Composition/WritingComposition/WritingGrammarGrammar

TermsTermsEnglish 11English 11

Mrs. GillmoreMrs. Gillmore

Closed SyllableClosed Syllable

A syllable ending with one or more A syllable ending with one or more consonants consonants

Commentary InformationCommentary Information

Student writer’s interpretations and Student writer’s interpretations and inferences supported with concrete inferences supported with concrete information information

Concrete InformationConcrete Information

Factual material from the text Factual material from the text

Content Prose/TextContent Prose/Text

Non-fiction prose selections taken from Non-fiction prose selections taken from across the curriculum across the curriculum

Descriptive WritingDescriptive Writing

Provides details about an object, place, or Provides details about an object, place, or person purposefully to make the person purposefully to make the experience depicted come alive for the experience depicted come alive for the reader reader

DigraphDigraph

Two letters that represent one speech Two letters that represent one speech soundsound– ch for /ch/ in chin or ea for /e/ in bread ch for /ch/ in chin or ea for /e/ in bread

DiscourseDiscourse

Purposeful communication between Purposeful communication between people people

DisinformationDisinformation

Deliberately misleading information Deliberately misleading information announced publicly or leaked by a announced publicly or leaked by a government or especially by an government or especially by an intelligence agency for the purpose of intelligence agency for the purpose of influencing public opinion or the influencing public opinion or the government in another nation: government in another nation: – ““He would be the unconscious channel for a He would be the unconscious channel for a

piece of disinformation aimed at another piece of disinformation aimed at another country's intelligence service” (Ken Follett). country's intelligence service” (Ken Follett).

EmbeddingEmbedding

Process of combining sentence in which Process of combining sentence in which one clause or phrase is contained inside one clause or phrase is contained inside another another

EvaluationEvaluation

Judgment of performance as process or Judgment of performance as process or product or change product or change

Expository text/writingExpository text/writing

One of the four traditional forms of One of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing composition in speech and writing (expository, narrative, descriptive, and (expository, narrative, descriptive, and persuasive), intended to set forth or persuasive), intended to set forth or explain explain

FallaciesFallacies

Errors in directions or mistakes in logic Errors in directions or mistakes in logic

FluencyFluency

The clear, rapid, and easy expression of The clear, rapid, and easy expression of ideas in reading, writing, or speaking: ideas in reading, writing, or speaking: movements that flow smoothly, easily, and movements that flow smoothly, easily, and readily readily

Focused FreewritingFocused Freewriting

Freewriting that is restricted by time or Freewriting that is restricted by time or topic topic

FreewritingFreewriting

Writing that is unrestricted in form, style, Writing that is unrestricted in form, style, content and purpose; a technique content and purpose; a technique designed to aid the student-writer in designed to aid the student-writer in finding a personal voice through finding a personal voice through uninhibited expression uninhibited expression

GenreGenre

A form or style of writingA form or style of writing– narrative (a story)narrative (a story)– informative (a report)informative (a report)– functional (instructions) functional (instructions)

InfographicsInfographics

Information conveyed by graphic elementsInformation conveyed by graphic elements– including charts, graphs, etc., including charts, graphs, etc.,

often contained in print media often contained in print media

InversionInversion

An interchange of position of adjacent An interchange of position of adjacent objects in a sequence, especially a objects in a sequence, especially a change in normal word order, such as the change in normal word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject placement of a verb before its subject

Kinds of SentencesKinds of Sentences

Declarative—makes a statement or expresses Declarative—makes a statement or expresses and opinion and ends with a period; and opinion and ends with a period;

Imperative—makes a request or gives a Imperative—makes a request or gives a command and ends with either a period or an command and ends with either a period or an exclamation point; exclamation point;

Exclamatory—expresses strong feeling and Exclamatory—expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point; ends with an exclamation point;

Interrogative—asks a question and ends with a Interrogative—asks a question and ends with a question mark question mark

LogicLogic

The study of criteria for the evaluation of The study of criteria for the evaluation of argumentsarguments

Ethos: ethical appealEthos: ethical appeal

Pathos: emotional appealPathos: emotional appeal

Logos: logical appeal Logos: logical appeal

MechanicsMechanics

Includes the system of symbols and cuing Includes the system of symbols and cuing devices a writer uses to help readers devices a writer uses to help readers make meaning. make meaning. – Features are capitalization, punctuation, Features are capitalization, punctuation,

formatting, and spelling. formatting, and spelling.

Mode of WritingMode of Writing

The major types of written discourse: The major types of written discourse: persuasive, expository, narrative; persuasive, expository, narrative; descriptive descriptive

NarrativeNarrative

Text in any form (print, oral, or visual) that Text in any form (print, oral, or visual) that recounts events or tells a story recounts events or tells a story

Non-Print TextNon-Print Text

Any text that creates meaning through Any text that creates meaning through sounds or images or bothsounds or images or both– photographs, drawings, collages, films, photographs, drawings, collages, films,

videos, computer graphics, speeches, oral videos, computer graphics, speeches, oral poems and tales, and songs poems and tales, and songs

OnsetOnset

The consonants preceding the vowel of a The consonants preceding the vowel of a syllable, as /str/ in strip and /c/ in cat syllable, as /str/ in strip and /c/ in cat

Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure

Compare/contrastCompare/contrast

analyze cause/effectanalyze cause/effect

chronological orderchronological order

InferenceInference

evaluation evaluation

Personal VoicePersonal Voice

In writing, the distinctive way in which the In writing, the distinctive way in which the writer expresses ideas with respect to writer expresses ideas with respect to style, form, content, purpose, etc; style, form, content, purpose, etc;

author’s voice author’s voice

PhonemePhoneme

The smallest units of sound in a given The smallest units of sound in a given language language

The phonemes in the words are not The phonemes in the words are not always the same as the letters in a word.always the same as the letters in a word.

In the word dog, there are three phonemes [d-o-g] In the word dog, there are three phonemes [d-o-g] and three letters. and three letters.

In the word snow, there are three phonemes [s-n-In the word snow, there are three phonemes [s-n-o] but four letters.) o] but four letters.)

PhonicsPhonics

A term generally used to refer to the A term generally used to refer to the system of sound-letter relationships used system of sound-letter relationships used in reading and writing. in reading and writing.

Phonics begins with the understanding Phonics begins with the understanding that each letter (or grapheme) of the that each letter (or grapheme) of the English alphabet stands for one or more English alphabet stands for one or more sounds (or phonemes). sounds (or phonemes).

PortfolioPortfolio

A systematic and purpose collection of a A systematic and purpose collection of a variety of materials related to student variety of materials related to student learning. learning.

PresentationPresentation

May be oral, written, graphic, or musical May be oral, written, graphic, or musical and include art, music, writing and include art, music, writing

Prewriting ActivitiesPrewriting Activities

ListListSurveySurveyReadReadDiscussDiscussFreewrite Freewrite (focused/unfocused)(focused/unfocused)Learning and reading Learning and reading loglogGather dataGather data

Conduct experiments,Conduct experiments,DebateDebateInterviewInterviewObserveObserveUse visual aids Use visual aids including mapping, including mapping, webbing, and formal webbing, and formal outlining to gather outlining to gather and organize material and organize material for writingfor writing

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources

Firsthand information, including memoirs, Firsthand information, including memoirs, interviews, letters, and public documentsinterviews, letters, and public documents

ProseProse

The ordinary language of men in speaking The ordinary language of men in speaking or writing; or writing;

language not cast in poetical measure or language not cast in poetical measure or rhythm; rhythm;

distinguished from verse or metrical distinguished from verse or metrical composition. composition. – I speak in prose, and let him rymes make. I speak in prose, and let him rymes make.

--Chaucer. --Chaucer.

Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical Devices

Use of language mainly by the Use of language mainly by the arrangement of words to achieve special arrangement of words to achieve special effects effects

Rhetorical StrategiesRhetorical Strategies

Plans used in arranging writing tasks or Plans used in arranging writing tasks or compositions, compositions, – Comparison/contrastComparison/contrast– NarrationNarration– DescriptionDescription– Process analysisProcess analysis

RubricRubric

A scoring guide used to evaluate the A scoring guide used to evaluate the quality of a student performance; typically, quality of a student performance; typically, a rubric lists criteria that describe levels of a rubric lists criteria that describe levels of proficiency on a task proficiency on a task

Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources

Works that have been collected, Works that have been collected, interpreted, or published by someone interpreted, or published by someone other than the original sourceother than the original source

Sentence FormationSentence Formation

Reflects the writer’s ability to form competent, Reflects the writer’s ability to form competent, appropriately mature sentences to express appropriately mature sentences to express thoughts. thoughts. Features of this writing domainFeatures of this writing domain– completenesscompleteness– absence of fused sentencesabsence of fused sentences– expansion through standard coordination and expansion through standard coordination and

modifiersmodifiers– embedding through standard subordination and embedding through standard subordination and

modifiersmodifiers– standard word order. standard word order.

Sentence PatternsSentence Patterns

S-V= Subject + Verb S-V= Subject + Verb

S-V-DO= Subject + Verb + Direct ObjectS-V-DO= Subject + Verb + Direct Object

S-V-IO-DO= Subject + Verb + Indirect S-V-IO-DO= Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct ObjectObject + Direct Object

S-LV-PN = Subject + Linking Verb + S-LV-PN = Subject + Linking Verb + Predicate NominativePredicate Nominative

S-LV-PA = Subject + Linking Verb + S-LV-PA = Subject + Linking Verb + Predicate AdjectivePredicate Adjective

Socratic DiscourseSocratic Discourse

A technique in which a teacher does not A technique in which a teacher does not give information directly but instead asks a give information directly but instead asks a series of questionsseries of questions– with the result that the student comes either to with the result that the student comes either to

the desired knowledge by answering the the desired knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper awareness of the questions or to a deeper awareness of the limits of knowledge limits of knowledge

StyleStyle

The characteristics of a work that reflect The characteristics of a work that reflect the author’s distinctive way of writing; the author’s distinctive way of writing;

an author’s use of language, its effects, an author’s use of language, its effects, and its appropriateness to the author’s and its appropriateness to the author’s intent and theme intent and theme

SyntaxSyntax

The rules by which words are combined to The rules by which words are combined to form grammatically correct sentences (i.e., form grammatically correct sentences (i.e., plurals, future tense, etc.); plurals, future tense, etc.);

the study of how sentences are formed the study of how sentences are formed and the grammatical rules that govern and the grammatical rules that govern their formation their formation

Text FeaturesText Features

Format, italics, headings, sub-headings, Format, italics, headings, sub-headings, graphics, sequence, diagrams, illustrations graphics, sequence, diagrams, illustrations

Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences

Simple—consists of one independent clauseSimple—consists of one independent clause

Compound—consists of two or more Compound—consists of two or more independent clausesindependent clauses

Complex—consists of one independent clause Complex—consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) and one or more dependent (subordinate) clausesclauses

Compound-complex—consists of tow or more Compound-complex—consists of tow or more independent clauses and one or more independent clauses and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses dependent (subordinate) clauses

UsageUsage

Comprises the writer’s use of word-level Comprises the writer’s use of word-level features that cause written language to be features that cause written language to be acceptable and effective for standard acceptable and effective for standard discourse. discourse.

Features are standard inflections, Features are standard inflections, agreement, word meaning, and agreement, word meaning, and conventions. conventions.

VerbalsVerbals

Forms of a verb that is used as other parts Forms of a verb that is used as other parts of speech. of speech.

Three types of verbals Three types of verbals InfinitivesInfinitives

GerundsGerunds

participles. participles.

Visual AidsVisual Aids

Presentational tools that appeal to the Presentational tools that appeal to the sight and are used for illustration and sight and are used for illustration and demonstration demonstration

VisualizationVisualization

The process or result of mentally picturing The process or result of mentally picturing objects or events that are normally objects or events that are normally experienced directly experienced directly

Writing ProcessWriting Process

The many aspects of the complex act of The many aspects of the complex act of producing a written communicationproducing a written communication

PlanningPlanning

DraftingDrafting

RevisingRevising

EditingEditing

Publishing Publishing