Completion Report - PSF Librarypsflibrary.org/catalog/repository/GPNPM Component 3 Completion... · RPJMDes Documents 12. Action Plan Recommendation 13. Soft copy of annexes (CD)

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Completion Report

Green PNPM

Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Lingkungan Mandiri Pedesaan

National (Independent) Environmental Program for

Community Empowerment in Rural Areas

Training and Awareness Raising Component (component 3)

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GREEN PNPM:

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND AWARENESS PROJECT IN SOUTH SULAWESI

GREEN PNPM MAKASSAR OFFICE

Jl. Domba No. 1 Makassar

Sulawesi Selatan

Telp : 0411 – 423522

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Bapedalda Environmental Protection Agency

Bappeda Regional Development Planning Agency

BKAD Intervillage Coordination Agency

BLHD Regional Environmental Agency

BLM Community Block Grants

BPD Village Representative Body

BPMDK Community Empowerment Agency at Village and Kelurahan Level

Bupati Chief of District

Camat Chief of sub-district / municipality

CII CARE International Indonesia

CAP Community Action Plan

CBO Community Based Organization

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency

Desa Rural communities

DOK Operational Fund

DPRD Local Parliament

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FK Kecamatan/ Sub-district Facilitator

FKL Kecamatan/ Sub-district Environment Facilitator

FT Technical Facilitator

GoI Government of Indonesia

IEC Information, Education and Communication

KAP Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (survey)

Kecamatan Sub-district/municipality

Kelurahan Urban communities

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Kepala Desa Chief of rural communities

KPMD Village Empowerment Cadre

LFA Logical Framework Analysis

LH&SDA Environment and Natural Resource

NGO Non Government Organization

NMC National Management Consutant

NRM Natural Resource Management

PEMDA Local Government

PILKADA Pemilihan Kepala Daerah/ Regional government officials election

PJO Operations Manager/ Person in-charge for operations

PKK Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga/ Family Welfare Movement

PL Person in-charge to provide local support

PLTMH Micro Hydro Power Plant

PNPM-LMP National (Independent) Environmental Program for Community Empowerment in Rural Areas (Green PNPM)

PNPM-MP National (Independent) Program for Community Empowerment in Rural Areas (PNPM-Rural)

PPLH Environment Training Center

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

PTO Technical Guidelines for Operations

Puskesmas Community Health Service (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat)

RECOFTC Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific

RPJMDes Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Desa

SKPD Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah

TKK District Coordination Team

TOT Training of Trainers

TPQ Technical Program Quality

TVRI Televisi Republik Indonesia

USD United States Dollar

Walikota Head of Municipality (Major)

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Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1

II. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................... 2

III. OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................................... 4

1. Target Locations & Beneficiaries .............................................................................................................................. 4 2. Activity Framework ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

IV. Project Phases ................................................................................................................................................... 8

1. Preparation Phase – December 2007 – December 2008 .................................................................................. 8 3. Direct Intervention Phase (January 2008 – December 2010) ........................................................................ 8 4. Indirect Intervention Phase (January 2008 – December 2010) ..................................................................... 8 5. Replication and Exit Phase (January – March 2011) .......................................................................................... 9

V. ACTIVITY DETAILS .......................................................................................................................................... 10

1. Initial Activities............................................................................................................................................................. 10 a. Inception Workshop .................................................................................................................................................................. 10 b. District Level Socialization Workshop ............................................................................................................................... 10 c. KAP Survey ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 d. Rapid Assessment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16 e. Training Needs Assessment (TNA) and Situational Analysis (SA) ......................................................................... 18 f. TNA and SA Workshop .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 g. Pre-Implementation Workshop ............................................................................................................................................ 21

2. Awareness Raising ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 a. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Workshop for KPMD ...................................................... 22 b. Production of IEC Media .......................................................................................................................................................... 23 c. Workshop for Religious Leaders ........................................................................................................................................... 26 d. Talk Show on Environmental and Natural Resource Management ....................................................................... 27 e. A Million Water Catchment and Green Village Workshops ....................................................................................... 27 f. Workshop on Public Participation in Environmental and Sustainable Natural Resource Management 28 g. Various Public Awareness Campaigns conducted in Makassar ............................................................................... 29

3. Training and Capacity Improvement .................................................................................................................... 30 4. Training on facilitation of environmentally sound RPJMDes planning .................................................... 38

V. Program Evaluation and Recommendation........................................................................................... 39

VI. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 51

VII. Key Project Personnel ................................................................................................................................ 53

VIII. Annexes

1. Logical Framework

2. Awareness Raising and Capacity Building Strategy

3. Inception Workshop Report

4. KAP Survey Questionnaire

5. KAP Survey Reports

6. Rapid Assessment Report

7. Final Survey Report

8. TNA/SA Report

9. IEC Materials

10. Training Modules

11. RPJMDes Documents

12. Action Plan Recommendation

13. Soft copy of annexes (CD)

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I. INTRODUCTION

Green PNPM is one of the six PNPM-Rural Pilots funded through grants from several bilateral donors (The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Denmark).1 Supported by CIDA over a 4-year period, Green PNPM was designed to integrate an environmentally sustainable natural resource management strategy into the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM) adapting the PNPM‟s community-driven development investment process. The program design is expected that such strategy will achieve more sustainable-managed lands and natural resources in rural Sulawesi by mainstreaming environmental considerations and sustainable natural resource use into PNPM village-level investment choices supported by village level grants. More specifically, Green PNPM is expected to improve socio-economic and local governance conditions, and raise awareness and improve knowledge of sustainable natural resource management and utilization. There are four components of Green PNPM, they are:

1. Community Block Grant (Bantuan Langsung Masyarakat) 2. Technical assistance from central level government to sub district level government 3. Environmental Awareness Raising and Capacity Building 4. Studies and Monitoring & Evaluation

The 1st and 2nd components were led by GoI‟s team. The 3rd component was implemented by CSOs and the 4th component was directly managed by the World Bank.

CARE, in partnership with the Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific (RECOFTC2), and Yayasan Lestari, responded to the World Bank‟s invitation to participate in this program to implement Component 3: Environmental awareness-raising and natural resource management training and technical services, in the province of South Sulawesi, where the project will operate in three districts: Wajo, Maros and Tana Toraja. The proposal was approved and the project started in September 2007 and ran until February 2011. Yayasan Lestari which was responsible for the awareness raising component withdrew from the partnership in March 2008, and thus activities related to awareness raising had fallen under CARE‟s responsibility.

This completion report is a synthesis of results reported throughout the project3 life and highlights CARE and partner‟s overall achievements toward accomplishing the project goal. The submission of Green PNPM Completion Report is in accordance with the reporting requirements stated in Article 2.04 of the Grant Agreement between CARE and the World Bank. CARE monitors, evaluates and reports on the progress of the project by including the following indicators:

1 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/

2 An NGO based in Bangkok, experienced in the field of community empowerment and environment/forest

preservation

3 For present purposes we shall refer to the training and awareness-raising component in South Sulawesi as “the

project.”

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1. Well trained PNPM facilitators and other local PNPM stakeholders, who can ignite and facilitate „green‟ projects within the PNPM, not limited to those within PNPM-Sulawesi

2. Local community members, including women and children, who are aware of environmental issues and sustainable natural resource decisions that they can participate in

3. Adoption by regional governments of natural resources governance issues as an integral part of the policy development and decision making process

4. A sustainable capacity among both PNPM facilitators and PNPM stakeholders of all levels to continue the implementation of locally-driven „green‟ development investment and to expand its geographic coverage to the new areas

II. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The environmental awareness-raising, natural resource management training and technical services component of Green PNPM project is meant to contribute to overall PNPM objectives by incorporating the sound management of natural resources and improved livelihoods through environmentally and ecologically sound approaches to sustainable development. Green PNPM in Sulawesi is a pilot project that, it is hoped, will lead to mainstreaming environmental considerations into the national PNPM. Therefore it should have demonstration value and replicability as well as give direct benefits to the people in the targeted sub-districts. Prior to project approval, intervention logic was developed by CARE and RECOFTC and is shown as a logical framework in Annex 1.

The overall objective of the project is to implement the training and awareness component of PNPM in South Sulawesi. The project consists of the following parts, each of which includes the following activities:4

1. Project management and initial assessment activities

1.1 Establishment of coordination mechanisms with PNPM coordinators and management consultants to integrate the project into existing PNPM structure and mechanism

1.2 Carrying out of baseline assessment including training needs assessments and situational analysis in each participating districts

1.3 Carrying out of monitoring and evaluation activities, and compilation of reports on the progress of the project for onward transmission to the World Bank

2. Awareness raising

2.1. Design and implementation of awareness raising strategy5 to address sustainable natural resource use and conservation issues in participating districts

2.2. Carrying out of an awareness media analysis and design of communication themes 2.3. Preparation of local newsletters and making use of local billboards and media outlets 2.4. Facilitating inter-village exchanges, using existing Lestari multi-media approaches

4 CARE – World Bank Grant Agreement No.TF090976

5 Awareness Raising and Capacity Building Strategy Document developed by CARE and RECOFTC in consultation with

all stakeholders, enclosed as Annex 2

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3. Training

3.1. Assessments and inventories of information relating to environmental and natural resource management in South Sulawesi. An overview of existing environmental and natural resource conditions will be developed through a rapid assessment and review of existing studies and comprehensive assessments on the current natural resources and environmental conditions

3.2. Assessment of the capacity of PNPM coordinators, consultants, facilitators and their local government counterparts to bring about the types of changes being promoted by Green PNPM and to identify their capacity gaps and to select the most important aspects to work on

3.3. Based on the results of this first training needs assessment of facilitators and coordinators a modular training program will be designed and delivered to address the capacity gaps and to enable the implementation of Green PNPM interventions to begin

3.4. Based on TNA/SA, and in combination with the review of existing training as well as PNPM activities, appropriate training modules will be sourced, adapted or designed, materials developed and trainings implemented

In summary, the main tasks of awareness raising and capacity building component are:

1. Supporting the rural PNPM implementor in terms of awareness raising and capacity building on environemental aspects.

2. Designing training modules and develop media for awareness. 3. Implementing trainings and awarenes rasing activities at the village and subdistrict level 4. Implementing worskhop and seminars to encourage new regulation on environmental

protection.

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III. OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

1. Target Locations & Beneficiaries

Green PNPM was implemented in three Districts of South Sulawesi – Maros, Tana Toraja, and Wajo. The three Districts were selected based on their ecosystem and environmental characteristics. Maros was selected for its low land characteristic, while Tana Toraja and Wajo were for their high land and coastal area characteristics respectively. In each District, three Sub-districts were selected which cover a total of 76 villages. Tana Toraja takes the high share comprising of 33 villages, while Maros and Wajo comprises of 27 and 16 villages respectively. Further information on the participating villages is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Participating villages in South Sulawesi6

Districts Sub-districts Villages

Maros Camba 8 villages - Cenrana, Patanyamang, Benteng, Mario Pulana, Cempaniga, Semrene, Paciro Deceng, Timpuseng and Sawaru

Tanralili 8 villages – Leko Pancing, Punakarya, Damai, Allaere, Sudriman, Kurusumange, Toddopulia and Borong

Mallawa 11 villages – Gattarang Matie, Wanua Waru, Batu Putih, Ulludaya, Tellumpanuae, Samaenre, Sabila, Bantenge, Barugae, Padaello and Mattampapole.

Tana Toraja

Sangala 7 villages – Buntu Masakke, Tongko Sarapung, Lembang Kaero, Lembang Bulianmassabu, Lembang Turunan, Bebo and Batuala Selatan.

Saluputti 11 villages -Balepe, Leppan, Rea Tulak Langi, Salutandung, Batu Tiakka, Salu Boronan, Rate Talonge, Ra‟ Bung, Talu, Sa‟ Tandaung and Pattan Ullusalu.

Makale 15 villages, Tondon Mamullu, Buntu Burake, Bombongan, Kampen, Pantan, Botang, Ariang, Tompo, Batupapan, Areang, Lapandang, Tarongko, La,umam, Rante and Manggau.

Wajo Bola 2 villages - Pasir Putih and Pattanganga.

Tanasitollo 8 villages – Nepo, Pajalele, Ujunge, Ujun Baru, Mario, Mappadaelo, Mannagae and Wewangreu

Takalalla 6 villages – Botto, Pantai Timur, Parigi, Soro, Lagoari and Manvili.

3 Districts 9 Sub districts 76 villages

Green PNPM project beneficiaries are as follows:

6 Summarized from list of villages accessing block grant from the Green PNPM for their community-base environmental

programs.

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2. Activity Framework

The awareness-raising component was designed in reference to the PNPM-Rural and Green PNPM framework. The planned activity framework is displayed in the following matrix:

Activity Framework of Green PNPM Training and Awareness Interventions

2007 2008

1ST

GREEN PNPM

CYCLE

2009

2ND

GREEN PNPM

CYCLE

2010

3RD

GREEN PNPM

CYCLE

TRAINING

Assess needs of Facilitators

Design training materials

Train Facilitators

Train Facilitators

Assess needs of District Trainers

Evaluate and adapt training materials

Train District Trainers


Refresh and update Trainers

Evaluate and complete training manual

AWARENESS

Media design and pre-test

Provincial design workshop

District design workshops

Below-the-line village campaign

Green PNPM promotion

Cross-visits


Above-the-line district campaigns

Green PNPM promotion

Cross-visits

MONITORING & EVALUATION

District Sub District Village Population

Male Female Total

Maros Mallawa 11 6,956 5,065 12,021

Camba 8 6,956 7,377 14,333

Tanralili 8 11,746 11,406 23,152

Wajo Bola 2 2,237 1,956 4,193

Tanasitolo 8 6,647 7,727 14,374

Takalalla 6 4,405 5,546 9,951

Tator Makale 15 6,851 6,572 13,423

Salluputi 11 3,388 3,974 7,362

Sangalla 7 4,429 5,362 9,791

3 9 76 53,615 54,985 108,600

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Baseline KAP survey

Situation analysis

Facilitator competence

Proponent comprehension and motivation

Project selection



Project selection

Project implementation

Mid-line KAP survey



Project selection

Project implementation

End-line KAP survey

The activity framework served as a basis for coherent and measurable implementation. The sets of activities interlink with each other, the delay of one phase would affect the rest. The late implementation of component 1 and 2 had caused a setback to the implementation of component 3. Green PNPM implementation was scheduled to start simultaneously with the PNPM-Rural, however up to October 2008 the organizational structure was yet to be formed. Likewise, Green PNPM Technical Guidelines for Operations (PTO) which lays the basic policy and solid ground for setting up target locations and delivery mechanism of block grant (BLM) and operational fund was still not prepared (Component 1). Furthermore, the recruitment of Green PNPM consultants/facilitators was delayed, and as a result the capacity building needs assessment was also delayed (Component 2). As a result, the component 3 implementation schedule was adjusted to fit the circumstances.

Due to these delays, CARE and RECOFTC have adjusted the implementation plan and changes were made. The updated activity framework is displayed as follows:

Activity Framework of Green PNPM Training and Awareness Interventions

Nov 2007 (Contract signed)

2008

1ST

GREEN PNPM CYCLE

2009

2ND

GREEN PNPM CYCLE

2010

3RD

GREEN PNPM

CYCLE

TRAINING

Training need assessment and Situational Analysis (April – June 2008)

Design training materials (Formulation of Module)

Training for District and sub district facilitators (list of training*)


Refresh and update Trainers

Evaluate and complete training manual

AWARENESS

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Provincial workshop

District workshops

Media design and pre-test


Above-the-line district campaigns

Green PNPM promotion through several events

Green PNPM promotion through several events

Cross-visits

MONITORING & EVALUATION

Baseline KAP survey

Situation analysis

Rapid assessment

Midterm Monitoring and evaluation

Final Evaluation

OTHER ACTIVITIES

Staff Recruitments

Office sets up

Inception workshop

Preimplementation worskhop

Hired 9 Awarenes Facilitators for 6 months

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IV. Project Phases

The timeline of activities is conceived in four phases, which overlap to some extent:

1. Preparation Phase – December 2007 – December 2008

During the preparation phase CARE and RECOFTC carried out a rapid assessment to evaluate existing information, approaches, and technologies in consultation with local stakeholders; conducted an inception workhsop; arranged socialization in the 3 districts; conducted pre-implementation workshop and carried out a baseline KAP survey to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the key target groups in PNPM and the communities. The preparation phase led to the design of capacity building strategy.

3. Direct Intervention Phase (January 2008 – December 2010)

This phase consisted of training and awareness raising which relate directly to PNPM-Rural projects. Through participatory planning, which underscores the role of community to lead or to actively participate in developing effective strategy to increase awareness within itself, CARE and partners involved the community in identifying issues, gaps and capacity related to environmental preservation and sustainable natural resource management, and encouraged the community to mobilize itself to make positive changes.

4. Indirect Intervention Phase (January 2008 – December 2010)

This phase consisted of trainings for district-level PNPM trainers in an effort to institutionalize training modules, methods, and materials into the core PNPM documents and processes; and awareness campaign which targeted community groups in Green PNPM villages but will also expand to encompass broader, district-wide environmental themes reaching a larger audience through mass media.

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5. Replication and Exit Phase (January – March 2011) During the final phase, the overall program was evaluated and documented; formal training modules were produced and integrated into the core PNPM documents7; and a strategy for replication and scaling up Green PNPM to other provinces has been developed in consultation with PNPM stakeholders.

7 Facilitators/Consultants of Rural PNPM outside of the Green PNPM target areas also participated in several

trainings facilitated by CARE and RECOFTC. The training modules were then used formally to assist in trainings

outside the Green PNPM areas, e.g. Bittuang dan Simbuang in Tana Toraja, and Moncongloe in Maros

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V. ACTIVITY DETAILS

1. Initial Activities

CARE and RECOFTC Consortium carried out a number of activities in the early phase of project implementation, such as the inception workshop, district level socialization workshop, KAP Survey, rapid assessment, Training Needs Analysis (TNA) and Situational Analysis (SA), TNA-SA result socialization workshop and the pre-implementation workshop. The details are as follows:

a. Inception Workshop

The Inception Workshop was held on 21-22 February 2008 in Singgasana Hotel which aimed to socialize the concept of Green PNPM and to obtain input on the form of training and awareness activities. The workshop was attended by 53 people consisting of the PNPM District Coordination Team (TKK), Provincial Coordinator, Tana Toraja, Wajo and Maros District representatives, Universities, NGOs and the World Bank.

One of the recommendations on this workshop was to organize socialization workshops at district level to engage district stakeholders and to get higher involvement of PNPM key players.8

b. District Level Socialization Workshop

Following up on earlier recommendations of the inception workshop, 3 socialization workshops at district level were carried out with the following details:

Location Date Workshop place Participants

Male Female Total

Toraja 18-19 March

2008 Marannu Hotel, Toraja 18 8 36

Wajo 8 April 2008 Pondok Eka,

Sengkang 34 4 38

Maros 10 April 2008 Dharma Wisata Hotel,

Maros 16 8 24

Participating in these workshops were the District Facilitators – Technical Facilitators, District Coordination Team and related departments/line agencies.

Several issues were discussed in the workshop, such as the need to formalize the Technical Operational Guidelines (PTO), the recruitment of Green PNPM Facilitators, the urgent need of operational fund (DOK) to start the process and the function and responsibilities of the core PNPM structure in Green PNPM. The workshop also facilitated several awareness raising discussions such as basic knowledge on environment and natural resources, community development and community bottom up processes for rural development planning.

8 Laporan Pendahuluan Green PNPM Komponen 3 (Inception Report), CARE, 2008 – Annex 3

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It was agreed that the process of exploring ideas and opportunity of Green PNPM projects at the village level needed to happen immediately to align with the PNPM cycle, this activity, along with Green PNPM socialization at village level were to be facilitated by the Village Empowerment Cadre (KPMD). However the operational funds were not available yet. Therefore the workshop recommended that CSOs need to take initiative to start the KPMD Environmental Training without waiting for Green PNPM operational funds.

c. KAP Survey

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Survey was designed and conducted in June-July 2008 in collaboration with the Hasanuddin University9. The survey was delayed from the initial plan as it was waiting for the World Bank‟s survey implementation manual to be developed. The survey aimed at obtaining information on the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of facilitators and target groups on environmental related issues. In addition to this, the KAP Survey was able to portrait the general environment conditions in the target communities; the survey has factored the availability of data that can help determine the priority of environmental awareness and identified environment problems in Green PNPM target locations.

The environmental awareness raising activities in the project needed to be adjusted into local context, and thus, a KAP survey conducted close to the start of the project became a part of the overall baseline assessment that would adapt the awareness raising component. The survey assisted the project to determine current knowledge and understanding of environmental challenges and possible solutions as well as gain information on the knowledge of Green PNPM and its proponents, facilitators and other target groups. The survey will include stakeholders‟ analysis and communication history. The survey recorded attitudes and beliefs related to environment or Natural Resource Management (NRM) and established a baseline to monitor changing behavior (practices), notably including the way GPNPM projects were designed, verified, selected and implemented. It has also identified appropriate approaches of training implementation for various learners and beneficiaries. The table below summarizes the KAP survey approach.

KAP Survey for Training and Awareness Design Knowledge

Environmental problems and solutions (objective knowledge)

Green PNPM: process and possibilities Attitudes

Environmental problems and solutions (subjective perception) Green PNPM: perceived costs and benefits Green PNPM: Various practices and potential interventions Practices

Management and use of natural resources Responses to environmental problems Recent Green PNPM projects: how the projects were implemented

9 KAP Survey Questionnaire is enclosed as Annex 4

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Respondents were selected based on random and purposive sampling and aimed to represent environment typology. Twenty respondents were selected for each village with a balanced gender selection. Selection criteria for the respondents were male or female with balanced proportion 50% each villages, above 15 years old, randomly from all social level, and permanent residents.

A purposive sampling was applied for government representatives with an aim to get proper and eligible information from the right informants. The survey targeted 10 to 15 persons which consisted of village leaders, head of sub-districts, sub-district agriculture facilitators, sub-district forestry facilitators and head of Puskesmas. The total respondents involved were 145 persons.

KAP Survey Results

The survey enabled the project team to identify capacity building needs of the facilitators, grab an understanding of all actors involved, identify the level of motivation and determine project selection to be facilitated by Green PNPM. There were several components measured, they are respondent‟s knowledge, attitudes and practices. To assess respondents‟ knowledge, several indicators were used, such as the respondents‟ knowledge of natural resources, natural resources utilization as well as environmental challenges. Meanwhile, attitude component aimed at understanding the mindset which led to „action‟ in relation to natural resources and environment management. The „action‟ was further identified as practices done by the respondents.

According to the survey, 67.1% of total respondents showed adequate understanding on natural resources. They identified four major natural resources available in their respective areas. The natural resources identified were forestry, agriculture, aquaculture and sea fishing. These resources correspond to the main economic characteristic of surveyed areas. In addition, the natural resources were also often used for food supply based on respondents‟ responses. The chart below summarizes respondents‟ feedback on natural resources utilization.

Knowledge Environmental problems and solutions (objective knowledge) Green PNPM: process and possibilities

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Chart 1. Feedback from the community and government on natural resources utilization

According to the chart, a high percentage of the respondents, both government and community utilized the natural resources for food supply or to sell. They did not consider natural resources significantly contribute to the province‟s economic development. This was probably because of low understanding on NRM.

The survey among other things also identified socio-environmental challenges related to the loss of agriculture land, pesticides usage, air and water/river pollution, and land clearing that leads to erosion. The respondents recognized the existing environmental issues in the upstream areas (forest fires and loss of agriculture land), downstream areas (lakes/rivers pollution and loss of agriculture land, marine and coastal pollution), loss of wildlife and soil pollution from chemical hazard and pesticide usages. However, various kinds of environmental and natural resources degradation and causal factors have not seriously considered by the respondents, except for abrasion and marine pollution in the coastal areas.

This part of the survey aimed to identify general attitude of the target population towards environmental problems and solutions, and towards Green PNPM.

Information from this survey has assisted the project team to develop Information Education and

Attitudes Environmental problems and solutions (subjective perception) Green PNPM: perceived costs and benefits Green PNPM: Various practices and potential interventions

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Communication (IEC) materials and learning modules which were adapted to the characteristics of each area, and help community project selection according to their environmental issues. Finally, the survey was able to measure respondent‟s responses on the importance of natural resources and sustainable environmental management. The chart below summarizes the responses.

Chart 2. Respondents’ responses on the importance of natural resources and sustainable environmental management

The chart shows that 48.8% (community) and 70.8% (government) respondents agree on the need to improve environment and natural resources. The respondents were motivated to take actions to preserve natural resources and to reduce environmental damage. The attitude survey was also used as an opportunity to raise awareness and disseminate information on NRM. These results also helped project team in developing suitable training modules with a specific focus on raising awareness and community participation.

Under this component, the KAP survey explored respondents‟ behavior in exploiting and utilizing natural resources. The respondent ability in managing natural resources as well as responding to environmental challenges in their areas were also identified from this survey. The results assisted the project team to decide on implementation and community participation strategies.10 Several issues under this component were discovered such as the community waste

10 KAP Survey Report is attached to this report as Annex 5

Practices Management and use of natural resources Responses to environmental problems Recent Green PNPM projects: how the projects were implemented

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management practices, community‟s effort on energy saving, the urgency of NRM enforcement and trusted institution for NRM, and women participation.

Survey results show that the respondents have a poor waste management system. The table below presented community‟s usual practice of solid waste disposal.

Waste Types Waste Disposal Location

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Organic waste 15% 11.3% 3.8% 2.5% 0% 53.8% 0% 0% 13.8% 0% Households waste 2.6% 2.6% 3.9% 19.5% 9.1% 6.5% 0% 37.7% 14.3% 3.9% Plastics 10.1% 54.4% 3.8% 1.3% 0% 0% 17.7% 0% 5.1% 7.6% Cans 16.5% 26.6% 3.8% 3.8% 0% 0% 44.3% 0% 2.5% 2.5% Bottles 5.2% 11.7% 1.3% 1.3% 0% 0% 75.3% 0% 2.6% 2.6% Metals 4.4% 5.9% 0% 1.5% 0% 0% 85.3% 0% 1.5% 1.5%

Note: (1) trash can, (2) burn/buried, (3) river/beach/sea/lake, (4) forest/field, (5) drainage, (6) use for cattle feed, (7) to sell, (8) gutter, (9) house yard, (10) others.

At the next level, the survey described community‟s attitude towards energy consumption and the use of plastic bags in relation to its awareness towards environmental impact. The result is presented in the following chart.

Chart 3. Consumers’ attitude towards use of commodities and their effect on the environment

From the survey, only 42.7% of the communities believe that using plastic bags has a negative effect on the environment, this statistic corresponds with the low awareness on the impact of plastic usage to the environment; whereas 69% believe that excessive use of water has a negative effect on the environment and impacts family economy.

A good NRM practice is closely related to the understanding of stakeholders‟ roles and responsibilities in managing resources and enforcing local regulation. The survey discovered that on the community‟s perspective, the government should lead the initiative while on the other hand the government believes that the community should be the main actor to enforce a good NRM practices as it holds on traditional value and local wisdom that may play an important role to protect and preserve the environment.

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According to the respondents, communication on natural resources and environment management would benefit from the use of media advocacy such as TV and radio. These media are easy and commonly accessed by the public. Face-to-face communication through community leaders, friends and relatives are also considered effective because of the trust factor.

In all surveyed areas, a high percentage of respondents acknowledged the need to involve women in environmental and natural resources management. Therefore, there was a need to organize women empowerment trainings and reduce the factors that may limit women‟s roles in environment and natural resource practices. The table below summarizes women participation in NRM practices.

Participation Aspects

Percentage of Participation Level Required

and Importance

Required but Less

Importance No Response

Community Responses Women participate in NRM 88.8% 5% 6.2% Women capability to participate in NRM 93.8% 3.8% 2.4% Women involvement on discussion and decision making process in NRM

80.8% 10.3% 8.9%

Government Responses Women participate in NRM 91.7% 8.3% - Women capability to participate in NRM 100% - - Women involvement on discussion and decision making process in NRM

91.7% 8.3% -

d. Rapid Assessment

Rapid assessment11 was carried out by external consultants from February to April 2008 in 3 villages of 3 districts; Damai Village in Maros, Assorajang Village in Wajo and Rante in Tana Toraja. During the rapid assessment, a number of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were organized to identify specific environmental problems faced by each community, community‟s roles to prevent further environment degradation, the government‟s roles, and PNPM‟s role to address the environmental issues. The participants from the community members agreed that the existing PNPM project is a good opportunity to take actions and to enforce community on practices to protect the environment. However the participants assumed that they might not have access to the PNPM project and lengthy bureaucracy might impede implementation.

A number of environmental problems were raised during the assessment; in Maros these problems were discussed: (1) deforestation, (2) quartz sand and coal mining which eliminate significant vegetation and destroy habitat, (3) erosion, water pollution, river sedimentation, (4) water scarcity, (5) garbage in the rivers. In Wajo: (1) Damage to the mangrove forest (due to people gleaning livelihood materials such as mangrove wood for charcoal), (2) coral destruction, (3) fishing using cyanide bomb, (4) Tempe Lake sedimentation, (5) annual flood (6) extreme use of pesticides. In Tana Toraja: (1) illegal logging, (2) conversion of forest to settlement and agriculture area, (3) land slides, (4) river pollution, (6) increasing amount of barren land/infertile soil due to excessive use of fertilizers, (7) sand and rock mining, (8) forest fires; (9) silting of river

11 Rapid Assessment Report – Annex 6

17

flows after heavy raining, flood or land slide. According to the participants, the root cause of these problems was the economic factor. The fact that people were getting poorer and barely survive after economic crisis has caused people to ignore local wisdom and a balanced life between livelihood and nature.

According to staff observation, there was a significant increase in the Green PNPM fund absorption for environmental sub-projects. Compared to the 2008 Green PNPM fiscal year (1st cycle) the budget for 2010 (3rd cycle) increased from IDR 500,000 to IDR 6 billion in each district, and as much as IDR 3,140,611,600 was allocated for natural resource management and environmental sub-projects. 52% of the 6 billion was used for natural conservation sub-projects, 24% was for natural resource and water resource management, 15% for capacity building and 9% was for renewable energy sub-projects in Saluputti, Sangalla, Makale, Tana Sitolo, Bola, Takkalalla, Camba, Mallawa and Tanralili.12

The following diagram describes the amount of funds absorbed in 9 sub-districts:

From all the 9 sub-districts, Camba is described to have the most funds for natural resource management projects with a total amount of IDR 708,265,800. Saluputti on the other hand had the least NRM absorption fund of IDR 575,555,000; IDR 340,644,000 was allocated for reneweble energy sub-projects.

Meanwhile from CARE‟s observation, the high value of fund absorption does not necessarily correlate with the number of projects. For instance in Tana Sitolo, the total fund allocated for natural conservation related project was IDR 327,970,700 for 12 sub-projects, meanwhile in Bola, IDR 509,007,900 was allocated for 6 sub-projects. The following diagram shows the number of projects implemented in the 9 sub-districts:

12 Field team survey report – Annex 7. This report aimed at analyzing CARE’s and RECOFTC’s contribution to the

Green PNPM Program. This report also listed down sub-projects proposed and described the implementation of the

sub-projects

18

e. Training Needs Assessment (TNA) and Situational Analysis (SA)

TNA and SA of Tana Toraja, Wajo and Maros were carried out in April-June 2008 with the assistance of two external consultants. Two villages were selected from each sub-district, the total number of sample village was eighteen. The selection of villages was based on the criteria of ecosystem and environmental problems faced by each village.

The TNA and SA were led by RECOFTC13. The results from the assessment and analysis were used by the partners (CARE and RECOFTC) to design and implement training for sub-district facilitators, sub-district environment facilitators and district facilitators, and also to design and implement the awareness raising activities.

The main objective of the TNA and SA was to identify any capacity gap of Provincial Coordinator, Facilitators and their GoI counterparts to implement Green PNPM and to develop training materials that can be replicated in other areas.

Assessment was also conducted at the community level to identify environmental problems and to describe the level of knowledge, skills and attitude of the community toward the challenges. Understanding all these factors would enable facilitators to effectively assist community in achieving the PNPM goals, e.g. increase knowledge, participation and empowerment.

The assessment results show that in the last five years, there has been a gap between planning and implementation of village project. According to several assessment respondents, community participation in both planning and implementation of activities were low, and a great emphasis was given to infrastructure or physical projects and only a small portion was dedicated for training, whether in maintenance or institutional skills. They concluded that these occurred due to PNPM facilitator‟s poor facilitation skills, poor institutional capacity particularly in community

13 TNA/SA Report – Annex 8

19

participatory methods and lack of knowledge in project cycle. The assessment also concludes that community and facilitators still need to increase their knowledge in natural resource management and environmental preservation. The assessment results in the three districts were varied, problem trees, capacity mapping, stakeholder mapping, analysis of PNPM existing project refer to specific environmental problem that each district faces. However, in regards to knowledge and skills, the three districts show similar results.

Based on the training needs assessment, a number of trainings were proposed, they are as follows:

1. Participatory Planning Process 2. Participatory Environmental Learning Process 3. Developing Facilitation Skills 4. Fundamentals of Conflict Management 5. Public Participation in Environmental Programs 6. Watershed Conservation 7. Impact of Mining 8. Water Conservation 9. Conservation of Mangroves 10. The availability of wood

A number of training modules were produced afterwards to address the above identified

needs14, they are:

1. Community Empowerment in Natural Resource Management which consists of the following components:

a. Basic knowledge on environment and environment destruction b. Adult learning method and process c. Community empowerment process d. Developing Action Plan

2. Sustainable Natural Resource Management Practices which consists of the following components:

a. NRM and human needs b. Conservation and local wisdom c. Water resource conservation concept and practices d. Land conservation and practices e. Forest management and practices f. River and lake conservation and practices g. Coastal management h. Developing action plan

3. Natural Resource Mapping and Monitoring which consists of the following components:

a. Natural Resource mapping and analysis of environment condition b. Mapping action plan c. Field exercise

14 Training modules are compiled into a folder as Annex 10

20

4. Community-Based Natural Resource Management Advocacy which consists of the following components:

a. Correlation between rural development and environmental management b. The need for advocacy c. Community participation in NRM and advocacy d. Advocacy through Green PNPM e. Village regulation drafting

5. Planning a Participatory Environmental Program which consists of the following components:

a. Synchronizing development programs with environmental programs b. Participatory planning c. Conducting PRA d. Participatory evaluation

6. Linking Entrepreneurship with Natural Resource Management and Conservation which consists of the following components:

a. Entrepreneurship basics b. Economic perspective of Natural Resource and local resource exploration c. Potentials for environmentally friendly economic activities d. Livelihood feasibility study e. Marketing and go green campaign

7. Natural Resource Management Policy, Strategy and Program which consists of the following components:

a. Local NRM mapping b. Existing policy and practices c. Green PNPM relevance with local government programs d. Identification of local government‟s role e. NRM and water resource management strategy f. Developing recommendations

8. Community Natural Resource Management Learning Process which consists of the following components:

a. Evaluation of current environment condition b. Experience-based learning method c. Participatory environmental learning tools and exercise d. Preparing for field visit e. Evaluation of the tools f. Developing environmental learning plan and setting up objectives

9. Designing Trainings which consists of the following components: a. Principles of training b. Techniques and methods of training c. Designing training d. Evaluating training e. Feedback purpose and follow up

10. Advocacy Training which consists of the following components: a. Advocacy in NRM b. Community‟s role in advocacy c. Understanding NRM and environmental policy and system d. Steps in advocacy e. Developing advocacy strategy f. Ensuring effectiveness and sustainability

21

Aside from training modules, booklets were also produced to support implementation of sub-

projects such as guidance on making bio pores, planting mangroves and producing organic

fertilizers.15

f. TNA and SA Workshop

A workshop to socialize the results of all the assessment was held on 13-15 June 2008, attended by 27 participants including the district facilitators, sub-district facilitators, technical environmental facilitators, verification team, and related agencies. Assessment results and situational analysis were discussed in the meeting, and comments and inputs were obtained and incorporated in the report document.16

g. Pre-Implementation Workshop

A pre-implementation workshop was held on 24 to 25 August 2008 in Makassar attended by PNPM-Rural key actors such as the provincial operational manager (PJO), provincial coordinator, district PJO, district facilitators, district technical facilitators, sub-district facilitators, technical facilitators, District Environmental Protection Agency (Bappedalda) in Green PNPM locations and the World Bank. There were 41 participants - 12 female and 29 male. The workshop‟s objectives were:

To present the KAP Survey and TNA-SA results To explain and socialize work plans and training components of TNA-SA environmental

awareness and receive feedback from the participants To develop an action plan in each target district

15 IEC materials are compiled in one folder and attached to this repot as Annex 9

16 Final Report of TNA-SA Green PNPM, 2008 – Annex 8

22

2. Awareness Raising

To increase the knowledge of Green PNPM facilitators in each targeted district, CARE conducted a sequence of activities that was assisted by CARE‟s Awareness Facilitators; CARE‟s Awareness Facilitators were responsible to assist in all stages of Green PNPM activities starting from the planning, socialization process in villages, meetings, trainings of the KPMD and throughout the inter-village meetings as well. During these activities the awareness facilitators were to conduct awareness facilitation and ensure that proposals submitted by the community comply to the „green‟ requirements. At the same time, Green PNPM Facilitators were also encouraged to lead in the processes.

Throughout the project life, CARE, RECOFTC and Green PNPM Facilitators have conducted meetings with the community and local government to raise awareness on environmental management and encourage natural resources management be mainstreamed in annual rural development budgeting. An outstanding result emerged from this effort was the commitment of the local government of Bola District, Pasir Putih and Pattanga to enforce village regulations that includes coastal protection and mangrove zoning in their districts.

Overall, the awareness raising plan developed in this project emphasized on public participation and the strengthening of local capacity. The plan was simply made to follow local celebrations and international events such as religious days and earth or environmental day. Meanwhile IEC (Information Communication and Education) materials were also developed and disseminated to encourage behavior change; the detail activities are as follows:

a. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Workshop for KPMD

Environmental community empowerment cadre (KPMD) is a potential actor in implementing Green PNPM project. The local cadres were originally from the local areas and could effectively facilitate village to explore ideas on environmental management and natural resources planning and implementation. Workshops conducted for KPMD were similar to facilitators‟ workshop.

Following up the recommendation of socialization workshop conducted earlier, a KPMD Workshop was organized. The workshop was aimed to introduce Green PNPM concepts and implementation strategies to the participants and media and to identify appropriate field activities and interventions. KPMD consists of individuals who were selected by the community and are responsible for facilitating Green PNPM planning and implementation activities in their villages. The workshop was attended by FasKab, FasTKab, FK and FT from each sub-district. Workshop agenda is described as follows:

Location Date Workshop

Venue Participants

Male Female Total

Maros

20 - 22

April 2008

Camba 28 11 39

Wajo

1 – 2

May 2008

Desa Pasir Putih, Kec. Bola

41 15 56

Toraja

22– 23

May 2008

Hotel Sangalla 30 14 44

23

On the first day of the workshop the team presented Green PNPM concepts and implementation strategies, Green PNPM planning cycle and scheme and the roles and responsibilities of KPMD in each stage.

On the second day, a basic knowledge of community development concept, and the principles of environment and natural resources were introduced, continued with the identification of environmental issues in each village and a simulation on how to facilitate environmental project planning at village level.

b. Production of IEC Media

During the three years of Green PNPM implementation, CARE has produced IEC media such as brochures, posters, booklets, videos, banners and pamphlets. The development of the IEC materials referred to the recommendation from workshops conducted earlier in the inception stage. The purpose of the IEC media production was to disseminate information to larger audiences. However, according to the final evaluation conducted at the end of the project, not all of IEC media were effective and successful in delivering messages and information regarding Green PNPM activities. Video that was produced was given to facilitator but was not utilized optimally as a training media. CARE and RECOFTC worked with print and electronic media to enhance the quality of the campaign. CARE entered an agreement with Harian Fajar, a local media in disseminating environmental and natural awareness concerns through newspapers and radio broadcast. Harian Fajar provided one page to disseminate information on environmental protection, conservation and natural resource management and also socialized information on Green PNPM. A live talk show was also organized with a thematic topic of "Community Involvement in Environmental Management and Sustainable Natural Resources”. The purpose of the talk was to share problems, opinions, experiences and strategies for involving all stakeholders in environmental and natural resources management.

Three resource persons participating in the discussion were one representative of BLHD (The Head of Regional Environmental Agency of South Sulawesi, the Operational Coordinator of Sulawesi PNPM-Rural(PJO PNPM-Rural), and CARE‟s Project Manager. The discussion was moderated by the Fajar Newspaper editor.

Moreover, CARE facilitated several environmental workshops for journalists to improve their understanding and at the same time as much as possible increase the public‟s knowledge on environmental sustainability. Afterwards, several journalists who attended the workshop produced articles that were related to environmental and forest protection; there was also a news on the environmental workshop that was organized, this would help disseminate information and increase awareness effort to wider population. Articles produced are compiled in Annex 9 in a sub-folder titled Newspaper Articles.

During the project, training modules were also produced to assist in capacity building activities. These modules can further be used in future trainings. The following table lists all the IEC materials17 produced throughout the project:

17 IEC Materials produced are compiled in a folder entitled Annex 9

24

Type of IEC material

Produced

Title of IEC Material

No. of Material

s Produce

d

Location Disseminated

Intended Audience/Purpose for IEC

Material

Documentary film/ video

Save our environment

300 pcs Screenings held in 9 villages throughout South Sulawesi

To be screened for community representatives during PNPM socialization activities to facilitate discussions regarding environmental issues and local planning process

Posters Tree plantation

1,000 eks

Facilitators, Local GOI, and Community

Garbage 1,000 eks

Hung on PNPM sign boards/community center walls in 30 villages

Describe to community members the livelihood/health benefits of improved waste management practices

Garbage Management

1,000 eks


PNPM-LMP 1,000 eks


Mangrove Forest

500 eks Hung on PNPM sign boards/community center walls in 30 villages

Describe the necessity for mangrove forest restoration as it relates to erosion prevention and eco-system stability

Bokasi Fertilizer

500 eks

Biopori (bio pore)

500 eks Hung on PNPM sign boards/community center walls in 30 villages

Provide guidance to community members on the utility of and installation procedures of Bio pores

Banners Tree Plantation

1 pcs

PNPM-LMP 1 pcs

Garbage 1 pcs

Garbage Management

1 pcs

Brochures PNPM-LMP 1,000 eks


Mangrove Forest

500 eks Facilitators, Local GOI, and Community

25

Bokashi Fertilizer


Biopori 500 eks Facilitators, Local GOI, and Community

Booklet Mangrove Forest


Bokashi Fertilizer


Biopori 500 eks Facilitators, Local GOI, and Community

Friday Praying Sermon on Environmental and Natural Resources

200 eks Islamic Preaching in target area Green PNPM and mosques

Pin Bumi bukan warisan

1,000 pcs


Deliver a simple message that earth and its richness should not be taken for granted

Training materials

Facilitation on Community Empowerment in Environmental and Natural Resources Management

1 pcs Facilitators, Local GOI, and Community

Basic Environmental and Natural Resources Management


Monitoring and Assessment on Environmental and Natural Resources Management


Advocacy on Environment

1 pcs Facilitators, Local GOI, and

26

al for Community

Community

Participative Program Planning


Environmental and Sustainable Community Development


Policies, Strategies and Environmental and Natural Resopurces Program


Environmental Education for Community


Training Design


c. Workshop for Religious Leaders

During the pre-implementation workshop, a workshop for religious leaders was recommended. The baseline survey results indicate that the role of religious leaders through various approaches (syiar) was valuable in engaging and raising community‟s awareness in protecting and preserving the environment. Therefore, a workshop which overlapped with training for religious leaders was organized in Wajo District on September 13-14, 2010 attended by 30 da'i (Moslem leader) from the three pilot districts. Through this training, the religious leaders‟ roles and functions were to be improved particularly in increasing community‟s knowledge and awareness regarding natural resources and environment management. Another workshop for Christian priests and missionaries was organized on the 23rd and the 24th of September in Wajo with the same agenda with the one conducted form Moslem leaders; mainstreaming environmental awareness and knowledge within sermons, according to Christian teachings.

According to the FK-FT PNPM-MP post workshop monitoring in Wajo, several religious leaders had already incorporated the natural resource management and environment issue in their sermons during Ramadhan.

Meanwhile Christian religious leaders Workshop in Tana Toraja Regency was conducted on 22-23 October attended by 30 participants from three Green PNPM District locations, which in practice will work with local NGOs who have experience in organizing similar activities.

Afterwards, CARE and partner assisted local religious leaders in preparing keynote speeches or sermons adding a touch of „green‟ knowledge. At the end of the project, as reported in the Field

27

Survey Report 2011 – Annex 7, participants who attended the trainings admitted improved capacity in conveying green messages; interviews with the participants can be viewed in the report.

Once in six months a coordination meeting between religious leaders was organized to enable them to interact and share knowledge on environmental issues and NRM. As the knowledge exchange continued, Friday sermon materials related to environment were gathered and compiled into a book, available in Annex 9 IEC Materials, Friday sermon materials sub-folder.

d. Talk Show on Environmental and Natural Resource Management

A talk show on Environmental and Natural Resource Management was organized in partnership with a local media Harian Fajar on 4th of May 2010. The talk show centered on community involvement in resource management. The talk show was dedicated as a forum for Green PNPM Facilitators and managers, government and community members to share problems, opinions, experiences and strategies in managing natural resources.

Participating in the talk show as key note speakers were the Head of South Sulawesi Environmental Department, the South Sulawesi Green PNPM PJO and CARE Project Manager.

30 audiences crowded the discussion session, which included the government, parliament, the World Bank, legal practitioners, students, NGOs, Green PNPM‟s Environmental Specialist and Consultant. This discussion was radio broadcasted live by Fajar FM, where audiences had opportunities to participate in the interactive discussions via telephone, and also was broadcasted by Fajar Televison.

As observed during the sessions, participants‟ interest on the topic was high, seeing as there were questions raised and arguments made on Green PNPM such as its area implementation, its procedures and area eligibility. There were also questions on environmental action, protection, responsibilities, roles of authorities, Green PNPM‟s role to sustainable development, and also the role of CARE in awareness raising and natural resources management.

e. A Million Water Catchment and Green Village Workshops

Inspired by Green PNPM activities, in particular the water catchment construction, the Head of Wajo District initiated “A Million Water Catchments” Program (locally known as Program Sejuta Kantong Air18). CARE supported this initiative by facilitating a workshop called A Million Water Catchments and Green Villages19 on the 25th of June 2009. 61 participants representing Wajo District Offices, Academicians, NGOs, private sectors and civil society organizations attended the

18 Information on “Sejuta Kantong Air”- definition and strategy can be viewed in Wajo’s Forestry Department blog:

http://hutbunkabwajo.blogspot.com/2011/05/kantong-air.html

19 Results of this workshop were reflected in RPJMDes and village planning. RPJMDes documents from all Green

PNPM locations are compiled in one folder entitled Annex 11

28

workshop. The workshop was aimed at developing a strategy to implement the program in the villages by collecting thoughts and recommendations while at the same time involve more people in the planning so as to increase ownership.

f. Workshop on Public Participation in Environmental and Sustainable Natural Resource Management

A workshop on Public Participation in Environmental and Sustainable Natural Resources Management was organized in Makassar in June 2010. 132 participants, mainly government (viz. South Sulawesi Provinces and Districts BPMPDK, South Sulawesi Provinces and Districts BLHD, South Sulawesi SKPD (local government agency outside BPMPDK and BLHD, consist of government departments and institutions funded by Regional Budget), Makassar SKPD, head of sub districts; South Sulawesi PNPM Fastekab and Faskab, media and representatives from banks and NGOs.

The purpose of the workshop was for the participants to: (a) Increase understanding of government's commitment, agenda, and policy on environmental and natural resources management, (b) Aware of the importance of participatory approaches and community involvement in the environment and natural resources management, (c) Provide inputs to participants on environmental protection and preservation, and community-based natural resource management in South Sulawesi, and (d) Formulate a common strategy for environmental management and community-based natural resources.

The workshop consists of the following sessions:

1. Commitment, Agenda, and Policy Environmental and Natural Resource Management 2. Environmental Planning and Capacity Building Sector 3. Environmental Problems in South Sulawesi 4. Participation Approach in Natural Resource Management

The results of the workshop were as follows:

1. South Sulawesi Governor made a commitment to increase the budget for environmental and natural resources management from 1% to 5%-10%20

2. Participants improved understanding on the importance of sustainable development and environmentally sound policy and regulations

3. Participants improved understanding of the Law on Environmental Protection and Management (PPLH) 32/2009.

4. Participants were able to describe environmental problems and public participation regarding environmental protection and management in South Sulawesi.

5. Participants were able to formulate a strategy and agenda for joint action on institutional, community participation, and law enforcement of environmental in South Sulawesi

A strategic action plan was compiled after the workshop.21 There was a need to further socialize the strategy; hence a post-workshop event was organized to engage other stakeholders, including media institutions.

20 Up to the time of report writing, the commitment was not realized yet; South Sulawesi budget for environment

restoration is still around IDR 1 billion. Further follow up actions and advocacy are required.

29

g. Various Public Awareness Campaigns conducted in Makassar

Awareness raising activities were conducted in conjunction with holidays and social events to attract interests and reach more people. The awareness campaigns are described in more detail as follows:

Environmental Awareness Campaign during the Prophet Muhammad's Birthday in Wajo Regency

During the celebration of Maulid or the birthday of Prophet Muhammad SAW in District Takkalalla, Wajo Regency Maulid of on 15 March 2009, the project team was able to include an environmental awareness campaign; the celebration was themed “Modeling the Prophet Muhammad SAW in protecting the environment”.

The sermons in mosques across the district were about environment, and they were conducted in Buginese language. Prior to the sermons, the Islamic Leaders were briefed and given the concept of environmental protection by project team‟s facilitator.

World Water Day Celebration in Tana Toraja Regency

World Water Day Celebration is a good occasion to raise public awareness on water issues, the water crises that most communities are facing and at the same time natural resource management that needs to be initiated properly. The event was conducted in Tana Toraja, in Makale City, attended by students community, government and private sectors.

The purpose of the Water Day Celebration was to attract people‟s attention on water issues and increase participation in addressing the issues. It was observed that around 1,000 people attended the event. By the end of the day, the following results were achieved:

A commitment was made to enforce all parties to be active in addressing water issues, Tana Toraja District Head declared Tana Toraja as the Water Tower of South Sulawesi, and pledge to address water issues properly. Meanwhile Wajo District also initiated a program called A Million Water Catchments in its area

Government officials from different offices/departments were facilitated to discuss among each other their roles in water management

Increased awareness of the people through the campaigns and media coverage. Six local and national print media and four electronic media were involved

Environment Day Celebration

The environmental day celebration 5th of June 2009 was a good occasion to attract people‟s attention to environmental awareness, and thus the project team used this event as an opening day for a month‟s full of activities dedicated to increase public awareness on environment and natural resources concerns and for the government, community and private sectors to take part in conserving the nature while balancing and properly

21 Translated strategic plan from Public Participation Workshop – Annex 12

30

exploring the resources. While the government plays a significant role in this issue, particularly in endorsing environmental impact consideration within development, the community needs to take an active role in bottom-up planning so as to increase ownership and the sense of care for their surroundings.

During the event the project team was also able to facilitate a meeting between government departments to synchronize perspective and moving forwards with a harmonized plan of natural resource management. The workshop that was held at the district government office on 18th of June 2009 was able to gather 50 policy makers to talk and finalize the green village concept. This would enable villages a support to be „greener‟ in ways supported by the government.

There were several other activities implemented within the month of June such as:

Mosque cleaning competition where 42 mosques in Sengkang City, Tempe Sub-district, Tana Toraja the environmental department and the ministry of religions affairs participated.

Also in Tana Toraja 350 female students and 300 male students also took part by planting 100,000 trees and 37 female students from Batu Papan School demonstrated their knowledge in household waste management and recycled plastic wastes to souvenirs.

A speech competition was organized in Wajo where 23 junior high school students (18 male and 5 female) took part. This competition was held from the 30th to the 31st of May 2009 and later at the peak of the environmental day celebration, the winner was announced. On that particular day, a declaration of „A Million Bags Water‟ was proclaimed where the Ministry of Environment took lead.

In Maros, a drawing competition was held for elementary school students highlighting environmental issues.

3. Training and Capacity Improvement

Training is another core activity of Green PNPM. Led by RECOFTC, the consortium designed a series of trainings for communities, the facilitators (i.e. FKL, FK, FT and FasKab) and other stakeholders. The training was designed taking into account the results of assessment and recommendations during the program inception phase. Specifically, the project highly considered different target groups in developing appropriate training approaches and materials. The project team adapted participatory approach for the training to facilitate development of community and local authority empowerment through utilization of various tools such as PRA and cross-visits.

During the program implementation from 2008 to 2010, CARE and RECOFTC have conducted various capacity building for the PNPMGreen PNPM stakeholders through training. The following table suggests that the training covered a wide range of the Green PNPM stakeholders. This includes communities as the key program stakeholders comprising of community members, the Head of Village, religious leaders and KPMD. In addition, CARE and RECOFTC included also journalists as the training target beneficiaries.

31

Title/ Focus of Training Module

Date/ Location

Positions of

Consultants/

Facilitators Attended

Number of Participants

Result of Training Men Women Total


23-25 January 2009/ Horison Hotel, Makassar

FASKAB, FASTEKAB, FK, FT, FKL

21 10 31 Results of the training evaluation shows an increase in knowledge of participants around concepts, strategies and techniques of community empowerment, gender, environment and natural resources, and facilitation techniques. Participants' general comments: additional PRA methods and techniques, identification and analysis environment.


26 February-2 March 2009/Sahid Hotel, Tana Toraja

FASKAB, FASTEKAB, FK, FT, FKL

19 9 28 Results of the training evaluation shows an increase in knowledge around the participants' understanding of natural resource management, concepts and techniques of assessment and monitoring, and preparation of plans and results of monitoring of environmental and natural resource management. General comments of participants: ask for separate modules on basic of environmental and natural resource management and module assessment and monitoring activities of environmental and natural resources, as well as adequate preparation in the field.

Policies, Strategies and Environmental and Natural Resources Program

10-12 June 2009/Santika Hotel

PNPM Stakeholders/local government officials/SKPD (Tana Toraja, Wajo, and

49 4 53 Results of the training evaluation shows an increase in knowledge on environmental community-based and natural resources management, existence of strategy to integrate

32

Maros), PNPM South Sulawesi Province level, and community representative

Green PNPM into local government development plan, and additional content on global warming in the modules.

Advocacy on Environmental for Community

4-7 July 2009/Dinasti Hotel, Makassar

PNPM Stakeholders (KPMD, BKAD, and UPK from target area/sub-district Green-PNPM)

16 8 24 In general, results of the evaluation shows the participants gain knowledge and skills, as well as raise awareness about environmental issues and natural resource management and environmental advocacy techniques.

Training on Local-product-based

Entrepreneurship

19-24 July 2009/ Horison Hotel, Makassar

PNPM Stakeholders (KPMD, BKAD, and UPK from target area/sub-district Green-PNPM)

20 8 28 In general, results of the evaluation shows the participants gain knowledge and understanding on income generating related to environmental and natural resources management.

Participative Program Planning

19-24 July 2009/ Horison Hotel, Makassar

FASKAB, FK, FKL

10 9 19 In general, results of the evaluation showed the participants gain knowledge and skills on participatory planning of environmental programs. Participants' general comments: additional deepening of PRA methods and techniques.

Training Design 14-18 Augustus 2009/ Makassar Golden Hotel, Makassar

ASTAL, FT, FK, FKL

16 13 29 General comments of participants: very helpful to support the facilitators and consultants in designing training for community.


25-27 September 2009/Dinasti Hotel Makassar

ASTAL, FK, FKL, KPMD

20 10 30 Results of the evaluation show participants better understanding of their role as facilitators for Green PNPM, improve knowledge of facilitation techniques, and can adopt some of the material module.

33

Training on Preparation of RPJMDes

17-18 February/ Wisma Herawati, Wajo

16-17 March 2010/Sangala Hotel, Tana Toraja

14-16 April 2010/Dinasti Hotel, Makassar

FASKAB, FASTEKAB, ASTAL, FT, FK, FKL, PNPM Stakeholders (BKAD) Wajo, Tana Toraja, and Maros

78 27 105 The evaluation results illustrate that the participants had the knowledge and skills they need to facilitate preparation of Village Development Plan (based on Permendagri 66/2007).

Seminar and Workshop on Community Participation on Sustainable Environmental and Natural Resources Management

28-29 June 2010/ Mercure Hotel, Makassar

FASKAB, FASTEKAB, FT, FK, PNPM Stakeholders (SKPD on distric level in South Sulawesi, Journalist, NGO)

111 21 132 The Governor of South Sulawesi expressed his political will to increase environmental related budget up to 5-10% of the total annual budget, and the participants formulate strategies and agenda for joint action on enforcement of environmental laws in South Sulawesi.

TOT Preparation of RPJM Desa Enviromental Insight

23-25 July/ P4S Asamayama, Maros

FK PNPM-Rural/Green PNPM Maros, and PNPM Stakeholder (Camba, Mallawa, and Tanralili Sub-district)

22 9 31 Participants have adequate information about the regulations related to Village Development Plan (context, content, process/ stage, etc.), and have enough knowledge and capacity to facilitate development of Village Development Plan.

Preparation of RPJM Desa Enviromental Insight for The Village Preparation Team of RPJM Desa

Tanralili, Maros/16-30 Augustus 2010

Camba, Maros/18-21 Augustus 2010

Mallawa, Maros/20-24 Augustus 2010

Saluputi, Tana Toraja/23-24

FK, FLK, and Representative of The Village Preparation Team of RPJM Desa in target area Green-PNPM

245 178 523 Participants have adequate information about the regulations the Village Development Plan (context, content, process / stage etc.), and have enough knowledge and skills to apply the methods / techniques to assess the participatory assessment of environmental issues in the preparation of Village Development Plan.

34

Augustus 2010

Sangalla, Tana Toraja/23-24 Augustus 2010

Makale, Tana Toraja/25 Augustus 2010

Bola, Wajo/27-28 Augustus 2010

Takkalla, Wajo/30-31 Augustus 2010

Tanasitolo, Wajo/1-3 September 2010

Training on Final Draft Preparation of RPJM Desa and Perdes

30 September-1 October 2010/ Saluputti, Tana Toraja

4-5 October 2010/Makale, Tana Toraja

4-5 October 2010/Tondon Mamullu, Makale, Tana Toraja

28-29 October 2010/ Takkalalla, Wajo

28-29 October 2010/Bola, Wajo

FK, FKL, PJO Rural-PNPM Sub-District, and Representative of The Village Preparation Team of RPJM Desa in target area Green-PNPM

136 73 209 Improving the capacity in assessing and analyzing data to develop Village Development Plan.

35

30-31 October 2010/ Mallawa, Maros

2-3 November 2010/ Tanralili, Maros

3-4 November 2010/Tana Sitolo, Wajo

The training for facilitators and stakeholders was aimed at improving participants‟ understanding on their roles as environmental facilitators, skills on facilitating community-based environmental program development, and knowledge on environmental related issues.

Similarly, the consortium has designed and arranged four different trainings/ workshops for beneficiaries during the course of program implementation from 2008 to 2010. Led by RECOFTC, the consortium specifically designed a training/ workshop on environmental and natural resources management to improve facilitation skills of KPMD and Village Officials who are responsible for facilitating community meeting in defining environmental program needs. The training design covers subjects on (1) Conceptual framework and strategy for the Green PNPM implementation in South Sulawesi; (2) Basic knowledge on community empowerment; (3) Basic knowledge on environment and natural resources management; and (4) Roles and functions of KPMD on fostering environmental sustainability. Beside, a series of training was also designed to improve and/or add communities‟ skills on practical environmental activities such as waste management. The other two trainings were in the form of FGD and Comparative Study. The last two trainings was also aimed at improving communities awareness toward sustainable environmental. The list of community trainings are described in the following table:

Title/ Focus of Training Module

Date/ Location

Community Group

Targeted

Number of Participants Result of Training

Men Women Children

Workshop on Environmental and Natural Resources Management

Maros, Wajo, Toraja

Village Cadre for Community Empowerment

99 40 139


11-12 February/

Wisma Mutiara Sari, Maros

Village Head in target area Green-PNPM

118 2 120 Participants received basic information on Green PNPM, knowledge on environmental problems in their respective regions, and were able to formulate policy strategies and action plans for environmental

36

13-14 February 2009/Pasir Putih, Wajo

26-27 February 2009/ Sangalla Hotel, Tana Toraja

protection and natural resource management.


23-24 December 2009/ Maros, Wajo, Toraja

Religious Leader in target area Green-PNPM

101 25 126 Formulation and agreement on the role of religious leaders in the target areas to expand the campaign on sustainable environment through religious activities. In Wajo, the Islamic Leader‟s Environment Forum was formed.

Focus Group Discussion on Environmental and Natural Resources

Toraja,

Wajo dan Maros

Women‟s Group, PKK and Agriculture Group

210 269 479 Participants gained knowledge on environmental and natural resource management, and shared information on women's role in environmental and natural resource management.

Training on Waste Agriculture, Husbandry and Domestic Waste Management

17-21 July/Tana Toraja, Wajo dan maros

Women‟s Group, Household group (PKK) and Agriculture Group

73 69 142 Participants‟ knowledge on environment and natural resource management was increased, particular on the negative impact of chemical pesticides to the environment. Participants also received knowledge on how to make Bokasi. In addition, there is a PKK group that has been able to make Bokasi in their own yard. Their products were partly for sale for there have been some demands in local market.

Comparative Study and Training on the

Making of Organic Fertilizer and Biogas

9-11 July 2009/Pattiro Deceng, Camba, Maros

Leaders of Agriculture Group in Takkallala Subdistrict Wajo

15 15 Participants understood how to manage and to use the agriculture and household waste through Zero Waste agricultural; and were given the opportunity to exercise making compost and Bokasi, as well as to observe the construction of biogas.

37

Skills obtained from the training were demonstrated by farmers in Kecamatan Takalalla and were shared with its neighboring sub-district, Bola. A request for comparative study and training was also received from Bola afterwards with an additional component of livestock waste fertilizer.

Nine different training modules, as listed in following table were developed by the consortium to cover requirements identified for the facilitators and stakeholders implementing the Green PNPM. More technical training materials were produced for the facilitators improving and broadening knowledge of communities on environmental related program activities.

Training Modules for Facilitators and Stakeholders

Training Materials for Community Members


Mangrove restoration

Basic Environmental and Natural Resources Management

Micro hydro power


High economic value trees planting

Advocacy on Environmental for Community

Composting and Organic Fertilizer

Participative Program Planning Bio pore

Environmental and Sustainable Community Development

Biogas

Policies, Strategies and Environmental and Natural Resopurces Program


Training Design

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4. Training on facilitation of environmentally sound RPJMDes planning

This training was an opportunity for CARE to support in the facilitation of RPJMDes development which was conducted in three villages of Wajo District. The training aimed to increase knowledge and skill in facilitating an environmentally sound RPJMDes preparation and to test tools, concept and to analyze the duration needed to finish a single RPJMdes. The training participants were: (a) RPJMDes preparation working group, (b) representative of the village government and BPD (village community representative body); (c) community representatives, and (d) FK, FT , and FKL in each district. The total days of the training were 8 days with the series of activities as follows:

1. In-class activity: input and feedback on Permendagri 66/2007 with environmental perspectives and also simulation on use of participatory planning tools for outclass activity (2 days)

2. Out-class activity: village meeting (1 day)

3. In-class activity: discussion on how to do problem identification and village potential identification (2 days)

4. Out-class activity: village workshop (1 day)

5. In-class activity: discussion on how to prepare a RPJMDes and village regulation (1 day)

6. Out-class activity: village discussion and decision (1 day)

The Key findings from overall process of facilitating the preparation of RPJMDes Environmental Development are summarized as follows:

a) Prior to conducting the facilitation intervention, almost all the villages supported by Green PNPM did not have RPJMDes and Strategic Plan of Village District documents as mandated in the Home Ministry Regulation No. 66 of 2007. Such was the reason for the formation of Village Regulation.

b) In terms of local government regulation, there was no policy that imposes obligations or preparation of the Development Plan and Strategic Plan of the Village District in each village.

c) Facilitating a participatory process for preparation of RPJM is relevant and vital as decision making role is still dominated by the rural elites.

d) The data/information on socio-economic development of villages were not well documented and therefore there were only estimated statistics.

As a result of the facilitation process, RPJMDes documens in the three villages were completed, and awating to be legalized. An RPJMDes document shall be called formal and complete after it has been legalized in the form of village regulation and registered in bureau of law, and after that the RPJMDes document shall become the basic of village annual development activity plan. RPJMDes documents are compiled in a folder entitled Annex 11.

39

V. Program Evaluation and Recommendation

IV.1. Progress made against performance indicator

Well trained PNPM facilitators and other local PNPM stakeholders, who can ignite and facilitate 'green' projects within PNPM not limited to those within the Green PNPM's target locations

Green PNPM interventions undoubtedly have improved the capacity of facilitators and stakeholders in implementing the program. The facilitators met during field visit stated that the training helps improve their facilitation skills. They valued highly the participatory approaches adapted for the training whereby they learned and exercised participatory tools like PRA to facilitate the processes of community-based programs development. KPMD as the beneficiary of the facilitators‟ services confirmed the statements made by the facilitators. KPMD regarded the facilitators have helped them in conducting a series of community meetings. With support from the facilitators, KPMD could facilitate the processes of identifying environmental issues of their villages and define environmental programs to address the issues. Similar capacity improvement also took place at the stakeholders. The PJOKs met during field visit thought they were confident in implementing the program, after participating in several training and awareness raising activities conducted under Green PNPM. They also observed that the Verification Team members have better ability to assess environmental aspects of the community-based programs.

In November to January 2011, CARE organized an evaluation exercise which consists of two activities, a field survey and a workshop. The purpose was to obtain information on the achievement of the awareness and training programs and to contribute to the World Bank‟s monitoring and evaluation activity which will be conducted at the end of Green PNPM Program. The field survey undertaken in the field which was carried out by CARE‟s staffs and led by an external consultant, employed tools such as as semi-structured interviews and FGDs. The results of the field survey were then brought in to the Evaluation Workshop which were held in separately in three districts of Wajo, Maros and Tana Toraja. The workshop was attended by 25 PNPM and Green PNPM facilitators and local government of the Maros (BLHD, BPM, District PJO, District Head, Village Head), 25 from Wajo and 35 from Tana Toraja.

After gathering all the inputs from each district a Final Evaluation Workshop was conducted in February 2011. The inputs from the final evaluation exercise are incorporated in this review of achievements against indicator.

Regarding the field survey, 168 respondents participated, representing all stakeholders of Green PNPM in the three districts. The following table describes the number of respondent from each district.

Description Fas - LMP

Fas- MP

BPMD Reg.

PJO Reg.

PJO. District

Subdistrict Head

Village Head

Society

Maros Reg. 4 8 1 1 3 3 6 30

Wajo Reg. 4 8 1 1 3 3 9 45

40

Tanatoraja Reg.

4 8 1 1 3 3 6 30

Total 12 24 3 3 9 9 21 105

Generally, the respondents considered the trainings and awareness raising activities led by CARE have contributed to the improvement of capacity of facilitators and stakeholders. More than 60% of respondents believed that the activities contributed significantly to capacity improvement of the facilitators and government officers (see Chart 4). Still, however, 5% of participants did not see any changes in the capacity of facilitators. Program evaluation workshop conducted in the District of Wajo confirmed further the above observation. The participants agreed that the fasilitators have knowledge and skills required to facilitate community meetings on environemental related issues.22 They appraised highly capacity of the facilitators in facilitating communities developing their RPJMDes. The respondents stated that the facilitators‟ intensive visit to target villages showed facilitators‟ confidence in facilitating community meeting.

Chart 4. Green PNPM contribution to capacity development of government officials and facilitators

Review of the training modules could conclude that the training design meets the requirement and significantly contribute to the above capacity improvement. The training design has adapted a mentoring approach where FKL, FK and FasKAb were placed as the core facilitators and responsible for facilitating all community training under Green PNPM. Adapting such approach, the training design for facilitators incorporates more exercises than lecturing. The combination of exercise during the training and practices help improve the facilitators‟ knowledge and skills, as well as their confident in facilitating community meetings. CARE performed as resource persons

22 Draft Report: Workshop Evalusi Akhir Program di Kabupaten Wajo.

41

and provided technical assistances to the facilitators, specifically during their early stage of community facilitation soon after attending the capacity building training.

A review of report on Training Needs Assessment before the training implementation suggested that most PNPM facilitators did not have appropriate knowledge and skills to implement Green PNPM. They did not have knowledge and skills on participatory approaches, nor have appropriate knowledge on environmental friendly programs because of their heavy experiences on technical matters and infrastructure programs. In particular, most of FKL did not have direct field experience in facilitating community meeting. Their recruitment was heavily based on their education background.

The result of the Training Needs Assessment is summarized in the following table:23

Target Location Stakeholders Factors/the issues that affect

capacity building

Maros Consultant/Facilitator Facilitation of awareness / mentoring was not optimal

Planning for activities of Green PNPM was not effective, too much changes in the field

Local Government Information on Green PNPM was not sufficient

Government‟s involvement still minimum

Community Insufficient information regarding environmental management and sustainable use of natural resources, including insufficient information about Green PNPM

“Project oriented” mindset still exist, more emphasis on result instead of process which will affect sustainability

Wajo Consultant/Facilitator The Ability to facilitate meetings/mentoring is not to the max

Coordination should be improved

Local Government Insufficient information on Green PNPM

Lack of coordination and integration between SKPD in terms of implementing the sub-projects

Lack of capacity in environmental management planning, needs more training

23 TNA/SA Report is enclosed as Annex 8

42

Community Insufficient information /knowledge on the environmental management and sustainable use of natural resources

Project oriented mindset, which affects sustainability

Tana Toraja Consultant/Facilitator The Facilitation of awareness/mentoring was not optimal

Local Government Coordination with SKPD not effective

The budget allocation for the environment is minimal

Village level government still needs to improve capacity

Wages/HOK is still minimal

Community Community participatory approach was not effective

"Project oriented” mindset still exist, more emphasis on result instead of process which will affect sustainability

Local community members, including women and children, who are aware of environmental issues and sustainable natural resource decisions that they can participate in.

There are clear indications that more community members were participating in the process of mainstreaming environmental issues in development plan and selecting environmental program for their villages. In every meeting with Green PNPM stakeholders, community participation has been highly valued by the stakeholders. The PJOKs have observed active participation of community members in the processes of developing community-based programs. During evaluation interview, a Head of Village in Wajo District confirmed that more number of community members attending the community meetings organized under Green PNPM. He also stated that the Head of Village and KPMD were more active in the inter-community meeting prioritizing community-based programs at sub-district level. He believed more Head of Village and KPMD are aware of their quality participation in the meeting, since they have to defend their development proposal at Sub-district level during feasibility/ verification stage and to compete with their colleagues from other villages.24 Results of the evaluative survey concluded more than 75% of Green PNPM stakeholders believed that CARE and RECOFTC‟s led activities have increased number of community participation in the planning (see Chart 5).

24 The Green PNPM design incorporates a block grant component of Rp. 500 million for each participating sub-district, allocated under component 1 and 2 of the program. The participating communities have to develop community-based programs to access the funds. Those within the same sub-district have to prioritize the proposed programs from each village and share the block grant. Each village is represented by the Head of Village and KPMD.

43

Chart 5. Perception on CARE and RECOFTC’s contribution in increasing participation of community members in planning

With regards to participation of women, the facilitators interviewed observed active participation of women during the processes of environmental issues identification and program activities selection. In effort to enhance women‟s participation, Green PNPM demands at least one community-based project selected by women‟s group is proposed to the PNPM. The facilitators assisted KPMD facilitating a FGD for women in each village to ensure women involve in the decision making processes. Through FGD, women are empowered, their voices are heard and their views are respected and valued. Unfortunately, women‟s participation in the development processes under Green PNPM does not necessarily mean that women and other group of community are aware of women‟s vital participation in the process. Women‟s participation in Green PNPM could be driven by their intention to access the block grant and encouragement from other group of community.

Little information around children participation in the program could be collected, except for their participation in the awareness raising activities. Students from different level of education in Wajo District participated in the competition on development of religious sermon used for environmental awareness raising.25 In Tana Toraja, students planted green trees surrounding their schooling areas to commemorate the World Environmental Day. Green PNPM has not considered children as a key stakeholder and agent of change, although they are the generation who should benefit from the current development activities. Beside, children specifically those under-five are very vulnerable to the adverse impact of environmental degradation.

Similar to improvement of Green PNPM stakeholders‟ capacity under performance indicator #1, improvement of communities‟ capacity is likely resulted from participating in the training arranged under Green PNPM. In recent evaluative survey, more than 60% of Green PNPM stakeholders believed the program has improved the capacity of community, especially the Head of Village and KPMD (see Chart 6). The survey also found out that around 78% of respondents from

25 The Green PNPM Annual Report for 2009.

44

communities have not been exposed to any environment training/ workshop, before participating in Green PNPM organized training/ workshop which suggests improvement of communities‟ capacity is contributed by Green PNPM.

Chart 6. Perception of CARE’s and RECOFTC’s contribution towards capacity development of the Village Head and KPMD

Despite quality participation and claim on improvement on capacity toward environment sustainability, the quality of programs that communities selected may not reflect quality understanding of good environmental programs. Many environmental community-based programs were particularly selected for their capacity to help community earns more money. Very few of them include efforts to protect the environment as reported by CARE staff. For example: Most micro-hydro powers were constructed to support communities enjoying modern life, i.e. watching television program. Installment of micro hydro power was not complemented with efforts to protect water resources that key for sustainable micro-hydro power. Similarly, reforestation of bare lands with high economic value tress was aimed at increasing communities‟ income. Some communities, even, replaced their candle nut tress with clove.

Better understanding of environmental community-based program was shown by community of Pasir Putih of Wajo District.26 The mangrove forest restoration program was not selected only for its potential to protect the village from abrasion that could flash out the housing areas as occurred in 1963. The selection was also based on communities‟ observation on increment of high tide level every year that raise the operational cost for their brackish water fish cultures. In other words, the program was selected in anticipating climate change to protect their living areas and increase communities‟ livelihood security. Another one is a waste management program implemented by a village in Sub-district of Bola of Wajo District.27 The program selection was not

26 Field survey conducted by CARE, led by an external consultant 27 Interview with the Head of Sub-district

45

only for earning money from selling organic fertilizer, but aimed at reducing the wider negative impact from an open disposal.

Adoption by regional governments of natural resources governance issues as an integral part of the policy development and decision making process.

In general, the government has integrated environmental issues into its development policies. For example: Under regular PNPM, the Verification Team (VT) at Sub-district level takes into account impact of the proposed program to environmental sustainability. The VT uses Form-2 as a guidance developed specifically to help the VT assessing program feasibility from the environmental sustainability point of view.

Through several training/ workshop and awareness raising campaign, Green PNPM has reminded facilitators around their commitment on implementing environmental friendly development programs and to continue allocating appropriate resources to support them. There have been clear indication of growing commitment and political will of local government toward environmental sustainability as resulted from activities conducted in the Indirect Intervention Phase. Such commitment and political, however, have not been fully translated into development programs and activities. A follow up program should be conducted to ensure the commitment is sustained and resources are allocated.

For example: The Head of Maros District formally requested approval from the Ministry of Home Affairs to reallocate a block grant from Green PNPM target villages to non-target villages, because the environment conditions have been degraded severely.28 This request is a clear indication that the Head of District was concerned around environmental issues and committed to allocate resources to support environmental programs. However, this request does not automatically mean that Green PNPM has influenced his development programs priority. He was aware of Green PNPM implementation in his administrative authority and would like to enhance quality contribution of the program to environmental improvement. His government‟s vision and mission has defined improvement of living environment as one objective that should be achieved.29 The Family Welfare Movement (locally called PKK) as the government‟s partner in development places environmental programs as one of the organization core activities, because 40% of the lands in Maros District are conservation areas.30 The PKK, generally lead by the Head of District spouse works with technical offices such as Forestry, Agriculture and Fisheries to rehabilitate mangrove forest and protect the conservation areas. The government‟s vision/ mission and PKK programs on environmental suggest that the local government has placed environmental issues into its priority development.

Green PNPM clearly influenced the Head of Wajo District perception toward environmental development programs. The Head of Wajo District took initiative facilitating a meeting for Green PNPM stakeholders defining the concept and criteria of green village. The meeting definitely facilitated all stakeholders to have common understanding of a green village and to synergize resources than to compete. Inspired by Green PNPM activities, in particular the water catchment construction the Head of Wajo District declared a „Million Water Catchment‟ Program (locally called Program Sejuta Kantong Air). CARE supported the initiative by facilitating a workshop on „A Million Water Catchment and Green Villages‟. Around 61 participants representing Wajo District Government, university, NGOs, private sectors and CBOs attended the workshop. They

28 A letter has been sent to the Ministry of Home Affair on December 13th, 2010. 29 www.maroskab.go.id 30 www.maroskab.go.id

http://www.maroskab.go.id/

http://www.maroskab.go.id/

46

formulated recommendation to translate commitment into actions and developed strategy of implementation.

Similar effort took place in Tana Toraja District. The Head of Tana Toraja District declared Tanah Toraja as a „Water Tower for South Sulawesi‟ during commemoration of the World Water Day in 2009. The government, supported by various community groups followed it up with environmental activities such as tree planting in schools and bare lands, water source conservation, and green trees nursery. The Governor of South Sulawesi expands this local movement into provincial movement. In his opening speech during the Community Participation in Sustainable Environmental and Natural Resources Management organized under Green PNPM, he announced his commitment to increase resources allocation up to 5% of the provincial annual budget to support environmental program activities.

At community level, environmental sustainability has developed into an issue of discussion in most of community meeting as reported by the facilitator interviewed and CARE staff. Review of several RPJMDes strongly indicates that communities have been considering environment sustainability in developing their community-based development programs. Each participating village has developed RPJMDes underlining environmental conditions of the village and listing intended environmental community-based programs to address the issues. RPJMDes developed have reflected increased awareness and focus on environmental programs, for instance budgets were allocated for tree plantings, water resource management, river excavation, river-basin rehabilitation, composting, bio pores, mangroves, etc. An example from Ajuraja RPJMDes was a total budget of IDR 200,000,000 were allocated for environmental programs, came second after economic programs which was IDR 235,000,000. In Pasir Putih, environmental programs were considered number one priority among other programs and as much as IDR 350,000,000 was allocated.

Around 94% of 76 pilot villages has completed their RPMJDes, the rest still requires further improvement such budget allocation and official approval. RPJMDes development was generally guided by the existing three major regulations – (1) the Ministry of Home Affairs Decree No. 66/2007 on Village Development Planning, (2) the Law No. 25/2004 on National Development Planning System, and (3) the Government Decree No. 72/2005 on Village. In particular, communities took into account the two principles stated in Article 5.2. of the Ministry of Home Affairs Decree No. 66/2007 on Village Development Planning – (1) capacity of local natural resources and human resources to support the development activities and (2) sustainability as the basis for incorporating environmental sustainability. CARE and RECOFTC Consortium also employed upstreaming approach through capacity buildings for government officials. The table below shows a list of training for government officials.

Title/ Focus of Training Module Date/ Location

Positions of Government Officials Attended

Number of Participants

Men Women Total

Workshop on the formulation of criteria of Green Village

18 June 2009/Kantor Bupati Wajo

Representatives of SKPD/Agency and Sub-District

50

Socialization of RPJM Desa 21 August 2010/Makale, Tana Toraja

Kecamatan officials, Village Head/Lurah

31 12 43

47

One of the results of the project final evaluation provides clear indication that Green PNPM design of allocating block grant for environmental programs, to some extent influences negatively the way stakeholders perceive the program. In general, Green PNPM is still being considered as a different program. Most respondents confirmed that activities under Green PNPM and regular PNPM were conducted separately. Blok grant from regular PNPM is continuously allocated for infrastructures, and that of Green PNPM is for environmental programs. Some respondents claim that they were not aware of possibility using block grant from regular PNPM to support environment program activities. Such poor understanding on environmental friendly development programs could progress into a major challenge for Green PNPM in integrating environmental issues into the development program activities, particularly into the regular PNPM. Appropriate effort should be invested to remove the challenge in the phase II, at least bringing at the lowest level.

A sustainable capacity among both PNPM facilitators and PNPM stakeholders of all levels to continue the implementation of locally-driven 'green' development investment and to expand its geographic coverage to new areas.

Green PNPM has clearly enhanced efforts of local government investing more resources on „green‟ development. As previously described, in a workshop on Community Participation in Sustainable Environmental and Natural Resources Management the Governor of South Sulawesi announced his commitment to allocate 5% of the annual provincial budget for „green‟ development. Attended by 132 participants representing district and provincial government offices, provincial and district consultant/facilitators from 23 districts, the workshop recommended the government to mainstream environmental sustainability within its development policies and programs. A reforestation program was also discussed in the workshop, and was recommended as one development program activity. As a follow up to the above suggestions, CARE and RECOFTC through out their mentoring and training activities have brought up such suggestions for sub-project proposal consideration. And to take it to a formal level, Maros District Head was one step a head of the others had declared a mangrove zoning and coastal rehabilitation as one of its development programs. This was after the environmental day celebration led by CARE and partner.

The government representatives from non-pilot districts specifically recommended expanding Green PNPM from only three districts to all districts in South Sulawesi. Similarly, FK and FT from non-pilot areas suggested providing technical assistances on RPJMDes development to the non-target villages, during the discussion on RPJMDes. Transformation of such political will and commitment into development programs could only be assessed in the next Musrenbang where all development stakeholders discussing their programs priorities for 2012.

During the implementation of Green PNPM sub-projects, community was more enthused in participating and contributing to the implementation compared with SKPD. Those received support from Green PNPM to implement environmental activities have allocated resources to expand and sustain the programs. For example: Communities of Pasir Putih have contributed 11,000 mangrove seeds or around 5% of the total seeds supported by the program. Chart 7 shows that generally communities have contributed to all environmental programs supported by Green PNPM. The contribution ranges from 1% to 10% of the total program block grant.

48

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Chart 7. Percentage of community contribution to environmental programs supported by Green PNPM.

Provision of labour costs by Green PNPM, however, potentially undermines willingness of community to contribute to development programs. During the discussion on community participation, the Head of Pasir Putih village believed that provision of labour costs, although less than local daily rate has encouraged community participation and contribution. He further stated that without daily labour compensation, very few community members will participate in the program activities. Similar possibility could take place in the other villages. Communities‟ willingness to conduct community-based composting might be triggered by provision of capital from Green PNPM. Communities do not hold any financial risks to begin a new activity.

Participation in the development of RPJMDes is another indication of community commitment to continue implementing environmental friendly programs to meet the local needs. As discussed previously, the RPJMDes underlining environmental conditions of the village and listing intended community-based programs. Communities also identified the village incomes as one resource to support environmental friendly development activities. Review of RPJMDes drafts, however, provides indication of poor linkage between global issues of climate change with indicative programs that communities have defined. In the environmental section of RPJMDes climate change has not been placed as an issue. Most indicative programs tend to address infrastructure requirements like village office and bridge constructions and poverty through income generating activities. Environmental degradation has not been highlighted as issues.

Willingness to implement environmental sustainability is shown also by a growing demand from other communities outside the targeted areas to participate in Green PNPM implementation. In several workshops organized under Green PNPM, representative from non-target villages requested to have FKL in their villages. Although their interest might be triggered by opportunity of having more funds, their request to have FKL in addition to FK and FT might indicate that Green PNPM could influence the type of development program at community level. Community-based programs will no longer be only infrastructure, but will include environmental related activities. Indicative sustainability is further shown by active participation of community and religious leaders in Green PNPM activities. Village officials and KPMDs have managed to facilitate community meeting on environmental program development. Similarly, religious leaders have used environmental issues as themes in various religious activities, such as commemoration of the Prophet Muhammad SAW anniversary and Friday praying sermon. Modules for trainings and awareness raising were also produced which can be used in the future by Green PNPM Facilitators. As mentioned earlier, the trainings had placed Green PNPM Facilitators in the central field, while capacity development takes longer to materialize,

49

experiences in leading the training and awareness raising activities have increased Green PNPM Facilitators‟ confidence in conducting community based planning and other activities.

Equally important to the program continuation, Green PNPM introduced communities with a maintenance committee to enhance program sustainability at community level. Specifically, the committee is responsible for ensuring that the program continuously providing benefits to communities as planned and collect funds from community members whenever necessary. Generally, the committee will be considered as a leading team in expanding or replicating the program in the other areas of the village. Communities have responded positively the concept of maintenance committee. Several communities, especially those implementing mangrove forest restoration, constructing micro-hydro power and reforestation of bare lands with economic value trees have established one for each village to reflect their commitment on program sustainability. The Head of Pasir Putih village assured the committee continuously restored the rest 700 meters coastal areas and replaced the rotten mangrove seeds with the new ones. FKL of Camba Sub-district also observed similar active committees in replacing the dead seedlings with the new seedlings to maintain program sustainability. It is recommended that in the next Green PNPM project, this be followed up further.

At the end of the Final Evaluation Workshop several recommendations were made, they are as follows:

Stakeholder Recommendation

Consultant / Facilitator of PNPM-Rural and Green PNPM PNPM

It is necessary to build a cross- actors and programs forum, increase the volume of activity, forming of cadres effectively at the community level and the involvement of government, as well as evaluation of team performance with facilitators of PNPM-Rural and Green PNPM

Advanced trainings to enhance facilitation skills of facilitator by reflecting the experience of awareness and assistance during the program.

Advanced trainings in order to provide facilitators needs in making effective the planning, implementation and oversight of environmental programs

50

Government Increase government‟s capacity especially government‟s offices related to SKPD, make effective the collaboration and synergetic of cross- SKPD and make effective SKPD forum to Green PNPM program, and fostering environmental policies and budget.

Capacity building for government officials who deal with environmental programs and government involvement in awareness program

Evaluate performance periodically (quarterly) and collectively between the facilitator and the government, and opening the facilitation space between communities with leading-sector.

Community Advanced trainings programs for community in the village level, and increasing capacity associated with village regulations

Trainings for community regarding capacity building in participatory planning, budgeting, and supervising.

The final evaluation concluded that the awareness raising and capacity building activities delivered by CARE and partner has brought benefits to stakeholders, as mentioned in the evaluation report. It also described the project‟s contribution to strengthen Green PNPM stakeholders‟ capacity through series of trainings and actively involving them as facilitators to provide trainings and facilitate events/activities for targeted communities and local authorities. As they were involved in managing and monitoring the block-grant (BLM), their approach to the communities was effective as they encouraged the community to prioritize environmental programs. The positive changes appeared within community were reflected in improvements in proposal writing and community involvement in planning and implementation process for environmental and natural resources activities. On the other hand, the government officers also benefitted from series of capacity building provided in the project. Full report is available in Annex 7.

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VI. Conclusion

Green PNPM Program is a pilot, designed to incorporate strategy to achieve sustainable natural resource management (NRM). Tony Whitten, a Senior Biodiversity Specialist Social working for the Environment and Rural Unit in the World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region stated that successful biodiversity conservation cannot happen in the absence of community engagement and support. He further stated that communities still essential for conservation. They could be the vital for local „guardian‟ and could get sustainable benefit from the conserved areas.

Unfortunately, a development program without locally sound approach, to some extent could undermine community self-reliance. Some communities tend to rely on the external supports to implement their community-based program activities. Even, if the program has provided materials, communities still demand labour costs. They, however, do not proactively access the supports. On the other hand, the government allocates resources in support of development programs yearly. Some the government initiated program, however, could not address the communities‟ needs, because of their top-down in nature. Quality linkage between the demand at community level and the supply at the government side is one essential key to have sustainable development programs. The government will improve their accountability by enhancing resources efficiency through financing more environmental friendly and sustainable community-based programs, whereas communities will be able to continue and sustain their development activities. Equally important, quality linkage will enhance the quality of current processes of development planning, known as Musrenbang (Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan).

Learning from Green PNPM progress, the interventions and activities conducted in the Inception and Direct Intervention Phases have placed several good foundations to support incorporation of environmental issues in the development policies and sustaining the government commitment toward development programs that concern environment issues. Several training materials and modules have been produced, used and reviewed to fit with the needs. Campaign materials were designed and produced to improve stakeholders‟ awareness on environmental issues. Green PNPM has managed to pull together attention of Green PNPM stakeholders to place their resources to environmental related issues, through various training/ workshop and awareness raising activities. Beside, facilitators have better knowledge and skills implementing Green PNPM, while communities are aware of their roles in environmental sustainability.

In summary:

CARE and RECOFTC did significant needs assessment on which its activities have been based, and they have been well targeted and defined. Recommendations from public consultations were incorporated into the project documents and the activity design. They were updated as new recommendations and results of evaluations surfaced during the project.

The capacity development approach which encouraged facilitators and community leaders to play a major part in knowledge dissemination was a good method to ensure sustainability and exit strategy.

CARE and RECOFTC had initial difficulty in implementing this project due to some delays in the implementation of Component 1 and 2, leading to slow start, but managed to recover to complete all of the project activities.

Participating Green PNPM Facilitators are generally appreciative of the project and feel more confident to prepare and provide trainings and hands-on support to the community.

Non-participating villages are aware of the project and its components and experienced growth in knowledge related to RPJMDes development.

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There needs to be more attention paid to implementation of trainings. Trainings were well received but have often not led to implementation yet. It takes time to oversee this process.

Capacity in institutions developed (Green PNPM Facilitators) but in order to reach sustainability, this will require continued commitment of decision makers and possibly some external consultancy or assistance, possibly from Non-Governmental Organizations.

All the 4 components of Green PNPM need to synchronize their implementation strategy so as to reach maximum results. Component 4 of Monitoring and Evaluation started closed to project ending, providing very little if any, inputs and support for improvement in the field.

Partnering with RECOFTC was a good experience as RECOFTC is a knowledgeable organization in Natural Resource Management and provided a significant support in capacity building activities.

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VII. Key Project Personnel

Name Position Organization

Rieneke Rolos Regional Program Manager CARE International Indonesia

Wahyuddin Kessa Project Manager CARE International Indonesia

Muslich Ismail TPQ CARE International Indonesia

Awareness Coordinator CARE International Indonesia

Judy Raharjo Training Coordinator CARE International Indonesia

Ratna Salim Ass. Admin and Finance CARE International Indonesia

Fredy Kansil Driver CARE International Indonesia

Johannis OH CARE International Indonesia

Roonakon Training Advisor RECOFTC

Mila Nuh dan Emil Kleden Training Specialist RECOFTC