A class and homework course

Rex Sadler Sandra Sadler

THIRD EDITION

2

TEACHER BOOK

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ContentsPreface vii

Acknowledgements viii

1 Images and words 1Comprehension Film poster 1

Cartoon 3Spelling and vocabulary Behaviour 4Language What is a clause? 6

Main clauses 6Dependent (subordinate) clauses 6

Punctuation How well do you punctuate? 8The craft of writing The graphic novel 8

2 Factual texts 10Comprehension Information report 10

Autobiography 12Spelling and vocabulary Confusing pairs 14Language Dependent (subordinate) clauses 15Punctuation Reviewing punctuation 17The craft of writing Autobiography 18

3 Planet Earth 19Comprehension Global warming 19Spelling and vocabulary The Earth 21Language Nouns 22Punctuation Starting and finishing sentences 23The craft of writing Problems of planet Earth 25

4 This sporting life 26Comprehension  The race 26Spelling and vocabulary Sport 28Language Proper and common nouns 30Punctuation Punctuating fables 31The craft of writing Becoming a better writer 32SAMPLE

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5 Hard times 33Comprehension Shoes 33Spelling and vocabulary Money matters 35Language Collective nouns 36

Abstract nouns 37Punctuation The full stop, question mark and exclamation mark 38The craft of writing Poverty 39

6 Inventions 40Comprehension Credit cards 40

Shopping trolleys 41Spelling and vocabulary Inventions and discoveries 42Language Singular and plural nouns 43

Forming plural nouns 44Punctuation Commas 45The craft of writing Describing objects 46

7 War and peace 47Comprehension The hiding place 47Spelling and vocabulary In the line of fire 49Language More plural nouns 50Punctuation Statements and questions 52The craft of writing War and peace 53

8 All about people 54Comprehension Robyn 54

Spit Nolan 55Spelling and vocabulary Up-front and personal 56Language Using adjectives 58Punctuation Apostrophes 59The craft of writing Using details to describe people 60

9 In the wild 61Comprehension Stingrays 61Spelling and vocabulary Creatures in the wild 63Language Adjectives of comparison 64Punctuation Capital letters 66The craft of writing The world of animals 67

10 Music, music, music 68Comprehension ‘The nocturne in the corner phonebox’ 68Spelling and vocabulary The sound of music 70Language  Onomatopoeia 72Punctuation Punctuating dialogue 73The craft of writing Using sound words 74

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11 The world of books 75Comprehension The emu 75

Banana fact file 76Spelling and vocabulary All about books 77Language Synonyms 78

Antonyms 79Homonyms 79

Punctuation Using the apostrophe to abbreviate words 80The craft of writing What’s that you’re reading? 81

12 Places 82Comprehension Beneath the sea 82Spelling and vocabulary Describing places 84Language  Personal pronouns 85Punctuation Direct and indirect speech 87The craft of writing Describing a place 88

13 School days 89Comprehension Conflict in the classroom 89Spelling and vocabulary Education 91Language Verbs 92Punctuation Using the apostrophe to show ownership 94The craft of writing School days 95

14 Disaster 96Comprehension Plane crash in the Andes 96Spelling and vocabulary Emergency 98Language Verbs tell time 99Punctuation Apostrophes—avoiding confusion 101The craft of writing Narratives 102

15 On the farm 103Comprehension A plague of locusts 103Spelling and vocabulary On the land 105Language Present participles 106

Forming present participles 107Punctuation Using commas 107The craft of writing Plagues and epidemics 109

16 Health 110Comprehension What it feels like to be stuck in a tornado 110Spelling and vocabulary The human body 112Language Past participles 113Punctuation Abbreviations 115The craft of writing Describing feelings 116

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17 Abandon ship! 117Comprehension Torpedoed 117Spelling and vocabulary On the move 119Language  Adverbs 120

Forming adverbs 121Punctuation Colons 122The craft of writing The force of nature 123

18 Let’s go to the movies 124Comprehension ‘A bundle of twists in a dragon’s tale: Eragon’ 124Spelling and vocabulary At the movies 126Language Idioms 127Punctuation Paragraphs 129The craft of writing Writing a film review 130

19 Read all about it! 131Comprehension ‘Paraglider pilot survives horror storm ascent’ 131Spelling and vocabulary The newspaper 133Language Prefixes 134Punctuation Quotation marks for speech 135The craft of writing A news report 137

20 The great outdoors 138Comprehension Rapids ahead! 138Spelling and vocabulary In the wilderness 140Language Conjunctions 141Punctuation Question marks and exclamation marks in speech 143The craft of writing Untamed lands 144

21 Careers 145Comprehension A day in the life of a naturalist 145Spelling and vocabulary People at work 147Language Suffixes 148Punctuation Revision—punctuating sentences 149The craft of writing What I would like to be 150

22 Numbers, shapes and sizes 151Comprehension The great pyramids of Egypt 151Spelling and vocabulary Counting and measuring 153Language Numbers as adjectives 154

Numbers and prefixes 155Punctuation Revision—punctuating sentences 156The craft of writing How/why did it happen? 157

Back-of-the-book dictionary 158

Teachers will find extra activities, ‘Fun with words’, online.

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1Images and wordsComprehensionFilm posterLook at the film poster and answer the questions that follow.

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Reading for understanding

1 What is the advertiser’s purpose in creating this poster?The advertiser’s purpose is to persuade the reader to go and see the film.

2 In this poster, what immediately draws the audience’s attention? Why?The audience’s attention is drawn to the scissor hands because they are so unusual.

3 How are the scissor hands positioned in relation to the two characters?The scissor hands are in the foreground and given prominence.

4 How does the poster’s image show that the film is a love story?The woman has her arms around Edward’s neck which suggests her tenderness and love for

him.

5 Which words in the poster indicate that the young woman is attracted to Edward?‘Beauty is what she sees’.

6 Which words tell the audience about the character of Edward?‘The story of an uncommonly gentle man.’

‘Innocence is what he knows.’

7 ‘… an uncommonly gentle man.’ Why do we wonder whether Edward can be gentle?His scissor hands make it seem impossible for Edward to be gentle.

8 How does the film image suggest that Edward is the main character?Edward’s face is directed towards the audience and he stands taller than Kim.

9 Why do you think the advertiser mentions two of the director’s previous films, Batman and Beetlejuice ?This suggests that the director is experienced: he has made two previous, well-known films.

10 Why do you think the title has ‘edward’ in lower case and ‘SCISSORHANDS’ in capital letters?The advertiser wants to draw the audience’s attention to Edward’s unusual hands.

11 What emotions are presented in the image?The feelings of love and sadness are presented in the image.

12 What else in the image, other than his hands, suggests that Edward is an unusual character?Edward’s hair, clothes and make-up suggest that he is an unusual character.

12 marks

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Cartoon

Reading for understanding

1 What is the cartoonist’s purpose?The cartoonist sets out to condemn the civilised world for the pollution of the ocean.

2 How do the survivors know that they have reached civilisation?They know they have reached civilisation by the huge amount of rubbish floating towards

them.

3 How does the cartoonist show that the survivors have endured much hardship?The survivors are thin and weak from a lack of food and their clothes are all tattered.

4 What emotions do the survivors experience when they see the garbage floating on the water?They are overjoyed and relieved to reach civilisation.

5 What has the cartoonist identified about our society’s values?The cartoonist has identified our society’s lack of concern about the pollution of the natural

world.

5 marks

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Spelling and vocabulary

guess defiance gratitude similarity trulyperfection juvenile confiscate observant anonymouspraise resistance impostor prohibit amiablestupidity minority completely prevention degradationunanimous rejection noisily patriotism compulsoryrespectable impulsive permit difficulties hurriedly

Behaviour

Finding list words

Use list words to complete these sentences. 1 minority is the opposite of majority. 2 hurriedly is the adverb formed from hurry. 3 difficulties is the plural of difficulty. 4 noisily is the opposite of quietly. 5 impulsive is the adjective formed from impulse. 6 anonymous means having no name or authorship. 7 truly is the adverb formed from true. 8 juvenile means of, or for, young people. 9 patriotism means love of one’s country.10 defiance is the noun formed from defy.11 observant is the adjective formed from observe.12 unanimous means everyone is in complete agreement.13 completely is the adverb formed from complete.14 confiscate means to seize or take away.15 similarity is the state of being similar.16 praise means to express approval or admiration of.17 compulsory is the adjective formed from compel.18 amiable means friendly and good-natured.19 prohibit is a verb meaning to forbid or prevent.20 respectable means good, or worthy of respect.

20 marks

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Word skills

1 Form nouns ending in ‘-ion’ for each of the following list words.a permit permission d confiscate confiscation

b prohibit prohibition e compulsory compulsion

c observant observation f completely completion

2 Write a list word similar in meaning to each of the following words.a allow permit c totally completely

b sincerely truly d foolishness stupidity

3 Write a list word opposite in meaning to each of the following words.a voluntary compulsory c slowly hurriedly

b quietly noisily d ingratitude gratitude

14 marks

Adding list words

Complete the following by using appropriate words from your list. The first letter of each word is given to help you. Use each list word once only.

The quest for freedomThe r resistance group had made a u unanimous decision to depose the i impostor who was trying to p prohibit them from gaining a democracy. An a anonymous letter had been h hurriedly circulated and the people showed their d defiance by an i impulsive attack on the parliament building. A r respectable member of the community pleaded that the dictator should recognise the d difficulties faced by the people and demanded that he no longer should have the power to c confiscate their properties.

11 marks

Back-of-the-book dictionaryThe list word ‘permit’ is made up of two Latin words: per meaning ‘through’ and mitto, meaning ‘I send’. ‘To permit’ is ‘to send somebody through’ or ‘to let someone pass through’. There are many words in English that begin with the Latin prefix per-. Here are a few of them. Using the back-of-the-book dictionary, write their meanings.

percolate:  to drip through; to filter

perennial:  through the years; year after year

perforate:  to bore through; to make a hole in

persist:  to continue doing something, often in spite of difficulty

permeable:  able to be passed through

5 marks

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LanguageWhat is a clause?A clause is a group of words expressing a complete thought. A clause contains a subject and a verb.

Clauses are often joined together to form sentences. The following sentence is made up of a main clause and two dependent clauses.

Owls are able to catch small animals  because they have strong night vision, which enables them to see in the dark.

(The first dependent clause begins with the conjunction ‘because’ and the second with the relative pronoun ‘which’.)

Main clausesA main clause (also called a principal clause or independent clause) contains a verb and a subject. It usually makes sense on its own and may also form a complete sentence in itself.

A burst of lightning lit up the sea.It very often combines with other main and dependent clauses to form sentences.

Falcons are not huge birds, but they can fly very fast.

Please note: in the above sentence the two main clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunction ‘but’.

Dependent (subordinate) clausesA dependent clause (also known as a subordinate clause) is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.

It is not able to function by itself. It usually begins with a conjunction or a relative pronoun, as seen in the dependent clauses in bold below.

Dark clouds scudded across the horizon as the storm approached.

The old man, who was smiling happily, hugged his grandchild.

Identifying clauses

Identify the clauses as set out in each example. 1 When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow.

from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Dependent clause:   When he was nearly thirteen

Main clause:  my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow

Main clause Dependent clause

Dependent clause

Main clause Main clauseConjunction

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2 Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by CS Lewis

Main clause:  Once there were four children

Dependent clause:  whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy

3 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.

from The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway

Main clause 1:  He was an old man

Dependent clause:  who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream

Main clause 2:   he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish

4 Once upon a time there were four little rabbits, and their names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cotton-tail and Peter.

from The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter

Main clause 1:  Once upon a time there were four little rabbits

Main clause 2:  their names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cotton-tail and Peter

5 When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton.

from The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien

Dependent clause 1:  When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced

Dependent clause 2:  that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with

a party of special magnificence

Main clause:  there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton

6 All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. from Animal Farm by George Orwell

Main clause 1:  All animals are equal

Main clause 2:  some are more equal than others

7 The drought had lasted now for ten million years, and the reign of the terrible lizards had long since ended.

from 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C Clarke

Main clause 1:  The drought had lasted now for ten million years

Main clause 2:  the reign of the terrible lizards had long since ended

8 A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. from A Room of One's Own by Virginia Woolf

Main clause:  A woman must have money and a room of her own

Dependent clause:   if she is to write fiction

18 marks

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PunctuationHow well do you punctuate?Imagine where we’d be without punctuation. We’d have no sentences or paragraphs. There would be no capital letters to tell us where to begin a sentence, no full stops to tell us where to end one, and no commas to tell us where to pause. There would just be a never-ending block of print or writing. Reading a book, newspaper or magazine would be intolerable.

To give you an idea of what it would be like, here is a dramatic paragraph taken from the classic novel Swiss Family Robinson by Johann Rudolf Wyss. Your task is to rewrite the paragraph adding capital letters, full stops and commas. The number of sentences that you need to use is indicated in the brackets at the end.

Encounter with a boa constrictorafter the donkey ran from the beach it arrived at the lair of the snake and stopped although the donkey realised its danger it could not move the poor animal should have fled but it stood fascinated and uttered a low groan the boa its hungry jaws wide open approached steadily until it was within striking distance the donkey could not move because it was paralysed with fear it gazed at the monster that quickly wound its long scaly body around him and then suffocated him in the horrible embrace we shuddered as we looked at the fearful sight

(seven sentences)from Swiss Family Robinson by Johann Rudolf Wyss

After the donkey ran from the beach, it arrived at the lair of the snake and stopped. Although

the donkey realised its danger, it could not move. The poor animal should have fled, but it

stood fascinated and uttered a low groan. The boa, its hungry jaws wide open, approached

steadily until it was within striking distance. The donkey could not move because it was

paralysed with fear. It gazed at the monster that quickly wound its long scaly body around him

and then suffocated him in the horrible embrace. We shuddered as we looked at the fearful

sight.

7 marks

The craft of writingThe graphic novelA graphic novel is a novel in a comic-strip format. It is a long story told in pictures and words. It features:

• panels comprising words and pictures that show action and movement to develop the story

• gutters, which are the spaces between the panels• speech balloons that enclose the dialogue• caption boxes containing information about a scene or character• visual sound effects using special lettering and onomatopoeia (e.g. ‘kapow!’).

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Creating graphic novel panels

Many famous novels have been changed into graphic novels. Here are two panels from a graphic novel derived from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. Notice how the combination of words and images brings the story to life. Now try your hand at converting an incident or scene from a novel, poem or story you have been reading. Four panels are provided for you to use.

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