Index

compiled by JOOST VAN DER MAAREL

A* Aberdeen, USA 210 Abies 165-174, 177, 346, 376,

392-398, 420, 464, 470-472, 479, 494, 655

A. alba 376 A. amabilis 210, 211 A. balsamea 626 A. concolor 202 A. firma 488, 489, 508 A. grandis 199 A. homolepis 488 A. lasiocarpa 202 A. mariesii 488, 489, 503, 511 A. sachalinensis 489 A. veitchii 488, 511

Aboriginal man 272, 292, 293, 369 -disturbance by 243 -influence of 264, 266, 268, 292

Acacia 243, 244, 247, 251, 253, 254, 256, 279, 286, 287, 293, 562, 693

A. greggii 429 Acer 19, 20, 169, 206, 220, 376,

390-392, 398, 400, 418, 650, 687, 690, 706, 743

A. rubrum 622, 686 A. saccharum 47, 626, 682, 686,

688, 705, 707 Acheulian culture 175 Actinidia 182 Aegialitis 282 Aesculus hippocastanum 179 Agathis 241, 245

A. australis 568, 569, 593 Agavaceae 277 Agriculture 367-373, 512, 634, 637

et seq., 674 -slash and burn 508, 636

Agropyron-Festuca grassland 690 Alangium 282 Alaska 201, 212, 543, 536 Alchornea 322 Alderton assemblage 210 A1fo1d, Hungary 661 Al1erod interstadial 354, 637 Alnus 23, 60, 173, 174, 179, 200,

202, 204-212, 215, 222, 316, 323, 324, 357, 361, 376, 390-392, 396, 398, 400, 523, 527, 528, 541-547, 614, 652, 744, 748, 760, 761

A. cr ispa 523 A. japonica 510 A. rubra 692 A. viridis 663

Aleutian low pressure system 118 Alpine

-farming 663 -treeline 361, 379

Altitudinal forest zone 352 Alyxia 282 Amaranthaceae 223, 677 Amazon(e) 311

-basin 137, 307, 320 Ambrosia 216, 218, 223, 226, 316,

678, 681-690, 743 A. artemisiifolia 683

789

Amersfoort, The Netherlands 166, 169 Amersfoort interstadial 86 Amino acid

-dating 79, 100, 101, 105, 222 -racemization 222

Amorpha 47 Anacolosa 268 Ancylus 99 'Ancylus period' 99

Andean -mountain chain 307, 310 -upheaval 311

ANDERSEN, S. TH.

-forest dynamics 739-740 Andes 311, 330 Andoya, Norway 527 Anodopetalum biglandulosum 264 Antarctica 138, 140 Antarctican

-circumpolar current 140; see also circum-antarctic current

-element 281 Anthropochores 636 Apophytes 636 Appalachian Mts., USA 388, 396, 400,

402, 674 Araucaria 242, 272, 275, 277, 284,

286, 309 Araucariaceae 244, 269, 284 Arbutus 199, 748, 749

A. menziesii 205 A. unedo 732

Arctic 519 et seq. -Canadian 201, 212-213 -High 30 -treeline 361, 379

Arid-adapted tree flora 291 Arizona, USA 207 Artemisia 200, 207, 215, 216, 223,

226, 352, 355, 392, 396, 527, 529, 531, 534, 714

A. sec. tridentatae 418 Arundinaria 681, 690, 691 Ascarina lucida 569, 580, 582-589,

595 Asia, Central 143 Assemblage zone 52, 54 Asteraceae 47, 251, 256, 262, 264,

265, 267, 270, 271, 279, 287, 296, 316

790

Astragalus 400 Atherton-Cairns area, Australia

271, 279, 289 Atherton Tableland, Australia Atlantic 222, 227 Atmospheric circulation anomaly Atriplex 207, 440

A. canescens 426 A. eonfertifolia 429

Axial tilt 161 Australasia 237 Austrobuxus 268 Avena 652 Avicennia 314, 316 Azolla 176

A. filiculoides 173 A. tegeliensis 183

B* Baffin Island, Canada 396 Baltic 86, 99 Bandkeramik culture 638-641 Barbados 89 Basin Pond, USA Basin size 23 Bavelian complex Bedlno, Poland Beilschmiedia

616

81 171

B. tawa 568, 586 B. tar ire 586

269,

291

135

Beringia 527, 528, 529, 534, 540 Bermuda high pressure system 118 Betula 60, 202, 215, 226, 353-357,

390 et seq., 464, 472-477, 480-503, 511, 522, 523-529, 541, 546, 640, 652,682,686,687,693,707,733, 742-649, 764, 775

B. ermanii 578 B. glandulosa 227, 522 B. lenta 622 B. lutea 390 B. nana 523, 528 B. papyrifera 390, 400, 614, 687 B. platyphylla 478, 488, 509 B. pubeseens 535

Betula-AInus-Pinus woodland Biomass 25, 44 Biothermal term 240 B.L. Bigbee swamp, USA Bleehnum spieant 692 Bog vegetation 22

680

739

Bogota, Colombia 79, 141, 332 Bogota core 330 Bombacaceae 322 Bombax 268 Boreal forest 222, 396 Borehole Alliance, Surinam 315 Borneo, Indonesia 246

Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA), USA 617

Bowler's model of Australian palaeoclimates 285

Braun-Blanquet association 45 Breen Wood, .U.K. 744 Briga1ow, Australia 243 British Columbia, Canada 201,

211-212 Broken Hill flora 198 Bromium alicastrum 676, 677 Bromus tectorum 430, 450 Bronze Age 645

-tumuli 737

173, 184 Brooks Range, Canada 538 Bruckenthalia spiculifolia Brunhes epoch 80 Brunhes-Matuyama boundary Br6rup, Denmark 165, 170 Br6rup interstadial 170 Butcher's Creek, Australia

181, 263

269, 271, 279

Buxus 173 Byrsonima 313, 316, 317, 322, 677

c* 14C; see Radiocarbon dating Cainozoic; see Cenozoic Calamus 282 Calibration

dating California,

223

curve; see Radiocarbon

USA 197-199, 203, 205,

Callitris 244, 293 Calluna 641, 656, 657 Calophyllum 282 Cami11an Wood, Eire 749 Campostemon 282 Canada 58, 59, 392 Cannabis 684 Canterbury, New Zealand 595 Canthium 282 Canton peat layer, Illinois, USA 216 Cape

-Blanco, USA 208 -Cod, USA 611 -Fou1wind, New Zealand 256 -Kiwanda, USA 208

Capricorn Basin, Australia 268 Carbon

-'dead' 85, 86, 685 -old 85, 86

Cardium 639 Carex 545, 546 Carpinus 165, 359, 373, 646, 649,

650, 707, 716 C. betulus 346, 372 C. caroLiniana 626

Carpolithes 183 Carya 182, 202, 215, 217,

219-221.226, 390-393, 613, 682 Cascade Range, USA 417 Caryophyllaceae 691, 744 Castanea 215, 221, 390, 673, 686

C. dentata 604, 707, 716, 743 C. sativa 647

Castanea decline 707 Castanopsis 242, 246, 248

C. cuspidata 497, 504-506 Casuarina 244, 246, 47, 259, 244,

264, 267-269, 276, 287, 288, 292, 293

Casuarinaceae 244, 251-256, 263, 270, 271, 274, 276, 279, 286, 288, 295

Cauea Valley, Colombia Ceanothus 199 Cecropia 322 Cephalanthus 222 Celtis 216, 217, 283

C. laevigata 623 C. pallida 429

Cenozoic 79 -chronostratigraphy -cooling 140, 144 -late 102, 250, 287 -time scale 193 -climatic variation

Ceratocystis ulmi (Dutch fungus) 623

Cercidium floridum 429 Cercocarpus 420

C. intricatus 426 Cereal cultivation 367 ChiP ratio (Charcoal

311

79

138 Elm

area/Pollen) 606, 618 Chalkfield flora 199 Chamaecyparis thyoides 221 Charcoal particles 272, 605 Charge Pond, USA 612 Chelford, U.K. 160

Disease

Chenopodiaceae 223, 226, 245, 247, 254, 262, 264, 267, 270, 271, 637, 675, 677

Chenopodiineae 687, 689, 691 Chenopodium berlandieri 680 'Chenopods' 243 Cherry tree Stadial 227 Chestnut Blight 622 Chihuahuan Desert, USA 426, 434-439 Chionochloa 567 Chippubetsu bog, Japan 482, 489 Chord distance dissimilarity 357 Choristoneura fumiferana (Spruce

budworm) 626

Chrysothamnus pulchelloides 440 Chugohu, Japan 464 Chula Vista flora 198 Circum-antarctic current Cladium mariscus 164 Clamgulchian stage 201 Clarendonian age 193

280

Clastic lamination 757 Clear Lake, USA 207 Cleome 679 CLIMAP (Climatic Mapping

Project) 126, 129, 138, Climate-modelling experiment Climate zone 310, 343 Climatic

-amelioration 255, 275

699 374

-calibration of pollen data 69 -change 280, 370, 374-375, 377,

421-422, 581, 586, 604, 634, 699, 708

-deterioration 280 -fluctuation 289 -optimum 341, 361, 378 -oscillation 354, 375, 426 -reconstruction 71

791

-variation 114-124, 126, 138, 144, 343

-variation, short period 119 Closed canopy sites 728-730 Cluster analysis 56, 57 CO2 concentration 125, 128, 131,

136, 138 Coastal redwoods 209 COHMAP (Cooperative Holocene Mapping

Proj ect) 68, 380 Cold-adapted plants 291 Colorado, USA 202, 679 Compositae 216, 223, 226, 316, 318,

677, 691, 744 Conifer-dominated community 206 Coniferous forest 201 Connecticut, USA 685 Conroy Lake, USA 616 Continuous deposition 6 Cook Strait, New Zealand 578 Cooling trend 126 Coprosma 568, 571, 579, 580, 590 Cordillera, USA 141 Cordillera

-Central, Colombia 310, 311 -Occidental, Colombia 334 -Oriental, Colombia 310, 311

Coring 9 Corisporum Cornus 215

690

Coronel-Lata flora 310 Corrie glaciers 354

792

Corylus 164, 177, 356, 360, 361, 637, 639, 680, 740, 760, 761, 775

C. avellana 716 County Sligo, Eire 734 Crater Lake (Oregon), USA 102 Crawford Lake, Canada 681-683, 686,

759, 764, Cretaceous 138, 144, 284, 310 Crete, Greece 664 Cromer forest bed, U.K. 178 Gromerian

-complex 81 -interglacial 178 -shells 101

Cruciferae 689, 691 Cryptococcus fagisuga (scale

insect) 624 Cryptomeria 713

C. japonica 474, 477-479, 488, 489, 505-508, 510

Cteno10phonaceae 309 Cucurbita 674, 676, 677, 679

C. pepo 679, 680, 681 Cunoniaceae 242, 248, 264, 268, 271,

273 Cuphea 318 Cupressus arizonica 435 Curatella americana 313, 316, 317 Cyperaceae 47, 53, 216, 222, 223,

D*

318, 386, 390, 392, 395, 398, 482, 522, 529, 538, 567, 571, 675

Daboecia cantabrica 173 Dacrycarpus 271, 275

D. dacrydioides 568, 582, 584 Dacrydium 271, 272, 274, 275, 277,

283 D. bidwillii 255 D. cupressinum 255, 269, 277, 289,

567, 569, 576, 580-595 Dalea 47 DARWIN, C.

-migration and distribution 700 DC (dissimilarity coefficient) 55,

56, 61 -signal-to-noise 56

DCA; see also DECORANA 56, 58 DE GARDOLLE I A .

-biothermal terms 240 Deep ocean core 157, 203, 205, 208 Deer Lake, USA 692 Deforestation 275, 358, 359 Deschutes flora 200 Deciduous trees 60, 61 DECORANA (De trended correspondence

analysis); see also DCA 56, 57 Deglaciation 128, 129, 134

Dendrochronological correlation 103 Dendro-years 84 Dennstaedtia punctilobula 743 Deposit

-geologic 4 Desert scrub vegetation 207 Devensian/Weichselian glacial De Vries effect 84

344

DIL (right-handed/1eft-handed amino-acid isomer) ratio 100, 101

Dipterocarpaceae 242 Direct gradient analysis 70 Diss Mere, U.K. 759, 760, 762 Disturbance by man 243; see also

aboriginal man - disturbance by Dodonaea 331 Donau period 155 Don beds, Toronto, Canada Donegal, Eire 733 Dracophyllum 569

D. acerosum 575 Drake passage 280 Draved Forest, Denmark 740 Drier forest 285, 286, 289 Drought 121 Dryas-Empetrum heath Duck Pond, USA 618 'Dust-bowl' drought Domnitz interglacial

E*

528

119 176

221

East Gibsland, Australia East Milford, Nova Scotia,

247

Canada 221 Eburonian 178-182 Eccentricity 161 Edaphic difference Eemian interglacial

184, 186 -initiation 162

8 79, 98, 165-172,

-insolation peak 162 Elbe estuary, FRG 173 Eldrup Forest, Denmark 739, 740 Elm decline 774 Elymus mollis 545 EMILIANI Ie.

-oxygen isotope stages 157-160 -stage 3 160 -stage 5 complex 266

Empetrum 545 Empodisma 572 Emys orbicularis 164 Elaeocarpaceae 248, 283 El Abra Stadial 331 E1 Nino Southern oscillation 116 Endothia parasitica 604 Engbertsdijksveen peat bog, The

Netherlands 773

67 Environmental constancy Eocene 139, 287, 309 Eocene/Oligocene boundary 140 Ephedra 202

E. viridis 443 Erica

E. mackaiana 173 E, scoparia 184 E. scoparia var. macrosperma

Ericales 223, 527 Eriogonum 440, 691 Erodium 691 Ertebolle/Ellerbek culture ERV (Extended R-value) model ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)

dating 92

184

640 35

Eucalyptus 47, 244, 246-49, 254, 256, 263-270, 276, 279, 286, 292, 562, 620, 693

E, deglupta 286 Eucommia 178, 179

E, europaea 182, 183 E, ulmoides 183

Eucryphia lucida 264 Eucryphiaceae 264 Eugenia 249 Evergreen forest 202 Evolution 440, 703

F* Fabaceae 47 Fagerlind effect 34, 35, 49 Fagopyrum 652 F, esculentum 509-512

Fagus 29, 30, 65, 164, 165, 174, 184, 202, 218, 221, 356, 390-400, 477, 478-481, 488, 489, 497-503, 506, 649, 654, 655, 682, 686, 687, 708, 740, 743

F. crenata 475-476, 497, 503, 511 F. grandifolia 372, 612, 705-707,

715, 716, 742 F. japonica 475-476 F. sylvatica 370, 371, 373

Farmdalian 160 Federal Rebublic of Germany

(FRG) 637, 647 Feigne d'Artimont. France 169 Fennoscandia 361, 522, 536, 666 Festuco-Brometea community 661 Fine(r) resolution

-pollen analysis 755, 756 Finland 636, 644, 651, 666 Fire 314, 368, 604-629, 637, 750,

706, 715, 764 -climatic effect 164 -ecology 604 -natural 595-596

Fj6sanger, Norway 79 Flandrian 81, 82, 98 Flores, Indonesia 242 Florida, USA 388, 403 Fluviatile sequence 79 Fluvio-glacial gravels Fluvio-lacustrine deposit Foraminiferal zone 268 Foraminiferans 139 Forest

332 251

-disease 603, 621 et seq. -dynamics 739 et seq. -pathogens 621, 764, 765

Forsel1ia nevadensis 426 Frangula 184, 741 Frankfurt am Main, FRG 183 Fraxinus 202, 217, 219, 359, 390,

793

392, 400, 642, 682, 690, 740, 743, 760, 761

F. americana 218, 403, 622 F. excelsior 346 F. nigra 215, 403, 622 F. pennsylvanica 403, 639 F, quadrangulata 221

'Freezer-box' sampler 759 FT (Fission track) dating 101 Full Glacial 347 Funza, Colombia 326, 327 Furen, Japan 481, 489, 511 Farskesjon, Finland 64

G* Garrulus glandarius (Jay) 379 Gatcombe Withy Bed, U.K. 775 Gauss epoch 157, 178-182 Garcinia 282 Gentiana 291 Georgia, USA 223 Glacial

-flora 156 -Full 347 -late 492 -'refugia' 341, 375

Glacial/Interglacial -cycle 80, 114, 293, 254, 314, 330 -transition 709

Glaciation 140, 155, 308, 344, 327 Gleditsia 221 G1ennhope formation, New Zealand 251 Glenns Ferry formation, USA 202 Global energy balance 117 Gondwana flora 282, 287, 309 Gooseberry Lake, 1:SA 690 Gardania 223 Gore lignite 251 Gort, Ireland 175 Gortian 173, 184; see also

Holsteinian

794

Gramineae 219, 223, 226, 317, 318, 390-392, 404, 522, 529, 531, 532, 567, 571, 641, 680, 682, 690, 691, 744, 756, 760, 761, 775

Grand Canyon, USA 448 Grass savannas 317 Gravel 332 Great Ice period 155 Great Lakes, USA 120, 227 Greenland 138, 527 Greenleaf Lake, Canada 616 Guatemala 676 Gulf of Bothnia, Swedish coast

of 743 Gulf of Mexico 121 Gunnera 323 Guyana 314 Guantiva Interstadial 331 Gymnostoma 244, 276, 286, 288 Gunz 155

H* Halocarpus 569, 574, 575

H. bidwillii 582, 584 Hallstatt culture 645 Hamamelis virginiana 742 Hanging Lake, Canada 532, 543, 546 Harabun, Japan 488 'Hard water' error 85, 678 Harvard Forest, USA 742-743 Harz Mts., FRG 653, 654 Hauberg Economy 636, 666 Hazelwood sequence 261 H/D (Hydrogen/Deuterium) ratio 445,

447 Heath and dry grasslands, formation

of 655 Hebe 571 Hebrides, U.K. 660 Hedera 175, 643, 774 Hedyosmum 318, 324 Hekla, Iceland 101 Helianthus annuus 680, Hell's Kitchen Lake, USA Henty Bridge, Tasmania Herning type bogs 165 Hiatella arctica 100

681, 764 617

266

Hieres sur Arnby, France 169 High pressure cell 373 Hill sequence 256 Hippopotamus 171 Hippurus 545 Hoheria 579, 584

H. glabrata 579 Hokkaido, Japan 464-477, 493, 494 Holocantha stewarti 435

Holocene 81, 373, 378, 427, 534, 539, 582-596

-early 358, 359, 402 -elevation of tree lines 360-365 -initiation 162, 185 -late 371, 372, 512 -perihelion 165 -transgression 163 -variation of climate 126 -vegetation 369 -waterleve1 311

Holsteinian interglacial 95, 169, 172, 174

Honduras 679 Honshu, Japan 464-479, 489, 503 Hopwood Farm, USA 217 Hordeum vulgare 639, 652 Horry Clay 223 Hoxne, U.K. 175 Hoxnian

-interglacial 97, 173, 763 -deposit 184

Hudson Bay, Canada 388, 396 Human

-activity 368, 373, 416, 448, 470, 604, 662, 746, 747

-influence 508, 749, 750 -interference 331

Hunter Island, Australia 266 Hydrocharis 171, 186 Hymenophy11aceae 175 'Hypsithermal' 331, 427, 503

I* Ice accumulation

-Antarctica 280 Ice-rafting 158 Ice - sheet 344 'Icy-finger' corer 759 Idaho, USA 202 Igap6 forest 314 Ilex 175, 221, 268, 279, 318, 680,

749 I. aquifolium 732, 747 I. crenata 510 I. opaca 610 I. serrata 510

Illinoian ice-sheet 219 Immigration theory 283 Impatiens glandulifera 692 Indomalaysian

-flora 282 -region 286

INQUA (International Union for Quaternary Research) 81

Insolation 132, 135, 137, 142, 145 -anomaly 161

Inaha Terrace, New Zealand 254

Interglacial -bog 165 -cycle 80, 114, 163, 165, 185, 293 -deposit 79, 185 -early mid-pleistocene 177 -flora 156, 187

Interstadial 160, 186, 256, 266 Inuvik, Canada 547 Ipomoea batatas 676 Ipswichian 169 Ireland 164, 644, 736 Iron Age 652, 666 'Island hopping' 291 Isochrone maps 66, 67 Isoetes 545 Isopoll maps 32, 56, 63, 65, 66,

361, 362 Isotherms 395 Isotopic

-change 158 -dating methods 77

Isthmus area 323 Itea 223 Iva 223, 680, 683, 690 I. annua 681 I. xanthifolia 689

IVERSEN, J. -interglacial cycle

J* Japan 156, 713

162-165, 185

Japanese hypsithermal interval (Zone P2) 503

Jaramillo 157, 158 Jomon transgression 505 Juglans 202, 206, 215, 220

J. cinerea 682, 686 J. regia 647

Juniperus 215, 216, 352, 359, 547, 677, 679

J. occidentalis J. osteosperma J. scopulorum

Jutland, Denmark

K*

436 436, 445, 714

440, 442, 445 156

Kanto, Japan 479, 50S, 510 K/Ar method; see Potassium/Argon

method Karanovo culture 638 Katira Creek, Colombia 320 Ki'i Peninsula, Japan 464 Killarney, Eire 727, 746-750 Kirchner Marsh, USA 53, 61 Kittlitz, GDR 170 Klutlan Glacier, Canada 523 Knightia 569

K. excelsa 569, 590, 593

795

Krewera Ranges, New Zealand 591 Kreyenhagen Hill flora 198 Kumanoya Bog, Japan 482, 488 Kuroshio current 464 Kyushu, Japan 467, 470, 472, 474,

504 Koros culture 638

L* Labrador, Canada 59, 164, 549, 619 Lacustrine sequence 79 Lagarostrobus 259, 277

L. franklinii 251, 252 Lagenaria siceraria 681 Laguna

-de Cocos, Belize 678 -de Pedro Palo, Colombia 333

Lake -Ahvenainen, Finland 764 -Bonneville, USA 415, 445, 447 -Bunyan, Australia 257, 261 -Erie basin, Canada 226 -Fuquene, Colombia 327, 330 -George, Australia 257, 263, 280,

292, 293 -Harriet, USA 689 -Lahontan, USA 415 -Leake, Australia 267 -Monticchio, Italy 165, 347 -Nojiri, Japan 481, 493, 494, 504,

508 -of the Clouds, USA 93, 759, 764 -Patzcuaro, Mexico 674 -Superior, USA 5, 99 -Tay, Australia 287 -ValkiajArvi, Finland 93 -Van, Turkey 93 -Victoria, E. Africa 335 -Wangoom, Australia 257, 267 -Washington, USA 692 -Windermere, U.K. 97, 354

Lake-level change 335, 447 LanLinations

-biogenic 758 -calcareous 759 -ferrugenic 759

Lancewood, Australia 243 Landnam phase 639-644 Lapland 536, 739 Larix 52, 220, 362, 376, 387, 493,

527, 528, 541, 655 L. grnelinii 481, 488, 511

Larkum Pond, USA 615, 616, 623 Larrea 437

L. divaricata Late Glacial

426 492

Latrobe valley 257-261, 277, 279-281, 287, 295

796

Laurentide ice-sheet 392, 395, 528, 543

Ledum decumbens 546 Left-handed amino-acid isomers 100 Le Grand Pile, France 166, 172, 187,

207, 208 Lens esculenta 639 Leptocarpus 572 Leptospermum 265 Les Echets, France 166, 172, 187 Libby half-life for radiocarbon 83 Libocedrus 577, 590

L. bidwillii 588, 590 L. plumosa 593

Lichenometry 102 Likhvin, USSR 176 Liliaceae 277

155 638-641

Limburg, The Netherlands Linearbandkeramik culture Linsey Pond, USA 622, 686 Linum usitatissimum 639 Liquidambar 217, 219, 220, 403 L. orientalis 179

Liriodendron 19, 20, 220 Lithocarpus 202, 242 'Litorina period' 99 'Little-ice-age-scale' variation Little Round Lake, Canada 760 Little Tennessee River valley Llano Estacada, USA 225

681

Llanos Oriental is , Colombia 311, 313, 317

Loch Carron, U.K. 755 Loe Pool, U.K. 758 Long distance dispersal 283 Long Island, USA 223, 611 Low nutrient soils 294 Lusatian culture 645 Luttersee, FRG 639 Lycopodium

L. alpinum L. sitchense

488 488

124

Lynch's crater, Australia 289, 292, 293

Losensjon, Finland 64

269-273,

M* Maclura pomifera 221 Macrofossi1(s) 6, 11, 45, 47, 66,

173, 195, 423, 445, 574 -analysis 9 -asemblage 87

Maestrichtian 308, 310 Maestrichtian/Paleocene boundary 309 Magdalena Valley, Colombia 310, 311,

332 Magnolia kobus 182 Mallotus 268

Malesia 239 Mangrove vegetation 314 Manihot

M. dulcis 676 M. esculenta 676

Man's activity 276, 634, 638 et seq. I 667; see also Human activity

Maori activity 293 Marine transgression 172 Markov process model 706 Martin's Quarry, New Zealand 256 Marks Tey, U.K. 175 Mastodon 333 Matuyama epoch 80, 158, 162, 210 Matuyama-Gauss boundary 160 Mauritia 309, 318, 322 Maya 676, 677 Mazama ash 102 McKay Lake, Canada 760 MDA (Multiple discriminant

analysis) 54, 59 Mediterranean vegetation 373, 664 Meikirch, Switzerland 174 Meinweg, The Netherlands 181 Melaleuca 249, 265 Melampyrum 748, 775 Menapian 178-182 Menominee County, Wisconsin, USA Menyanthes 545

M. trifoliata 185 Mesocratic 163, 173 Mesolithic culture 638 Mesophytic

-forest association -vegetation 202

Mesotherm forest 241

201

32

Metronome phenomenon 161, 175 Metrosideros 248, 567, 586, 589, 590

M. robusta 582 M. umbellata 578, 584

Mexico 674 Michigan, USA 57, 226, 400 Microcachrys 273 Microfossils 43, 195 Micromenyanthes

microsperma n. sp. Micrantheum 251 Microtherm forests 240 Middens 6, 10, 47

184

-packrat 424, 426, 427, 435, 438, 443

Middle Ages 647 et seq. Mikulino, USSR 171 MILANKOVITCH 1M.

-frequency band 142 -theory of Ice Ages 699 -variation 145

Mindel 155

Minnesota, USA 8, 63 Miocene 258

-early 237, 251 -late 279, 287 -mid 283, 287 -forest 201 -vegetation 202

Mississippi valley, USA Mixed

-evergreen forest 206 -oak forest 181, 185

Mizerna, Poland 182 Mogollon Rim, USA 437

121, 377

Mojave Desert, USA 429, 435, 437 Monaro Tablelands, Australia 277 Monsoon 417, 418 Montane forest 199, 206, 375, 376 Mountain elevation 162 Mount

-Desert Island, USA 606-608 -Fuj i, Japan 464 -Hiei, Japan 474 -Ishizuchi, Japan 464

Moutere Gravel, New Zealand 252 Mug House Pueblo, USA 679 Murray Basin, Australia 287 Myles Standish State Forest, USA 611 Myrica 215, 222, 324, 680

M. rubra 497, 505 Myriophyllum 215

M. spicatum 545 Myrsine 569-571, 579, 584, 587 Myrtaceae 248, 253, 258, 263, 269,

270, 271, 276, 282, 286, 287, 295, 296

N* Namibian desert, southern Africa 203 Najas marina 186 NAP; see pollen NAP/AP (non-arboreal pollen/arboreal

pollen) ratio 498 Nardeta1ia community 661 NCAR CeM (National Center for

Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model) 129, 137

Nectria coccinea var. faginata (fungus) 624

Nelson, New Zealand 578 Neogene

-geochronometric time scale 196 -vegetation 197, 203

Neoglacial climatic cooling 501, 505, 693

Neolithic -people 368-371, 638 -revolution 638

Neotoma spp. 6, 424

Neotropical flora 307, 309, 321 Neotropics 334 Netherlands, The 637, 643, 647 Nevada, USA 199-200 Newfoundland, Canada 221 New Guinea 239, 273-276 New Hampshire, USA 686 New Mexico, USA 207 New Zealand 239, 557 Non-linearity 69 Non-monotonicity 69 Northern Pennine blanket peat 771 North Gill, U.K. 775 North Island, New Zealand 250 et

seq., 291 North Sea basin 346 Norway 527, 644, 659-660 Nothofagus 240-248, 264, 274, 309,

566 et seq.

797

N. brassii 251, 252, 253, 269, 270, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 289

N. fusca 240, 251, 256, 260, 277, 279, 566

N. menziesii 240, 252, 261, 277, 566, 569, 573, 585

N. solandri 566 N. truncate 566

Nova Scotia, Canada 221, 619 Nul1arbor Plain, Australia 247 Numerical analysis 57 Nymphoides

N. aquaticum N. peltata

Nypa 268

184 184

Nyssa 223, 387 N. sylvatica 610, 742

0* Oak Crest Bog, USA Oak-Elm-Lime forest Odderade, FRG 166 Oere1, FRG 170

223 173

Ogle Bridge, Guyana 314, 316 Olduvai event 80, 157 Olea europaea 373 Oligocene 258, 285, 311

-late 287 Omanu Creek, New Zealand 256 Ontario, Canada 221, 226 Orbital forcing 209, 210 Oregon, USA 200-201, 203, 208-210 Orinoco, Venezuela 313 Osmunda

O. cinnamomea 184 O. claytoniana 184

Osterwanna, FRG 170 Ostrya-Carpinus type 215, 218-220,

223, 390, 392, 400

798

Ostrya 359, 682, 686, 707, 716 O. virginiana 626

Otago, New Zealand 251, 585, 587, 590

Oxygen Isotope(s) 78, 81, 136, 139, 157, 159, 166, 204, 208, 249, 266

-stage 3 266 -stage 5 265

Oxyria 527 Ozegahara Bog, Japan 482, 488, 503

p* Pachyrhizus erosus 676 Pacific 124, 143, 204

-coastal forest 210 Paired-basin technique 611 Palaeogene samples 284 Palaeolithic culture 365 Palaeoloxodon 175 Palaeomagnetic correlation 95, 96,

105 Palaeovegetational

reconstruction 196 Palmae 277 Palynological variability 11 Panama, Isthmus of 140 Panicum miliaceum 639 Papaver setigerum 639 Papilionaceae 286 ~ Papua, New Guinea 242 Param6

-flora 321-323 -vegetation 325, 326, 327, 332

Pasqua Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada 689

Pawlaw Mire, U.K. 774 PCA (Principal Components Analysis)

55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 64 Pearlette tephra 102 Peat bed 326 Peatland development 164 PENCK, A.

-Fourfould division of alpine glaciation 155, 157

Pendleton flora 200 PERCINF program 244 Perihelion 129, 142, 161 Peten District, Guatemala 676, 677 Phaseolus 674676, 677, 679 Phillyrea 373 Phellodendron elegans 182 Phyllocladus 269, 566, 567, 568,

571, 590 P. alpinus 574, 575, 579, 580, 582,

584, 587, 588, 594 P. trichomanoides 593

Picea 23, 30, 52, 173, 204-212, 361, 369, 373, 386, 390-393, 420, 464, 470-472, 479-481, 488, 494, 497, 503, 523-528, 535-547, 655, 686, 690, 692, 708, 733, 744

P. abies 370, 375, 535, 739 P. glauca 538-542, 548 P. jezoensis 488, 489, 511 P. mariana 539, 546 P. maximowiczii 488, 489, 492 P. omorika 170 P. omorikoides P. polita 488 P. pungens 426 P. rub ens 614

183

P. sitchensis 208, 210, 211 Picea subgenus Eupicea 492, 511 Pieman Darn, Tasmania 264 Pinus 19, 20, 22, 29, 47, 53, 70,

200, 204-217, 228, 352-356, 360, 386-398, 464, 472-479, 494, 508, 509, 527, 528, 637, 652, 655, 674-693, 734, 740, 742-744, 747

P. banksiana 225, 227, 400, 617, 687, 688

P. contorta P. densiflora P. discolor P. echinata P. englemanii P. flexilis P. longaeva P. monophy lla

714

2l0, 540 509-512

435 216

202 429, 442 84, 429, 438, 442

199, 436, 437, 443,

P. ponderosa 199, 207, 426, 427, 437, 438, 679

P. pumila 488, 493, 509 P. radiata 206 P. remota 435, 437 P. resinosa 225, 628, 687 P. rigida 610 P. sabiniana 207 P. strobus 8, 400, 612, 682, 683,

687, 688 P. sylvestris 63, 66, 375, 715 P. thunbergi 509, 693 P. jeffreyi 427

Pinus-Juniperus-Quercus woodland 418 Pioneer, New Zealand 258, 260 Pipe Clay lagoon, Tasmania 266 Pistacia 373 Pisum sativum 639 Pittsburg Basin, USA 224-225 P1aggen technique 636, 657-660, 667 Platanus 206 Plantago 291, 368, 684, 687

P. lanceolata 641, 693, 748

Plant -assemblage 63 -abundance 701, 709 -distribution 701, 709

Pleistocene 203-213, 223, 285, 311 -extinction 183 - \ refugia' 441

Pleniglacial 332, 333 Pliocene 285, 311

-assemblage 252 -flora 202 -late 271, 272 -vegetation 195-197

Plio-Pleistocene -boundary 80, 155, 178-182, 184,

254 -transition 160, 205

Poaceae 245, 247, 253, 254, 256, 261, 264, 267, 275, 287

Podocarpaceae 242, 244, 245, 251, 270, 295

Podocarpus 566-568,

P. hallii P. nivalis

240, 284, 309, 311, 330, 571, 584-587

590, 594 568

P. to tara 568, 581 Polemonium acutiflorum 481 Pollen

-accumulation rate (PAR) 532, 546

-analysis 17, 18, 341

23, 24,

-analysis of mor humus 21, 730-732, 747, 750

-assemblage 60, 62, 69, 99, 201, 204, 206, 308

-counting 11, 764 -deposition 22, 25, 199 -deposition rate 12 -diagram 12, 17, 32, 49, 53, 166,

179, 314, 315, 318, 330, 331, 347, 479, 623, 640, 644, 645, 675, 678, 689, 705, 715-717

-flux density 27 -influx 48 -local/extralocal 46 -marine 205 -non-arboreal (NAP) 23, 166, 167,

175, 459, 477, 482, 488, 536, 538 -percentage 24 -preservation 732 -reworking 22 -samples 45, 60, 61 -source area 5 -spatial resolution 17 -spectrum 205, 312, 346, 569 -stratigraphy 93, 105 -transport 204

-waterborne 23, 379 -zone 99

Polygalaceae 251, 253, 283 Polygonum 748 Polylepis 330, 332 Polypodium 732 Polystichum muticum 692 Pompillon, France 174, 176 Population isolation 379 Populus 215, 359, 390, 400, 528,

799

547, 627, 641, 682, 683, 689, 690, 692, 706, 764

P. balsimifera 528, 689 P. tremuloides 426, 528, 687, 688

Portulaca oleracea 764 Post-glacial forest 356 Po tamoge ton 545 Potassium/Argon method 77, 82, 90,

96, 101, 327 Potential-natural vegetation 633 Potentilla 748 Potomac River, USA 227 Pout Pond, USA 764 Prairie forbs 392 Prairie-forest transition 688 Praetiglian 80, 178-182, 327 Precipitation 256, 271, 418, 502,

512, 585, 587 Prehistoric disturbance 673 Pressure gradient 143 Pritzwalk, GDR 176 Prosopis juliflora 429 Proteaceae 283, 286 Prumnopitrys 595

P. ferruginea 587 P. taxifolia 569, 573, 577, 584,

587 Prunus 692

P. armeniaca P. persica P. serotina

Pseudotsuga

647 647

622 420

426 P. menziesii Pteridium 756 Pterocarya 173, 174

P. fraxinifolia 183 P. hupehensis 183 P. limburgensis 182, 183 P. rhoifolia 504, 508

Puget Lowland, USA 210 Pulbeena Swamp, Tasmania,

Australia 264, 265 Puyallup event 210

Q* Quantitative reconstruction of

climate 68-71

800

Quaternary lOS, 113, 160, 210, 256, 405, 422

-evolution 341 -fossils 203 -migration 341 -variations 135, 145 -vegetation 195, 210

Quebec, Canada 539 Queensland, Australia 240, 285, 292 Quercus 11, 23, 202-228, 324, 331,

355-360, 371, 379, 386, 391-396, 460, 481, 488, 493, 641, 651, 674, 677, 680, 687, 740-750, 760, 761

Q. chrysolepis 205 Q. douglasii 207 Q. gambelii 426, 441, 708 Q. kelloggii 199 Q. mongolica var.

grosses errata Q. muhlenbergii Q. petraea 727, Q. rubra 683 Q. stellata 221

497, 503 221 747

Q. wislizenii 205 Q. subgenus Cyclobalanopsis Q. subgenus Lepidobalanus

494, 497, 502-504 Quick Moss, U.K. 773 Quintinia 567, 593, 595 Quirke Lake, Canada 686

R*

504-506 476-478,

r-K continuum 549, 702, 710-713, 716 R-value model 34; see also ERV

(extended R-value) model Radiation peak 186 Radioactive carbon isotope 83, 86,

103 Radiocarbon

-calibration curve 84 -dating 44, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89,

103, 157, 248, 255, 266, 488, 643, 644, 678, 681, 685, 763, 772, 773

Radiometric dating 83 Rain forest 239-249, 253 et seq.,

317 -angiosperm 286 -decline 278

Rancho La Brea, California, USA 205 Range contraction 164 Randia 251, 253, 283, 289 Ranunculus 545 Reafforestation 578, 584-586 Refugium 187 Relationship

-pollen-climate 65 -pollen-vegetation 19

Retibrevitricolpites 309

Reuverian 178-182 Rhamnus 744 Rhine-Maas Delta, The

Netherlands 178 Rhizophora 312, 314, 316 Rhododendron ponticum 174 Rhus 215 Rice Lake, USA 206 Right-handed amino-acid isomer 100 Ringold formation 210 Robinia pseudoacacia 221 Rocky Mts., USA 202 Rogers Lake, USA 626 Roman Period 373, 646, 666, 667 Rondonia, Brazil 318 Rubus chamaemorus 546 Rumex 368, 527, 684

R. acetosella 687, 693 Rupununi Savanna, Guyana 317 Russian corer 9

~

Sabana de Bogota, Colombia 311, 322, 326, 327

Sabana formation 322, 323 Sambucus 215 Saccoglottis cipaconensis 322 Salix 202, 215, 223, 227, 522, 523,

527, 545, 546, 640, 687, 688, 706, 775

Salmon Springs event 210 Salpausse1k& end moraines 93 Salsola kali 689, 690 Samerberg, FRG 174, 176 Sampling

-strategies 7 -methods 8

San Andres Mts., USA 426 San Diego formation 198, 199 Sangamonian interglacial 217-226 Sap indus 216 Sapotaceae 251, 282 Sargent Mountain Pond, USA 614, Sassafras albidum 610 Savanna vegetation 320 Scandinavia 344, 536, 636 Schwanheim, FRG 183 Sciadopitys 179 Sc1erophy11

-community 242 -forest 202 -vegetation 286-289

Sea-level fluctuation 316 Sea of Japan 478, 479 Searles Lake, USA 193 Sedimentation

-and wind velocity 28 -rate 48

Sediment -carbonate -deep - sea -Holocene -lake 4,

352 -laminated varved

140 78, 82, 90, 96, 264, 327 210

5, 6, 10, 19, 22, 25, 28,

757, 763; see also

-late glacial 30, 87 -marine 157, 163, 204, 208 -non-carbonate 140 -Quaternary 11, 37, 43 -varved 92-94, 103; see also

laminated Sedo-Scleranthetea community 661 Selaginella selaginoides 481, 488,

493, 511 SEM (Scanning Electron

Microscope) 11 Sequoia sempervirens 181, 197, 202,

206 Sequioadendron 420 Sermermiut, Greenland 545 Shepherdia 215, 545 Shikohu, Japan 470, 472, 474, 489,

504 Short-period variation of

climate 119 Sierra Nevada, USA 199 Sierra Nevada del Cocuy,

Colombia 332 Siegerfeld, FRG 651 Signal-to-noise DC (Dissimilarity

Coefficient) 56 Sirunki, New Guinea 289 Skipsea Withow, U.K. 755 Slash and burn agriculture 508 Snow Lake, Labrador, Canada 62 Snowfall 370 Solar

-output 126 -radiation 161

Sonoma Flora 197 Sonoran desert, USA

442 Sorb us 741, 744, 748 Source area 5

434, 436, 439,

South Island, New Zealand 250 et seq., 291, 294

Southland, New Zealand 277 Speleothem 89, 90 Sparganium 545 Spatial resolution of pollen data 17 Sphagnum 221, 545, 546, 767 Sporomiella (fungus) 691 Spruce budworm; see Choristoneure

fumiferana

Squaw Lake, USA Staphylea pinnata Starcevo culture Stellaria humifusa

618 782

638 545

Stratigraphic interpretation Stratiotes 171, 186 Subsamp1e 9 Subachoque formation 322, 323 Succession

-primary 373 -secondary 37 -of trees 165

Sutton's equation 25, 28 Sumatra, Indonesia 246 Sunday Creek, New Zealand 256 Surinam 314 Swamp forest 313 Sweden 535, 636, 737 Swifterband, The Netherlands Sydney, Australia 285 Symphonia 316, 318 Symplocos 318, 324 Syzygium 249

S. maire 568, 582 Saynaj&lampi Lake, Finland 86

T* TAMS (Tandem Accelerator Mass

Spectrometer) 12

71

640

Taranaki Lowlands, New Zealand 577 Tasmania, Australia 240 et seq. Tasman Sea 283 Taxodiaceae 237 Taxodium 217, 223, 403

T. distichum 202 Taxus 173-177, 420, 489, 748, 760,

761 Tectonism 162 Tege1en, The Netherlands 181, 183 ITelescope' effect upon altitudinal

vegetation zones 323 Te10cratic 163, 165, 173 Temperate forest 197, 240, 242 Temperature

-decrease 279 -latitudinal variation 279 -lowering 334 -oscillation 369 -reconstruction 362 -sea surface 392

Temporal resolution Tephras 102 Tephrochronology 101 Terminocratic element 'Terra firme' forest

17

163, 186 314

801

802

Tertiary 214 -flora 310 -floral assemblages 196 -late 286, 287 -trees 179

TL (Thermoluminescence) dating 91 Thompson Common, U.K. 736 Thuja 464, 682, 686

T. occidentalis 617 T. plicata 692

Tibetan Plateau 140 Tiglian 178-182 Tilata formation 322, 323 Tilia 21, 164, 218, 221, 357-360,

376, 481, 488, 639, 640, 642, 644, 650, 682, 688, 740, 760, 761

T. americana 705 T. cordata 365, 371, 708, 732

Tilia decline 643 Time scale 80 Timor, Indonesia 242 Titusville, USA 227 Tongariro region, New Zealand 254 Topographical variation in

Europe 344 Trapa 202

T. natans 164 Tree

-canopy 21 -ring width 424

Treeline -mid-Holocene elevation -Arctic, change of 535

Tregaron Bog, U.K. 756 Trend surface 56 Trichterbecher culture Trigonobalanus 322 Triticum

T. dicoccon 639 639 T. monococcum

T. spelta 639 Tropical

-flora 321 -lowland 312 -savanna 312, 317

Troutdale floras 200

640

360-365

Tsuga 87, 88, 179, 390-392, 398, 400, 420, 489, 464, 470-472, 479, 488, 494, 682, 686, 687, 707, 743

T. canadensis 221, 612, 705, 706, 742

T. diversifolia 489, 503 T. heterophylla 204-211, 692 T. mertensiana 202, 206, 208, 209 T. sieboldii 488, 508, 511

Tsuga decline 100, 707 Tubuliflorae, Compositae

subgenus 226, 675, 691

Tundra 395 -forest 60 -steppe 532

Tunica Hills, USA 377 TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species

Analysis) 55, 375, 377

U* Ubuka Bog, Japan 488, 494, 504, 512 Ulmus 165, 202, 217, 218, 220, 226,

357-361, 376, 390, 392, 400, 481, 488, 504, 627, 639, 642, 673, 682, 687, 688, 690, 707, 740, 743, 760, 761

U. americana Ulmus decline Umbelliferae Umbellularia

689 100, 707

567, 571, 691 202

Ungava, Labrador, Canada 536 Upper South Branch Pond, USA 625 Uranium-series 88, 89 Urnenfelder culture 645 Urtica 637 USA, Eastern 202

V* Valle di Castiglione, Italy 187 Vantanea magdalenae 322 Varsea forest type 314 Varves; see sediment - varved Vegetational equilibrium 69 Vegetation

-change 595, 604, 704, 709 -type 344 -unit 346, 347, 377

Vertrittpflanzen 636 Viburnum 222, 742, 743 Victoria, Australia 240, 277 Victoria amazonica 314 Viking times 368 Viscum 643

V. album var. colora tum 504 Vitaceae 283 Vitis 182, 222 Volcanic eruption 124 Vosges Mts., France 166 Vrica section 80

W* Waalian 178-182 Waihato Basin, New Zealand 584 Waimea Creek, New Zealand 256 Wallaba forest 313 Warrumbungle Mts., Australia 276 Washington, USA 200-201, 203,

210-211

Water -balance change 665 -defici t 280

Weichselian -interglacial 98 -boundary 81 -shells 101

Weinmannia 309, 322, 330, 331, 567, 569

W. racemosa 578 Wellington, New Zealand 582 Wester Ross, U.K. 703 Westport District, New Zealand 255 White Mts., USA 626 Widgeon Pond, USA 611 Wildcat Lake, USA 690-691 Wind velocity; see sedimentation Winteraceae 283 Wisconsinan

-early and middle 224-228 -pre- 213-224

Wisconsin, USA 120, 400 Wisconsin lakes, USA 6 Wyoming, USA 202 Wyrie Swamp, Australia 266 Warm 155

x* Xanthium 683 Xanthocoma violaceum 676

y* Yaku Island, Japan 489, 508 Yarmouthian interglacial 219 Yashimagahara Bog, Japan 474 Yellowstone National Park, USA 102 'Younger Dryas' interval 132, 331,

354, 637 Yukon, Canada 523, 531, 534, 540

z* Zambia 706 Zea 673-683, 693

Z. mays 47, 764 Zelkova 202

1..* Angerrnanalven , Sweden 93

803