ix is
show
n in
fron
t of i
ts n
ame.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
es a
nd F
orm
ulas
, Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
Seve
ral c
ompo
unds
may
be
form
ed fr
om th
e sa
me
two
nonm
etal
s:CO
2=
carb
on d
ioxi
deCO
= ca
rbon
mon
oxid
e
•Th
e nu
mbe
r of o
xyge
n at
oms p
rese
nt is
indi
cate
d by
the
pref
ix.
•W
hen
the
vow
els o
and
oor
aan
d o
appe
ar to
geth
er, t
he fi
rst
vow
el is
om
itted
.NO
= n
itrog
en m
onox
ide,
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Com
mon
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nam
ing
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
, NCl
3
Nam
e th
e m
olec
ular
com
poun
d NC
l 3.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Nam
e th
e m
olec
ular
com
poun
d B 2
O3.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Writ
e th
e m
olec
ular
form
ula
for d
ipho
spho
rusp
ento
xide
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Com
poun
ds, I
onic
or C
oval
ent?
A co
mpo
und
is io
nici
f a m
etal
and
a n
onm
etal
are
bo
und
toge
ther
OR
the
com
poun
d be
gins
with
K 2
O:
pota
ssiu
m o
xide
NH4N
O3:
amm
oniu
m n
itrat
e
A co
mpo
und
is co
vale
ntif
2+ n
onm
etal
s are
bou
nd
toge
ther
.N 2
O: d
initr
ogen
oxi
de
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Flow
char
t, N
amin
g Co
mpo
unds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Sele
ct th
e co
rrec
t nam
e fo
r eac
h co
mpo
und.
1.Si
Cl4
A.sil
icon
chlo
ride
B.te
tras
ilico
nch
lorid
eC.
silico
n te
trac
hlor
ide
2.
P 2O
5A.
phos
phor
us o
xide
B.ph
osph
orus
pen
toxi
deC.
diph
osph
orus
pent
oxid
e
3.Cl
2O7
Adi
chlo
rine
hept
oxid
eB.
dich
lorin
eox
ide
C.ch
lorin
e he
ptox
ide
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Iden
tify
each
com
poun
d as
ioni
c or c
oval
ent a
nd g
ive
its co
rrec
t nam
e.A.
SO3
B.Ba
Cl2
C.(N
H 4) 3P
O3
D.Cu
2CO
3
E.N 2
O4
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.6
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for
Mol
ecul
es a
nd P
olya
tom
ic Io
ns
Lear
ning
Goa
l: Dr
aw th
e Le
wis
stru
ctur
es fo
r mol
ecul
ar
com
poun
ds o
r pol
yato
mic
ions
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
The
Sim
ples
t Mol
ecul
e, H
2
Whe
n tw
o H
atom
s are
far a
part
, the
y fe
el n
o at
trac
tion
or re
pulsi
on
to e
ach
othe
r.As
they
app
roac
h ea
ch o
ther
, the
ele
ctro
n on
one
H is
attr
acte
d to
th
e pr
oton
(nuc
leus
) of t
he o
ther
. And
vice
ver
sa.
The
attr
actio
n is
stro
nger
than
the
repu
lsion
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o el
ectr
ons.
A co
vale
nt b
ond
form
s fro
m e
ach
H sh
arin
g its
ele
ctro
n w
ith th
e ot
her,
crea
ting
the
mol
ecul
e: H
2.
Each
H a
cts a
s if i
t has
2 e
lect
rons
.
This
give
s it t
he e
lect
ron
conf
igur
atio
n of
He
and
ther
efor
e is
very
stab
le.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
The
Oct
et R
ule
•Ato
ms a
re th
e m
ost s
tabl
e w
hen
they
hav
e th
e el
ectr
on co
nfig
urat
ion
of a
nob
le g
as.
•For
H a
nd H
e, th
at’s
2 el
ectr
ons
•For
n=2
and
n=3
(Li t
hrou
gh A
r) th
at is
8
elec
tron
s•(
n=4
etci
s hig
her.
We
won
’t w
orry
abo
ut th
at
now.
)
•The
Oct
et R
ule:
Mos
t ato
ms w
ant t
o ha
ve 8
va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons.
•Ex
cept
ions
: •
H, H
e (2
vale
nce
elec
tron
s)•
B (c
an o
nly
have
6)
•n=
3 ca
n ha
ve m
ore
than
8
due
to a
cces
s to
the
3d o
rbita
l.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
, Mol
ecul
es
A m
olec
ule
is re
pres
ente
d by
a Le
wis
stru
ctur
e in
whi
ch th
e va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons o
f all
the
atom
s are
arr
ange
d to
giv
e oc
tets
.•T
he sh
ared
ele
ctro
ns, o
r bon
ding
pai
rs, a
re sh
own
as tw
o do
ts o
r a
singl
e lin
e be
twee
n at
oms.
•The
non
bond
ing
pairs
, or l
one
pairs
, are
pla
ced
on th
e ou
tsid
e of
th
e at
oms.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
, Mol
ecul
es
A m
olec
ule
is re
pres
ente
d by
a Le
wis
stru
ctur
e in
whi
ch th
e va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons o
f all
the
atom
s are
arr
ange
d to
giv
e oc
tets
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Elem
ents
, Dia
tom
ic M
olec
ules
The
elem
ents
hyd
roge
n, n
itrog
en, o
xyge
n, fl
uorin
e, ch
lorin
e, b
rom
ine
and
iodi
ne e
xist
as d
iato
mic
mol
ecul
es.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Num
ber o
f bon
ds
The
num
ber o
f ele
ctro
ns a
non
met
al a
tom
shar
es a
nd th
e nu
mbe
r of
cova
lent
bon
ds it
form
s are
equ
al to
the
num
ber o
f ele
ctro
ns it
nee
ds to
ac
hiev
e a
stab
le e
lect
ron
conf
igur
atio
n.
# of
bon
ds =
8 –
num
ber o
f val
ence
e’s
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gui
de to
Dra
win
g Le
wis
Stru
ctur
es
1. S
um th
e va
lanc
e el
ectr
ons f
rom
all
the
atom
s.2.
Dec
ide
on a
tom
conn
ectio
ns a
nd co
nnec
t with
a si
ngle
bon
d.
(“ce
ntra
l ato
m” i
s usu
ally
writ
ten
first
in th
e fo
rmul
a.)
3. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
rem
aini
ng•
Tota
l val
ence
ele
ctro
ns (s
tep
1) m
inus
# el
ectr
ons u
sed
in b
ondi
ng.
4. C
ompl
ete
the
octe
ts o
f ter
min
al a
tom
s (ex
cept
H a
nd H
e w
ant
2) 5. P
lace
lefto
ver e
lect
rons
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
.6.
If n
o un
assig
ned
elec
tron
s rem
ain,
and
the
cent
ral a
tom
do
esn’
t hav
e an
oct
et, u
se m
ultip
le b
onds
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Draw
ing
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
Draw
the
Lew
is st
ruct
ure
for m
etha
ne, C
H 4 1. S
um th
e va
lanc
e el
ectro
ns fr
om a
ll th
e at
oms.
2. D
ecid
e on
ato
m c
onne
ctio
ns a
nd c
onne
ct w
ith a
sing
le b
ond.
(“
cent
ral a
tom
” is
usua
lly w
ritte
n fir
st in
the
form
ula.
)
3. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
rem
aini
ng
Tota
l val
ence
ele
ctro
ns (s
tep
1) m
inus
# el
ectro
ns u
sed
in b
ondi
ng.
4. C
ompl
ete
the
octe
ts o
f ter
min
al a
tom
s (ex
cept
H a
nd H
e w
ant 2
)
5. P
lace
lefto
ver e
lect
rons
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
.
6. If
no
unas
signe
d el
ectro
ns re
mai
n, a
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m
does
n’t h
ave
an o
ctet
, use
mul
tiple
bon
ds.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mol
ecul
es, L
ewis
Stru
ctur
es
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Draw
the
Lew
is st
ruct
ure
for N
H 4+
1. S
um th
e va
lanc
e el
ectro
ns fr
om a
ll th
e at
oms.
2. D
ecid
e on
ato
m c
onne
ctio
ns a
nd c
onne
ct w
ith a
sing
le b
ond.
(“
cent
ral a
tom
” is
usua
lly w
ritte
n fir
st in
the
form
ula.
)
3. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
rem
aini
ng
Tota
l val
ence
ele
ctro
ns (s
tep
1) m
inus
# el
ectro
ns u
sed
in b
ondi
ng.
4. C
ompl
ete
the
octe
ts o
f ter
min
al a
tom
s (ex
cept
H a
nd H
e w
ant 2
)
5. P
lace
lefto
ver e
lect
rons
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
.
6. If
no
unas
signe
d el
ectro
ns re
mai
n, a
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m
does
n’t h
ave
an o
ctet
, use
mul
tiple
bon
ds.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Draw
the
Lew
is st
ruct
ure
for B
F 3
1. S
um th
e va
lanc
e el
ectro
ns fr
om a
ll th
e at
oms.
2. D
ecid
e on
ato
m c
onne
ctio
ns a
nd c
onne
ct w
ith a
sing
le b
ond.
(“
cent
ral a
tom
” is
usua
lly w
ritte
n fir
st in
the
form
ula.
)
3. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
rem
aini
ng
Tota
l val
ence
ele
ctro
ns (s
tep
1) m
inus
# el
ectro
ns u
sed
in b
ondi
ng.
4. C
ompl
ete
the
octe
ts o
f ter
min
al a
tom
s (ex
cept
H a
nd H
e w
ant 2
)
5. P
lace
lefto
ver e
lect
rons
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
.
6. If
no
unas
signe
d el
ectro
ns re
mai
n, a
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m
does
n’t h
ave
an o
ctet
, use
mul
tiple
bon
ds.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Doub
le a
nd T
riple
Bon
ds
A do
uble
bon
d•o
ccur
s whe
n at
oms s
hare
two
pairs
of e
lect
rons
.•f
orm
s whe
n th
ere
are
not e
noug
h el
ectr
ons t
o co
mpl
ete
octe
ts.
A tr
iple
bon
d•o
ccur
s whe
n at
oms s
hare
thre
e pa
irs o
f ele
ctro
ns.
• for
ms w
hen
ther
e ar
e no
t eno
ugh
elec
tron
s to
com
plet
e oc
tets
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Draw
the
Lew
is st
ruct
ure
for N
2.
1. S
um th
e va
lanc
e el
ectro
ns fr
om a
ll th
e at
oms.
2. D
ecid
e on
ato
m c
onne
ctio
ns a
nd c
onne
ct w
ith a
sing
le b
ond.
(“
cent
ral a
tom
” is
usua
lly w
ritte
n fir
st in
the
form
ula.
)
3. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
rem
aini
ng
Tota
l val
ence
ele
ctro
ns (s
tep
1) m
inus
# el
ectro
ns u
sed
in b
ondi
ng.
4. C
ompl
ete
the
octe
ts o
f ter
min
al a
tom
s (ex
cept
H a
nd H
e w
ant 2
)
5. P
lace
lefto
ver e
lect
rons
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
.
6. If
no
unas
signe
d el
ectro
ns re
mai
n, a
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m
does
n’t h
ave
an o
ctet
, use
mul
tiple
bon
ds.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Draw
the
Lew
is st
ruct
ure
for H
CN.
1. S
um th
e va
lanc
e el
ectro
ns fr
om a
ll th
e at
oms.
2. D
ecid
e on
ato
m c
onne
ctio
ns a
nd c
onne
ct w
ith a
sing
le b
ond.
(“
cent
ral a
tom
” is
usua
lly w
ritte
n fir
st in
the
form
ula.
)
3. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of v
alen
ce e
lect
rons
rem
aini
ng
Tota
l val
ence
ele
ctro
ns (s
tep
1) m
inus
# el
ectro
ns u
sed
in b
ondi
ng.
4. C
ompl
ete
the
octe
ts o
f ter
min
al a
tom
s (ex
cept
H a
nd H
e w
ant 2
)
5. P
lace
lefto
ver e
lect
rons
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
.
6. If
no
unas
signe
d el
ectro
ns re
mai
n, a
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m
does
n’t h
ave
an o
ctet
, use
mul
tiple
bon
ds.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.7
Ele
ctro
nega
tivity
and
Bo
nd P
olar
ity
Lear
ning
Goa
l: Us
e el
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity to
det
erm
ine
the
pola
rity
of
a bo
nd.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Elec
tron
egat
ivity
The
elec
tron
egat
ivity
of a
n at
om is
its a
bilit
y to
att
ract
the
shar
ed e
lect
rons
in a
bon
d.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Elec
tron
egat
ivity
•Whe
n th
e at
oms i
n th
e bo
nd a
re d
iffer
ent,
the
mor
e el
ectr
oneg
ativ
e at
om w
ill “h
og” t
he sh
ared
ele
ctro
ns in
th
e co
vale
nt b
ond.
•Th
e el
ectr
ons w
ill sp
end
mor
e tim
e ne
ar th
e m
ore
elec
tron
egat
ive
atom
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Pola
rity
of B
onds
Diffe
renc
es in
ele
ctro
nega
tivity
of a
tom
s dict
ate
wha
t kin
d of
bon
d fo
rms b
etw
een
the
atom
s.ΔE
N =
0 a
nonp
olar
cova
lent
bon
dΔE
N =
betw
een
0 an
d 2
a po
lar c
oval
ent b
ond
ΔEN
≥ 2
an io
nic b
ond
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Non
pola
r Cov
alen
t Bon
ds
A no
npol
ar co
vale
nt b
ond
occu
rs b
etw
een
nonm
etal
s. •I
t is a
n eq
ual s
harin
g of
ele
ctro
ns b
y th
e tw
o bo
ndin
g at
oms.
ΔEN
= 0
a no
npol
ar
cova
lent
bon
dΔE
N =
betw
een
0 an
d 2
a p
olar
cova
lent
bon
db
d
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Pola
r Cov
alen
t Bon
ds
A po
lar c
oval
ent b
ond
occu
rs b
etw
een
nonm
etal
ato
ms.
It•i
s an
uneq
ual s
harin
g of
ele
ctro
ns.
•has
a m
oder
ate
elec
tron
egat
ivity
diff
eren
ce.
Elec
tron
egat
ivity
Atom
s Di
ffere
nce
Type
of B
ond
O-C
l
3.5
− 3.
0 =
0.5
Pola
r cov
alen
tCl
-C
3.0
− 2.
5 =
0.5
Pola
r cov
alen
tO
-S
3.5
− 2.
5 =
1.0
Pola
r cov
alen
t
ΔEN
= 0
a no
npol
ar
cova
lent
bon
dΔE
N =
betw
een
0 an
d 2
a p
olar
cova
lent
bon
db
d
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Dipo
les a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
A po
lar c
oval
ent b
ond
beco
mes
mor
e po
lar a
s the
diff
eren
ce in
el
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity in
crea
ses.
The
sepa
ratio
n of
char
ges i
n a
pola
r bon
d is
calle
d a
dipo
le.
The
posit
ive
and
nega
tive
ends
of t
he d
ipol
e ar
e lo
cate
d by
usin
g•t
he lo
wer
case
Gre
ek le
tter d
elta
with
a p
ositi
ve o
r neg
ativ
e ch
arge
.
•an
arro
w th
at p
oint
s fro
m th
e po
sitiv
e to
the
nega
tive
end
of
the
dipo
le.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ioni
c Bo
nds
An io
nic b
ond
•occ
urs b
etw
een
met
al a
nd n
onm
etal
ions
.•i
s a re
sult
of e
lect
ron
tran
sfer.
•has
a la
rge
elec
tron
egat
ivity
diff
eren
ce (2
.0 o
r mor
e).
Elec
tron
egat
ivity
Atom
s Di
ffere
nce
Type
of B
ond
Cl-K
3.
0 –
0.8
= 2.
2Io
nic
N-Na
3.
0 –
0.9
= 2.
1Io
nic
ΔEN
= 0
a no
npol
ar
cova
lent
bon
dΔE
N =
betw
een
0 an
d 2
a p
olar
cova
lent
bon
db
d
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Elec
tron
egat
ivity
and
Bon
d Ty
pes
ΔEN
= 0
ΔEN
= 0
to 2
ΔEN
= 2+
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Use
the
elec
tron
egat
ivity
diff
eren
ce to
iden
tify
the
type
of b
ond
(non
pola
r co
vale
nt [N
P], p
olar
cova
lent
[P],
or io
nic [
I]) b
etw
een
the
follo
win
g:A.
K—N
B.N—
OC.
Cl—
ClD.
H—Cl
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.8
Sha
pes
and
Pola
rity
of M
olec
ules
Lear
ning
Goa
l: Pr
edict
the
thre
e-di
men
siona
l str
uctu
re o
f a
mol
ecul
e, a
nd c
lass
ify it
as p
olar
or n
onpo
lar.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
VSEP
R Th
eory
Vale
nce
Shel
l Ele
ctro
n-Pa
ir Re
pulsi
on T
heor
y (V
SEPR
)•d
escr
ibes
the
orie
ntat
ion
of e
lect
ron
grou
ps a
roun
d th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m.
•sta
tes t
hat e
lect
ron
grou
ps a
re a
rran
ged
as fa
r apa
rt a
s po
ssib
le a
roun
d th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m.
•sta
tes t
hat t
he sp
ecifi
c sha
pe o
f a m
olec
ule
is de
term
ined
by
the
num
ber o
f ato
ms a
ttach
ed to
the
cent
ral a
tom
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Line
ar (2
bon
d lo
catio
ns)
In a
mol
ecul
e of
CO
2
•tw
o el
ectr
on g
roup
s are
pla
ced
arou
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m, c
arbo
n.•t
he re
pulsi
on is
min
imize
d by
pla
cing
the
two
grou
ps o
n op
posit
e sid
es o
f th
e ca
rbon
ato
m, g
ivin
g th
is a
linea
r arr
ange
men
t with
bon
d an
gles
of
180°
.•t
he sh
ape
with
two
elec
tron
gro
ups a
roun
d th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m
is lin
ear.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Trig
anol
Plan
ar (3
bon
d lo
catio
ns)
In a
mol
ecul
e of
form
alde
hyde
, H2C
O3,
•thr
ee e
lect
ron
grou
ps a
re p
lace
d ar
ound
the
cent
ral a
tom
, car
bon.
•the
repu
lsion
is m
inim
ized
by p
lacin
g th
e th
ree
grou
ps a
s far
apa
rt a
s po
ssib
le a
t bon
d an
gles
of 1
20°.
•the
shap
e w
ith th
ree
elec
tron
gro
ups a
roun
d th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m is
trig
onal
plan
ar.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Bent
(2 b
ond
loca
ls +
1 el
ectr
on p
air)
In a
mol
ecul
e of
SO
2, th
ere
are
thre
e el
ectr
on g
roup
s aro
und
the
cent
ral a
tom
S:
•The
repu
lsion
is m
inim
ized
by p
lacin
g th
e th
ree
elec
tron
gro
ups a
s fa
r apa
rt a
s pos
sible
.
•The
shap
e w
ith tw
o bo
nds a
nd a
lone
pai
r on
the
cent
ral a
tom
is
bent
with
a b
ond
angl
e of
120
°.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Tetr
ahed
ral (
4 bo
nd lo
catio
ns)
In a
mol
ecul
e of
CH 4
•fou
r ele
ctro
n gr
oups
are
atta
ched
to H
ato
ms a
roun
d th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m,
carb
on.
•the
repu
lsion
is m
inim
ized
by p
lacin
g th
e fo
ur e
lect
ron
grou
ps a
t cor
ners
of
a te
trah
edro
n w
ith b
ond
angl
es o
f 109
°. •t
he sh
ape
with
four
bon
ds o
n th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m is
calle
dte
trah
edra
l.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Trig
onal
Pyr
imid
al(3
bon
d lo
cals
+ 1
elec
tron
pai
r)
In a
mol
ecul
e of
NH 3
•fou
r ele
ctro
n gr
oups
, thr
ee b
onds
to H
ato
ms a
nd o
ne lo
ne p
air,
are
arou
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m, N
.•t
he re
pulsi
on is
min
imize
d by
pla
cing
the
four
ele
ctro
n gr
oups
at c
orne
rs
of a
tetr
ahed
ron
with
bon
d an
gles
of 1
09°.
•the
shap
e w
ith th
ree
bond
s and
a lo
ne p
air o
n th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m is
calle
d tr
igon
alpy
rimid
al.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Bent
(typ
e 2)
(2 b
ond
loca
ls +
2 e-
pairs
)
In a
mol
ecul
e of
H2O
•fou
r ele
ctro
n gr
oups
, tw
o bo
nds t
o H
atom
s and
two
lone
pai
rs, a
re
arou
nd th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m, O
.•t
he re
pulsi
on is
min
imize
d by
pla
cing
the
four
ele
ctro
n gr
oups
at c
orne
rs
of a
tetr
ahed
ron
with
bon
d an
gles
of 1
09°.
•the
shap
e w
ith tw
o bo
nds a
nd tw
o lo
ne p
airs
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
is ca
lled
bent
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mol
ecul
ar S
hape
s, E
lect
ron-
Gro
ups
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gui
de to
Pre
dict
ing
Mol
ecul
ar S
hape
1.Dr
aw th
e Le
wis
stru
ctur
e.2.
Dete
rmin
e el
ectr
on-g
roup
geom
etry
bas
ed o
n to
tal n
umbe
r of e
lect
ron
loca
tions
on
the
cent
ral a
tom
. (bo
nds a
nd e
lect
ron
pairs
)•
Sing
le, d
oubl
e, tr
iple
bon
d al
l equ
al o
ne e
lect
ron
loca
tion
•Ev
ery
elec
tron
pai
r equ
als o
ne e
lect
ron
loca
tion.
3.De
term
ine
the
mol
ecul
ar sh
ape
base
d on
how
man
y AT
OM
S ar
e bo
nded
to th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Pred
ictin
g m
olec
ular
shap
es
Pred
ict th
e sh
ape
of a
mol
ecul
e of
H2S
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Stat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of e
lect
ron
grou
ps a
nd lo
ne p
airs
and
use
VSE
PR th
eory
to
dete
rmin
e th
e sh
ape
of th
e fo
llow
ing
mol
ecul
es o
r ion
s as t
etra
hedr
al, t
rigon
alpy
ram
idal
, or b
ent.
A.PF
3
B.H 2
O
C.CC
l 4
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Pola
rity
of M
olec
ules
Non
pola
r mol
ecul
es•s
uch
as H
2, Cl
2, an
d O
2ar
e no
npol
ar b
ecau
se th
ey co
ntai
nno
npol
ar b
onds
.
•Pol
ar b
onds
can
be n
onpo
lar i
f the
pol
ar b
onds
(dip
oles
) can
cel i
n a
sym
met
rical
arr
ange
men
t, su
ch a
s in
CO2
and
CF4.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Pola
rity
of M
olec
ules
Pola
r mol
ecul
es su
ch a
s HCl
are
pola
r bec
ause
•one
end
of t
he m
olec
ule
is m
ore
nega
tivel
y ch
arge
d th
anth
e ot
her.
•the
pol
ar b
onds
in th
e m
olec
ule
do n
ot ca
ncel
eac
h ot
her.
•the
ele
ctro
ns a
re sh
ared
une
qual
ly in
the
pola
r cov
alen
t bon
d.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
In a
pol
ar m
olec
ule
such
as H
2O, t
here
•are
two
lone
pai
rs a
nd tw
o bo
nds a
roun
d th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m.
•are
dip
oles
that
do
not c
ance
l sin
ce th
e sh
ape
is be
nt, m
akin
g th
e m
olec
ule
posit
ive
at o
ne e
nd a
nd n
egat
ive
at th
e ot
her e
nd.
•is a
par
tial n
egat
ive
char
ge o
n th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Pola
rity
of M
olec
ules
In a
pol
ar m
olec
ule
such
as N
H 3, t
here
•is o
ne lo
ne p
air a
nd th
ree
bond
s aro
und
the
cent
ral a
tom
.•a
re d
ipol
es th
at d
o no
t can
cel s
ince
the
shap
e is
trig
onal
pyra
mid
al, m
akin
g th
e m
olec
ule
posit
ive
at o
ne e
nd a
nd n
egat
ive
at th
e ot
her e
nd.
•is a
par
tial n
egat
ive
char
ge o
n th
e ce
ntra
l ato
m.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gui
de to
Det
erm
inin
g th
e Po
larit
y of
aM
olec
ule
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Dete
rmin
atio
n of
Pol
arity
Dete
rmin
e if
the
mol
ecul
e O
F 2is
pola
r or n
onpo
lar.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Iden
tify
each
of t
he fo
llow
ing
mol
ecul
es a
s pol
ar o
r non
pola
r. A.
PBr 3
B.HB
rC.
CH4
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
6.9
Att
ract
ive
Forc
es in
Co
mpo
unds
Lear
ning
Goa
l: De
scrib
e th
e at
tract
ive
forc
es b
etw
een
ioni
c co
mpo
unds
, pol
ar co
vale
nt m
olec
ules
, and
non
pola
r cov
alen
t m
olec
ules
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Attr
activ
e Fo
rces
•Int
ram
olec
ular
forc
es: a
ttrac
tive
forc
es b
etw
een
atom
swith
in
com
poun
ds•
Pola
r cov
alen
t bon
ds•
Nonp
olar
cova
lent
bon
ds•
Ioni
c bon
ds
•Int
erm
olec
ular
forc
es: a
ttrac
tive
forc
es b
etw
een
diffe
rent
mol
ecul
es.
•Lo
ndon
disp
ersio
n fo
rces
•Di
pole
-dip
ole
inte
ract
ions
•Hy
drog
en b
onds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Lond
on d
isper
sion
Forc
es
Lond
on d
isper
sion
forc
es a
re•w
eak
attr
actio
ns b
etw
een
nonp
olar
mol
ecul
es.
•cau
sed
by te
mpo
rary
dip
oles
that
dev
elop
whe
n m
olec
ules
bum
p in
to
each
oth
er.
•wea
k bu
t mak
e it
poss
ible
for n
onpo
lar m
olec
ules
to fo
rm li
quid
s and
so
lids.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Dipo
le-d
ipol
e in
tera
ctio
ns
Dipo
le-d
ipol
e in
tera
ctio
ns a
re•A
ttra
ctio
ns b
etw
een
pola
r mol
ecul
es.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Hyd
roge
n Bo
nds
Hydr
ogen
bon
ds•a
re th
e st
rong
est i
nter
mol
ecul
ar a
ttra
ctio
n.•o
ccur
bet
wee
n hy
drog
en a
tom
s bon
ded
to F,
O, o
r N, a
nd a
lone
pai
r on
F, O,
or N
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Com
paris
on o
f Bon
ding
and
Attr
activ
e Fo
rces
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mel
ting
Poin
ts a
nd A
ttra
ctiv
e Fo
rces
Mel
ting
poin
ts o
f com
poun
ds•a
re re
late
d to
the
stre
ngth
of a
ttrac
tive
forc
es b
etw
een
mol
ecul
es o
r com
poun
ds.
•are
low
er d
ue to
wea
k fo
rces
such
as
disp
ersio
n fo
rces
.•a
re h
ighe
r due
to st
rong
er a
ttrac
tive
forc
es su
ch a
s hy
drog
en b
ondi
ng.
•are
hig
hest
in io
nic c
ompo
unds
due
to th
e st
rong
at
trac
tive
forc
es b
etw
een
ions
in th
e co
mpo
und.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mel
ting
Poin
ts a
nd A
ttra
ctiv
e Fo
rces
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Iden
tify
the
mai
n ty
pe o
f att
ract
ive
forc
es th
at a
re p
rese
nt in
liqu
ids o
f the
fo
llow
ing
com
poun
ds: i
onic
bond
s, di
pole
-dip
ole,
hyd
roge
n bo
nds,
or
Lond
on d
isper
sion
forc
es.
A.NC
l 3
B.H 2
O
Lond
on d
isper
sion
–no
npol
ar m
olec
ules
Dipo
le-d
ipol
e –
betw
een
2 po
lar m
olec
ules
Hydr
ogen
bon
d –
X-H
---X
(X
=N, O
, or F
)Io
nic B
ond
–m
etal
and
non
met
al
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stud
y Ch
eck
Iden
tify
the
mai
n ty
pe o
f att
ract
ive
forc
es th
at a
re p
rese
nt in
liqu
ids
of th
e fo
llow
ing
com
poun
ds: i
onic
bond
s, di
pole
-dip
ole,
hyd
roge
n bo
nds,
or Lo
ndon
disp
ersio
n fo
rces
.C.
Br-B
r
D.KC
l
E.NH
3
Lond
on d
isper
sion
–no
npol
ar m
olec
ules
Dipo
le-d
ipol
e –
betw
een
2 po
lar m
olec
ules
Hydr
ogen
bon
d –
X-H
---X
(X
=N, O
, or F
)Io
nic B
ond
–m
etal
and
non
met
alG
ener
al, O
rgan
ic, a
nd B
iolo
gica
l Che
mis
try: S
truct
ures
of L
ife, 5
/eKa
ren
C. T
imbe
rlake
© 2
016
Pear
son
Educ
atio
n, In
c.
Ch. 6
–Io
nic
and
Mol
ecul
ar
Com
poun
ds
•6.1
–Io
ns: T
rans
fer o
f Ele
ctro
ns•6
.2 –
Writ
ing
Form
ulas
for I
onic
Com
poun
ds•6
.3 –
Nam
ing
and
Writ
ing
Ioni
c For
mul
as•6
.4 –
Poly
atom
ic Io
ns•6
.5 –
Mol
ecul
ar C
ompo
unds
: Sha
ring
Elec
tron
s•6
.6 –
Lew
is St
ruct
ures
for M
olec
ules
and
Pol
yato
mic
Ions
•6.7
–El
ectr
oneg
ativ
ity a
nd B
ond
Pola
rity
•6.8
–Sh
apes
and
Pol
arity
of M
olec
ules
•6.9
–At
tract
ive
Forc
es in
Com
poun
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Conc
ept M
ap
