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ComplexesComplexes
Compounds in which a metal atom or ion is surrounded by a Compounds in which a metal atom or ion is surrounded by a
number of oppositely charged ions or by neutral molecules number of oppositely charged ions or by neutral molecules
All possessing lone pairs of electrons which are available for All possessing lone pairs of electrons which are available for
donation to vacant orbitals of the metal atom or iondonation to vacant orbitals of the metal atom or ion
ComplexesComplexes
StructureStructure
11[Hexaammineplatinum(IV)] chloride[Hexaammineplatinum(IV)] chloride
central ion coordination number
ligand
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4
complex cationcomplex cation
2 2 Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
K2[PtCl6]
central ion coordination number
ligand
complex anioncomplex anion
33Iron(O)pentacarbonylIron(O)pentacarbonyl
central atom coordination number
ligand
[Fe(CO)[Fe(CO)55]]
complex moleculecomplex molecule
Central ions atomsCentral ions atoms
Transition metalsTransition metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline metalsAlkaline metals
Coordination numbersCoordination numbers
Number of ligands in the firstNumber of ligands in the firstcoordination spherecoordination sphere
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Compounds in which a metal atom or ion is surrounded by a Compounds in which a metal atom or ion is surrounded by a
number of oppositely charged ions or by neutral molecules number of oppositely charged ions or by neutral molecules
All possessing lone pairs of electrons which are available for All possessing lone pairs of electrons which are available for
donation to vacant orbitals of the metal atom or iondonation to vacant orbitals of the metal atom or ion
ComplexesComplexes
StructureStructure
11[Hexaammineplatinum(IV)] chloride[Hexaammineplatinum(IV)] chloride
central ion coordination number
ligand
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4
complex cationcomplex cation
2 2 Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
K2[PtCl6]
central ion coordination number
ligand
complex anioncomplex anion
33Iron(O)pentacarbonylIron(O)pentacarbonyl
central atom coordination number
ligand
[Fe(CO)[Fe(CO)55]]
complex moleculecomplex molecule
Central ions atomsCentral ions atoms
Transition metalsTransition metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline metalsAlkaline metals
Coordination numbersCoordination numbers
Number of ligands in the firstNumber of ligands in the firstcoordination spherecoordination sphere
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
StructureStructure
11[Hexaammineplatinum(IV)] chloride[Hexaammineplatinum(IV)] chloride
central ion coordination number
ligand
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4
complex cationcomplex cation
2 2 Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
K2[PtCl6]
central ion coordination number
ligand
complex anioncomplex anion
33Iron(O)pentacarbonylIron(O)pentacarbonyl
central atom coordination number
ligand
[Fe(CO)[Fe(CO)55]]
complex moleculecomplex molecule
Central ions atomsCentral ions atoms
Transition metalsTransition metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline metalsAlkaline metals
Coordination numbersCoordination numbers
Number of ligands in the firstNumber of ligands in the firstcoordination spherecoordination sphere
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
2 2 Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
K2[PtCl6]
central ion coordination number
ligand
complex anioncomplex anion
33Iron(O)pentacarbonylIron(O)pentacarbonyl
central atom coordination number
ligand
[Fe(CO)[Fe(CO)55]]
complex moleculecomplex molecule
Central ions atomsCentral ions atoms
Transition metalsTransition metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline metalsAlkaline metals
Coordination numbersCoordination numbers
Number of ligands in the firstNumber of ligands in the firstcoordination spherecoordination sphere
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
33Iron(O)pentacarbonylIron(O)pentacarbonyl
central atom coordination number
ligand
[Fe(CO)[Fe(CO)55]]
complex moleculecomplex molecule
Central ions atomsCentral ions atoms
Transition metalsTransition metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline metalsAlkaline metals
Coordination numbersCoordination numbers
Number of ligands in the firstNumber of ligands in the firstcoordination spherecoordination sphere
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Central ions atomsCentral ions atoms
Transition metalsTransition metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline earth metalsAlkaline metalsAlkaline metals
Coordination numbersCoordination numbers
Number of ligands in the firstNumber of ligands in the firstcoordination spherecoordination sphere
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Complexes with various coordination numbers
CoordinationCoordination numbernumber
CComplexomplex
2 [Ag(NH3)2]+ [CuCl2]
-
3 [HgI3]-
4 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2
-
5 [Ni(CN)5]3- Fe(CO)5
6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(CN)6]
3-
7 [ZrF7]3-
8 [Mo(CN)8]4-
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
L L
L L
M
GeometryGeometry
L M L
linear (2)tetrahedral (4)
L L
L L
M
square planar (4)
LL
L L
M
L
L
octahedral (6)
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Cations Cations
H2N-NH3+
Anions Anions
F- Cl- OH- CN- NO3- NO2
-
Neutral molecules Neutral molecules
H2O NH3 CO
Monodentate LigandsMonodentate Ligands
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
O HH
Cl - -C N
C O -N C S-
O H
WaterWater AmmoniaAmmonia Chloride Chloride ionion
Cyanide Cyanide ionion
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Thiocyanate Thiocyanate ionion
Hydroxide Hydroxide ionion
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
H2C CH2
H2N NH2
- O
H2C
H2N
C
O
- O
C C
O O
O-
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine (en)(en)
Glycinate ion (glyGlycinate ion (gly--)) Oxalate ionOxalate ion
- O
O
O-N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 C O
O CCH2
O
- C CH2
CH2 C O
O-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTAEthylenediaminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-4-))
Polydentate LigandsPolydentate Ligands
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
ChelatesChelates
Bi- or polydentate ligandsBi- or polydentate ligands
Men+Men+Men+ Men+
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Nomenclature IUPACNomenclature IUPAC
11 Cation preceeds anionsCation preceeds anions
22 Ligands preceed central ions or atomsLigands preceed central ions or atoms
33 Anion ligands Anion ligands -o-o ending (hydrox ending (hydroxoo chlor chloroo
cyancyanoohellip)hellip)
44 Cations neutral molecules unchanged Cations neutral molecules unchanged
Exception() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosylException() aqua ammine carbonyl nitrosyl
55 Complex anions Complex anions -ate-ate ending ending
66 Oxidation state Roman numbersOxidation state Roman numbers
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Dissociation of complexesDissociation of complexes
Formula Conductance Number of ions
Numberof
chloride ions
[Pt(NH3)6]Cl4 523523 5 4
[Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3 404404 4 3
[Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 228228 3 2
[Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl 9797 2 1
[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] 00 0 0
K[Pt(NH3)Cl5] 108108 2 0
K2[PtCl6] 256256 3 0Molar conductance cm2moacutel 0001M
25degC
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Stability constant formationStability constant formation
Properties of metal complex differ from metal ionProperties of metal complex differ from metal ion
11 Colour changingColour changing22 SolubilitySolubility33 Ligand reactionsLigand reactions44 Number of particles dissociationNumber of particles dissociation
Formation constantFormation constant Kstab (stability constant) Kstab (stability constant)
Pl Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag+][NH3]2
= 17107 K =
Dissociation constantDissociation constant
[Kstab]
1Kd =
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Constitutional isomers
EnantiomersIonization isomers Diastereoisomers
Stereoisomers
Linkage isomers
Isomers
IzomerismIzomerism
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
CrCl36H2O
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2H2O
[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2H2O
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cl
Cl
Co
ciscis transtrans
[dichloro-tetraammine-cobalt(III)] ion
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
Cl
Cl
Co
en
en
[dichloro-bis(etylenediammine)cobalt(III)] ionen = etylenediammine
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
Bonding in complexesBonding in complexes
bullValence Bond Theory
bullCrystal Field Theory
