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COMPILATION WORK ON SARPAGAŅDHĀ SUBMITTED BY NAME : RINSIYA.P.E ROLL NUMBER : MANNAM AYURVEDA CO-OPERATIVE MEDICAL COLLEGE PANDALAM, PATHANAMTHITTA

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COMPILATION WORK

ON

SARPAGAŅDHĀ

SUBMITTED BY

NAME : RINSIYA.P.E

ROLL NUMBER :

MANNAM AYURVEDA CO-OPERATIVE MEDICAL

COLLEGE

PANDALAM, PATHANAMTHITTA

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MANNAM AYURVEDA CO-OPERATIVE

MEDICAL COLLEGE

PANDALAM, PATHANAMTHITTA

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bona fide compilation

work on Sarpagaņdhā done in Dravyaguna

Vijnana during the year 2008-09 by the candidate

Rinsiya .P.E Register Number

In charge H.O.D Int. Examiner Ext. Examiner

DATE:

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SARPAGAŅDHĀ

(അമÂപ്പൊരി)

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INDEX

PART 1

INTRODUCTION

1. DRAVYA GUNA : 5

2. INTRODUCTION TO AYURVEDA : 6

3. SARPAGAŅDHĀ INTRODUCTION : 9

PART 2

PHARMACOGNOSY

4. BOTANICAL NAME : 13

5. FAMILY : 13

6. VERNACULAR NAMES : 13

7. SYNONYMS : 13

8. MEANING OF TERMS : 14

9. DIFFERENT VARIETIES : 15

10. DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT : 16

11. HABIT AND GENERAL FEATURES : 17

12. MORPHOLOGY : 19

13. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY : 20

a. BARK : 20

b. LEAVES : 21

c. FLOWERS

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d. FRUITS :

e. COROLLA :

f. CALYX :

g. SEGMENTS :

h. TUBE :

i. LOBES :

j. DISK :

k. DRUPES :

l. INFLORESCENCE :

m. BRACTS :

n. PEDICELS :

o. PEDUNCLES :

p. PETIOLES :

q. SEEDS :

14. MACROSCOPICAL DESCRIPTIONS : 23

15. MICROSCOPICAL DESCRIPTIONS : 24

16. HISTOLOGY : 25

17. PARTS USED : 27

PART 3

PHARMACOLOGY

18. PROPERTIES : 29

19. ACTION & USES : 29

20. SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS & PREPARATIONS : 31

21. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS : 32

22. DOSAGE : 34

23. THERAPEUTIC USES : 35

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24. INDICATIONS : 37

25. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES : 38

26. IDENTITY,PURITY & STRENGTH : 39

27. T.L.C : 39

PART 4

28. RESEARCH WORKS : 41

29. REFERENCE : 42

30. CONCLUSION : 48

31. BIBLIOGRAPHY : 49

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PART 1

INTRODUCTION

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DRAVYA GUNA

Dravya guna is the basic subject of Ayurveda though not

enumerated in Astānga Ayurveda. That is the eight broad branched

one. Dravya guna may be called the Materia Medica of Ayurveda

which includes pharmacology, pharmaco-therapeutics and

pharmacognosy.The subject was taught in Guru-Sisya parampara,

totally as a practical one and hence it was not discussed as a

separate subject in the pre-historical age. Later many books were

written and the latest classical book is Bhavaprakasa Nigendu of 16 th

century A.D in Sanskrit. Many translation and commentaries of it are

available in Hindi as well as in other Indian languages, some of which

are of very high standard

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INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicines are the major

systems of indigenous medicines. Among these systems, Ayurveda is

the most developed and widely practiced in India. Ayurveda, dating

back to 1500-800 BC has been an integral part of Indian culture. The

term comes from the Sanskrit root AÉrÉ and uÉãS

AÉrÉÑ (life) and uÉãS (knowledge). As the name implies

it is not the science of treatment of the ill but covers the whole

gamut of happy human life involving the physical, metaphysical and

the spiritual aspects. Ayurveda recognizes that beside a balance of

body elements, one has to have an enlightened state of

consciousness, sense organs and mind has to be perfectly healthy.

Ayurveda by and large is an experience with nature and unlike in

western medicine, many of the concepts elude scientific explanation.

Ayurveda is gaining prominence as the natural system of health care

all over the world

Today this system of medicine is being practiced in countries like

Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan while the

traditional system of medicines in other countries like Tibet,Mangolia

and Thailand appear to be derived from Ayurveda. Phytomedicines

are also being used increasingly in Western Europe. Recently the U.S.

government has established the “Office of alternate medicine” at the

national institute of health at Bethesda and its support to alternate

medicine include basic and applied research in traditional systems of

medicines such as Chinese, Ayurveda etc with a view to access the

possible integration of effective treatment with modern medicine.

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The Ayurvedic system of Medicine is prevalent in India since the

Vedic period and as early as the dawn of human civilization. Though

Ayurveda has undergone many changes in the course of its long

history it still remains as the mainstay of medical relief to a large

section of the population of nation. Due to urbanization dwindling of

forest, the Vaidya by and large is no longer a self contained unit

collecting and preparing his own medicines as before. He has now to

depend on the newly developed agencies like one collecting and

supplying the crude drugs and the other undertaking mass

production of medicines in the Ayurvedic pharmaceutical units run

on the commercial scale.

India, due to its unique variety of geographical and climatic factors,

has had a rich and variety flora of medicinal plants since the Vedic

period. No wonder that out of a total number of over 15000 plant

species in India about 2000 are known to have medicinal properties

and some of them are even used as home remedies in the rural and

remotest parts of the country.

The vastness of the country with its inadequate means of

communication and facilities for transport of drugs coupled with

diverse regional languages resulted into a multitude of synonyms i.e.,

names in regional languages. Further, Ayurveda being a science put

into professional practice on umpteen occasions to try newer drugs

locally available led to the successful use of several other drugs with

therapeutic value similar to those drugs which are originally equated

with the classical Ayurvedic drugs, but later assumed the name of the

very same classical drug and continued to be locally collected, sold

and used in that name since the main classical drug was famous yet

locally unavailable and substitution was a necessity. Later in the first

half of the century, while scientifically identifying the drugs in vogue

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in different regions, the scientist found that there were more than

one species, belonging even to different families of plants, claiming

the same classical name of the Ayurvedic drug.” Brahmi” would be a

great example to be cited. This created a sensation that there existed

a great controversy about the identity of Ayurvedic drugs and that

there were more than one independent drug claiming the classical

name of the drug and one drug therefore having different scientific

identities. This innocent impression of scientists was further

exaggerated during the alien rule to run down the claim of Ayurveda

as a cultural heritage of India out of patriotism. All such drugs with a

multiple claim on the classical name in different provinces were

stamped as controversial drugs without going into their genesis

basically as therapeutic equivalents.

Ayurveda had never been static. Its practitioner had been innovative

and dynamic in the therapeutic practice and carried on clinical trials

out of the local flora and discovered newer medicines with same

therapeutic practice and carried on as the classical drug which might

have been then either locally unavailable or perhaps demanding

heavy prices. These newer drugs have been accepted by the

practicing profession as substitutes. In fact on study of Ayurvedic

literature on comes across several references of permitting the use

of substitute drug when the classical drug is not available. This is

based on the therapeutic equivalence and clinical efficiency.

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SARPAGAŅDHĀ

INTRODUCTION

‘Sarpagandha’ is considered to be a later entry into Indian Materia

Medica. ‘Sarpasugandha’ of Vedic literature is considered to be

‘Sankhapuspi’ but not Rauwolfia. Though Naakuli is described in

Jaimini Brahman, its identity is also doubtful.

Thakurji quoted that ‘Sarpagandha/Sarpasugandha’ is mentioned by

Susruta and Vagbhata only. (Susruta Samhita Kalpasthan 5/84;7/29;

Uttarasthan 60/48;Astanga Hrdayam Chikitsa 14/106; Astanga

Hrdaya Uttarasthan 5/3).

The identity of ‘Sarpagandha’ is controversial from the beginning. Susruta quoted ‘Sarpagandha’ among Aparajitha gana in the context

of Manasa rogas. Dalhana commented “ uÉwÉÉïxÉÑ NûɧÉÉMüÉUÉ “

In this context which indicates more about a mushroom. Majority of

scholars are of the opinion that Naakuli described in the nighantus is

the real ‘Sarpagandha’

Bapalaji reported that according to Bengali Kavirajas, Rauwolfia

Serpentina is one of the three types of Raasna i.e, Mula Raasna.

However this plant is famous as ‘Sarpagandha’ today. The roots are

considered to be useful in treatment of hypertension and insanity.

Many consider this to be Naakuli on Gandha Naakuli and so it is

supposed to be the Raasna. It is also noticed that Rauwolfia

canescens is used as Sarpagandha in some places.

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Caraka described Nakuli Dvaya (Nakuli and Gandha Nakuli)[Charaka

Samhita Chikiltsa Sthan 5/52). Thus Thakunji quotes that the age of

synonyms like sugandha etc, is common to more than one plant

appears to be the reason behind such controversies. Sugandha

appears to be accepted as the synonym of Rasna, Sariva and Gandha

Nakuli.

Nakuli might be denoted with synonyms like Sarpagandha and

Sarpasugandha. Therefore it is suggested that Rauwolfia Serpentina

and Aristolochia indica may be Nakuli and Gandha Nakuli

respectively.

Similarly Mukta which is a synonym of Nakuli or Sarpagandha may be

Rauwolfia which may also be used as a substitute for real Rasna. In

fact Mukta is the only corect name that indicates Rauwolfia

Serpentina due to its pearl-like red berries(Mukta).

Sarpagandha is mainly indicated in the Ayurvedic texts in Vata

rogas,Apasmara and Unmada. Its indication is basically the

contribution of Dr.K.C.Bose and Dr.Sen who have studied the effect

of Sarpagandha on hypertension but did not report or publish it from

London which is needed to get the authentic recognition among the

medical fraternity. Dr.Rustumjal Vakil who published about the

hypertensive property of Rauwolfia serpentine root is now given the

honor of discovery.

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PART 2

PHARMACOGNOSY

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BOTANICAL NAME : Rauwolfia serpentina (Linn) Benth Ex

Kurz

(Ophioxylon serpentinum Linn)

FAMILY : Apocynaceae

MORPHOLOGICAL :

1.VERNACULAR NAMES :

Sanskrit : Naakuli,Candrika,Chandramarah

Bengali : Chaandar

English : Rauwolfia root, Serpentina root

Gujrati : Amelpodee

Hindi : Chhota chand, Dhaval barua

Kannada : Sutranabhu, Patalagaruda, Sutranabhi

Malayalam: Amalpori, Cuvanna amalpori

Marathi : Adkai, Chandra

Oriya : Dhanbarua. Sanochado

Tamil : Sarppagandhi, Sivan amalpodi

Telugu : Sarpagandhi, Palalagandhi

2.SYNONYMS

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Chandramarah

Dhavala

Vitapa

Naakuli

Sarpasugandha

Sugandha

Mukta

Nakulesta

Meaning of Terms

Chandramarah : A tree having pearl like red berries

Dhavala : As being possessed with white flowers

Vitapa : As flowers and seeds are found in

clusters

Nakuli : Favorite of mongoose

Sarpagandha : Which emits the smell of snakes

Sarpasugandha : Which emits the odor of snakes

Sugandha : Possessed with smell

Mukta : Having pearl like red berries

Nakulesta : Favorite of mongoose

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DIFFERENT VARIETIES

At present another species of Rauwolfia i.e ,Rauwolfia tetraphylla is

being widely supplied as Sarpagandha.

About seven species of Rauwolfia are uninvestigated. Eight other

species are mentioned. They are

1. Rauwolfia canescens

2. Rauwolfia micrantha

3. Rauwolfia densiflora

4. Rauwolfia perakensis

5. Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz

6. Rauwolfia caffra Sond

7. Rauwolfia natalensis Sond

8. Rauwolfia nitide Jacq

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DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT

Rauwolfia is found throughout India, as forest undergrowth. It grows

in waste places and shady forests in India. It is now considered as an

endangered species in many parts of India

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HABITAT AND GENERAL FEATURES

Sarpagandha is a perennial under shrub widely distributed in India in

the Sub-Himalayan tracts upto 1000m as well as in the lower ranges

of the eastern and Western Ghats and in the Andamans.

It is found usually in moist deciduous forests at altitudes ranging

from sea- level to 1200m. It is seldom found in evergreen forests

except at their very edges and is absent in open country. The plants

are more frequent at the shade of Shorea, Ficus, Terminalia,

Holarrhena, Cassia, Dalbergia, Mangifera and Adina sps. Sometimes

they are found growing between clumps of Calamus. In the Deccan

they are found associated predominantly with bamboo forests,

particularly in freshly deforested areas.

Although the range of distribution of Rauwolfia is very wide its

occurrence is sporadic. The plants usually grow scattered, very

seldom close to each other. It is noteworthy that wherever plants of

Rauwolfia serpentine have been found, they are growing in close

proximity to the beaten tracts or to sites of habitation whether

ancient or recently abandoned.

An erect evergreen perennating undershrub,15-45 cm (rarely 90 cm)

high glabrous or rarely pubescent. Leaves 3 to 4 natally whorled,

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rarely opposite, the main nerves slender and usually arched, flowers

in coreymbose umbellate cymes, peduncles alternate with terminal

leaves or axillary, calyx 5 lobed, corolla tube cylindrical, dialated

opposite the stamens, the mouth constricted, the throat usually 5,

overlapping to the left, stamens 5, included on the corolla tube,

filaments very short, anther small, acute ,the cells rounded at the

base ,Disk cup shaped or annular, ovary of 2 distinct or connate

carpels, ovules 2 in each carpel, collateral style, filiform, stigma

calyptriform at the base, the tip bifid. Fruit of 2 connate or distinct

drupes, each with a crustaceous 1 seeded pyrene, seeds ovoid, testa

thin, albumen, fleshy, cotyledons flat radicle superior.

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MORPHOLOGY

A small erect shrub or undershrub with red pedicles and calyx,

leaves three in a whorl, thin, gelatinous, bright green above, flowers

white often tinged with violet in irregular corymbose cymes, fruits

drupes, purplish black when ripe.

The roots when dry are very hard, less flexible tortuous with a

yellowish brown surface provided with vertical and irregular cracks

or wrinkles, when rubbed with water yields a light yellowish tinged

paste. The bark does not separate easily from the woody portion,

when dry but separates easily in fresh conditions.

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EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY

A Small erect shrub rarely reaching, in the Bombay presidency, 0.9m

high.

BARK :- It is pale, rarely lenticullate.

LEAVES:-

They are 3 in a whorl, thin, glabrous, bright green above, rarely,

opposite, elliptic, lanceolate or obovate or acute or acuminate, pale

in color beneath, base tapering, main nerves 8-10 pairs, slender,

somewhat obscure owing to the blade running down into the

petiole, 7.5-18 by 2.5-6.3 cm thin.

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FLOWERS:-

In many flowered cymes, flowers are white often tinged with violet,

in many flowered irregular corymbose cymes.

FRUITS:-

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Obliquely ovoid, drupes, purple black, when ripe

COROLLA:- is salver shaped, tube cylindric, white or tinged with

red, 1-1.5 cm, long, or rarely a little longer.

CALYX:- glabrous, bright red.

SEGMENTS:- 2.5 m long, lanceolate

TUBE:- Slender, swollen a little above the middle,

LOBES:- 3mm long, elliptic, oblong, rounded at the apex

DISK:- cup shaped, membraneous, obscurely lobed

DRUPES:- Single or didymous and connate more or less deeply,

about 6 mm in diameter, purplish black when ripe.

INFLORESCENCE:- With red pedicles and calyx and white corolla is

striking

BRACTS: Beneath the pedicels triangular, acute, 1-1.5 mm long

PEDICELS:- Stout, 3-6 mm long, bright red

PEDUNCLES:- 5-12.5 cm long

PETIOLES:- 8 mm long, somewhat obscure owing to the blade

running down into the petiole

SEEDS:- Ovoid

Flowers and fruits almost throughout the year but mainly during

February to May.

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DESCRIPTION

MACROSCOPICAL DESCRPTION

The roots are cylindrical. The main root reaches a length of 30-45

cms, the diameter of the root varies from 0.3 to a little over 1 cm.

The external surface of the root is slightly rough and wrinkled and

show distinct longitudinal ridges with cracks. The longitudinal ridges

are not straight but they are interlocked to one another exhibiting a

reticular appearance.

Only a few lateral roots are sometimes met with numerous wiry

rootlets are found. The outer surface is pale brown. The bark is easily

removable in small patches exposing the pale yellow wood. The

fracture is short.

The root is odour less but has a bitter taste. The cut end of the root

shows a pale brown cork showing ridges and furrows on the outside,

a pale yellow white middle portion and a central pale yellow woody

portion which forms the major portion of the root.

Numerous faint lines are seen radiating from the center. In a root

about 6mm in diameter the cork is about 1.5 mm in thickness, the

rest of the bark 1.5 mm in thickness and wood 3mm in diameter.

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MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION

An outer layer in a transverse section of the root is the cork which is

stratified and consisting of 18 rows of cells of which cells of 8 to 12

layers are smaller suberized and unlignified cells of remaining layers

large, rubberized and lignified phelloderm parenchymatous, some

cells packed with starch grains and prismatic and clusters crystals of

calcium oxalate; secondary phloem tissue consists of sieve cells,

companion cells and parenchymatous cell containing starch grains

and crystals of calcium oxalate,phloem fibers absent, phloem

parenchyma occasionally filled with granular substances, starch

grains mostly simple but compound granules also occur with 2 -4

components, individual granules spherical about 5-15µm in

diameter, with well marked hilum simple or split in a radiate form.

Stone cells are absent(distinct from many other species such as R.

canescens,R. micrantha, R. densiflora ,R. perakinsis and R. vomitoria),

secondary xylem is characterized by well developed lignified

medullary rays of about 1-5 cells wide but uniseriate rays one more

prominent, vessels singly or in pairs, xylem parenchyma cells lignified

,fribers present. Cells of medullary rays thick walled and filled with

starch grains and calcium oxalate prisms

POWDER

Coarse to fine, yellowish brown, free flowing, odour slight, bitter in

taste, characterized by spherical, simple to compound starch grains,

calcium oxalate prisms and clusters, vessels with simple perforation

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occasionally tailed,tracheids lignified,xylem fibers irregular in

shape,occurs singly or in small groups,walls lignified,tips occasionally

forked or truncated, wood parenchyma cells are filled with calcium

oxalate crystals and starch grains, stone cells, phloem fibers absent.

HISTOLOGY

An outer layer in the transverse section of the root is the cork which

is stratified and consisting of 18 layers of cells. The outermost 3-5

rows are tangentially elongated and the cells are narrow thin walled

tubular, tubular cells measuring 40 to 57 µ in length tangentially and

10-19 µ in width. Inner to this is a zone of 3-5 rows of radially

elongated brocher, thin walled polygonal cells which measure 38-90µ

in length radially and 35-57µ in width tangentially. The next 5 rows of

cells are slightly tangentially elongated and measure 36-56µ

tangentially and 26-55µ radially. The inner 2 to 3 rows measure 15-

35µ radially. The outer most narrow cork cells have suberized but

unlignified walls while rest of them have lignified and suberized

walls.

PHELLOGEN

Phellogen is distinct consisting of one or two rows of tangentially

elongated rectangular cells which measure 23-25µ in length and 8-

10µ in width

PHELLODERM

Consists of 7-10 rows of regular slightly thick walled cellulose cells

without inter cellular spaces. The phelloderm cells just inner to

phellogen are smaller rectangular tubular ones where as the inner

phelloderm cells are slightly irregularly arranged. The phelloderm

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cells measure 14-70µ in length tangentially and 12-65 in width

radially and these cells contain numerous starch grains

PROLIFERATED TISSUE

Inner to the phelloderm 7-9 rows of slightly tangentially elongated

thin walled parenchyma cells are met with. The cells are large

oblong, polygonal or rounded ones contain many starch grains. The

cells posses large intercellular spaces. The cells of the proliferated

tissue measure 45-95µ,30-57µ. These cells are slightly irregularly

arranged.

The inner bark consists of numerous broad distal ends of medullary

rays which alternate with narrow radial strips of phloem. Phloem

parenchyma, sieve tube and companion cells are distinct. Phloem

parenchyma cells measure 4-30µ X 2-27µ. A few phloem parenchyma

cells contain starch grains.

A few cells in the proliferated tissue and also a few phloem

parenchyma cells contain some granular substances which becomes

brown with Sudan III

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PARTS USED

ROOT

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PART 3

PHARMACOLOGY

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PROPERTIES

Rasa : Katu, Tikta

Guna : Laghu ,Ruksha

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Katu

Karma : Kapha-vata hara, Nidrajanaka, Depana, Rucya

Vishaguna, Pachana, Mutrala

ACTION & USES

Deepana, Kaphahara, mutral (diuretic), pachana, rucya, vatahara,

vishaghna.

The decoction of the root is used in labours to increase uterine

contractions. The juice of the leaves is used as a remedy for the

removal of opacities of the cornea. It is highly reputed for

hypertension, and is useful in strangury, fever, wounds, colic,

insomnia, epilepsy, giddiness, dyspepsia, and vitiated conditions of

kapha and vata.

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The decoction of the root in Java, it is used as an anthelminthic.

In Mumbai, most of the labourers who come from the southern

Konkan keep a small supply of the root, which they value as a

remedy in painful affections of the bowels.

In the Konkan, the root with Aristolachia indica is given in

cholera in colic, one part of the root with 2 parts of Holarrhena root

and 3 parts of Jatropha curcas root is given in milk. In fever, the root

with Andrographis, ginger and black salt is used. The dose of the

combined drugs in each case is from 3-4 tolas.

The root is used in the Mundas as a snake remedy.

The inhabitants of Mecassan use the petioles as an antidote for ipoh.

Root acts also as febrifuge. The hypnotic and sedative actions

of the drug were known to the poorer classes in Bihar and the

practice of putting children to sleep by this drug is still present in

certain parts of that province.

The Ajmalin group acts as general depressant to the heart,

respiration and nerves and the serpentine group paralyses the

respiration and depresses the nerves but stimulates the heart. The

alkaloid isolated by Sen & Bose injected intravenously in cats showed

high stimulation of the uterine musculature.

The decoction of root promote expulsion of the foetus. Root is used

for hypochondria and irritative conditions of central nervous system.

In fever the root with Andrographis paniculata, ginger and black salt

is used

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SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS

Sarpagandhadi choorna

Sarpagandhi yoga

Sarpagandhi Vati, Serpassil Tablets

Sarpagandhi Gheena Vati.

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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

1). According to the book “Dravya Guna Vijnan” by Dr.J.L.N. Sastry it

is mentioned as the following

Ajmalicidine,ajmalicine,rouhimbine,reserpiline,reserpine,sarpagine,s

erpentine,serpentinine,yohimbine, ajmalimine, ajmaline,

rauwolfinine(perakinine), sandwicolidine, serpentine etc.

Reserpine(an indole alkaloid) is havinh anti-hypertensive and

tranquilizing property.Ajmaline in combination with other

hypotensive agents is used in the treatment of H.T.N complicated

with arrhythmia.

2). According to the book “Oushada sasyangal” by Dr.S.Neshamani, it

is mentioned as following

Ajmaline 0.1%,ajmalinine 0.05%, Ajmalicine 0.02%,serpentine

0.08%,serpentine,reserpine,reserpinine. In roots resin, starch. In

leaves potassium,carbohydrates,iron,manganese.

3). According to the book “The Indian Materia Medica with

Ayurveda, Unani and Home remedies” the constituents are

Root contains an alkaloid “ophioxylin”,an orange colored principles,

resin, starch and wax. The total yield of alkaloid is 0.5%. Five

crystalline alkaloids isolated are

1.Ajmaline(C20H26O2N2) ;M.P-1580-1600;0.1%

2.Ajmalinine(C20H23O4N) ;M.P-1800-1810;0.05%

3.Ajmalicine(C20H2304N) ;M.P-2500-2520;0.02%

4.Serpentine(C21H23O4N) ;M.P-1530-1540;0.08%

5.Serpentinine(C21H23O4N) ;M.P-2630-2650;Decomposes

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Other constituents are

Phytosterol

Oleic acid

Unsaturated alcohols of formula C25H44O2

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DOSAGE

Dose of combined drug is from 1-2 tolas

Dose of 20-30 grains of the powdered root twice daily for reduction

of blood pressure and giving sedative effects

Insomnia -3-6g

Hypertension 1-2 g

Schizophrenia 3-6 g

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THERAPEUTIC USES(AAMAYIKA PRAYOGA)

Anidra(Insomnia)

Apasmara(epilepsy)

Bhrama(disorientation)

Jvara(Fever)

Krimiroga(worm infections)

Mada roga

Unmada

Raktavata

Manasa roga(mental ailements)

Vrana(injuries)

Hypertension

Schizophrenia

Giddiness

The root with Aristolochia indica is given in cholera,in colic 1 part of

the root with two parts of Holarrhena root and 3 parts of Jatropha

curcas root is given in milk

In fever the root with Andrographia,ginger and black salt is used.

The root is used as a remedy for snake bite.

The petioles as an antidote for ipoh.

The doses of 20-30 grains of the powdered root twice daily produces

not only sedative effects but also a reduction of the blood pressure.

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In Visucika- Sarpagandha with warm water.

In Atisara- Powders of Sarpagandha & Iswari roots

In Sarpavisa- 10-20 g of root powders of sarpagandha is grained with

water and used internally.

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INDICATIONS

Cholera

Colic

Insomnia

Hypochrondria

Irritative conditions of central nervous system

Expulsion of foetus

Fever

Insanity

Hypertension

Corneal opacity

Snake bite

Scorpion bite

Painful affections of bowels

Schizophrenia

Injuries

Raktavata

Worm infections

Apasmara

Bhrama

Giddiness

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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Anthelmintic

Thermogenic

Diuretic

Sedative property

Febrifuge

Hypnotic action

Depressant

Antidote

Laxative

Anti diarrhoreal

Root acts also as febrifuge

Sleep drug for children in Bihar

Ajmalin group acts as general depressant

In fever, its root with Andrographis paniculata,ginger and black salt is

used

In labours decoction of its root used to increase uterine contraction

and for expulsion of foetus.

Antidote for ipoh, scorpion bite, snake bite.

In cholera Sarpagandha with warm water is given.

Powders of sarpagandha and Iswari roots are used in diarrhea.

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IDENTITY,PURITY & STRENGTH

1) Foreign matter not more than 2 percent.

2) Total ash not more than 8 percent.

3) Acid-insoluble extractive not less than 4 percent.

4) Alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 4 percent.

5) Water soluble extractive not less than 10 percent.

T.L.C

T.L.C of the methanol and ammonia extract of root powder on slice

gel ‘G’ plate using Toluene:Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine (70:20:10)

shows eight spot on spraying with Dragondroff reagent at Rf 0.11,

0.13, 0.25, 0.37, 0.47, 0.51, 0.61 and 0.82 (all reddish brown). The

spot at Rf 0.82 is of reserpine.

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PART 4

RESEARCH WORKS

REFERENCE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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RESEARCH WORKS

1. Siddiqui and Siddiqui have examined the root chemically (Journ.

Ind. Chem. Soc; VIII, 1931; IX, 1932)

2. The pharmacological action of ajmaline was determined by

Chopra, Gupta and Mukherjee ( 20th Ind. Sc. Congress; Patna;

1933)

3. Sen and Bose (1931) studied the pharmacological actions of the

drug on higher animals, eg:- cats.

They found that the watery extract of the whole drug

when injected intravenously in animals produces no

appreciable effect. The resins have also been separately tried

but without much effect on the system excepting a slight

stimulation of the uterine musculature. The alkaloids isolated

by them, however showed very definite results. The blood

pressure showed a slight fall and the respiration was slightly

stimulated. The heart muscle was depressed and the plain

muscle like that of small intestine,uterus etc was relaxed.

4. Roy(1931) found that the reflexes and the sensation of pain are

not affected by ordinary doses of the drug, however if the dose is

large it produces deep sleep, the reflexes and sensation of pain

are diminished and death may result from asphyxia due to

paralysis of the respiration center. The heart goes on beating for

some time after failure of respiration. Further research work

should be called for from the Department of Pharmacology,

school of Tropical medicine, Culcutta.

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REFERENCES

DESCRIPTIVE SYNONYMS

(1) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉÑUxÉÉ lÉÉaÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ |

lÉÉMÑüsÉå¹É pÉÑeÉ…¡ûɤÉÏ xÉmÉÉï…¡ûÏ ÌuÉwÉlÉÉÍzÉlÉÏ ||

( zÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(2) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉÑUxÉÉ lÉÉaÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ |

lÉÉMÑüsÉå¹É pÉÑeÉ…¡ûɤÉÏ xÉmÉÉï…¡ûÏ ÌuÉwÉlÉÉÍzÉlÉÏ ||

lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ iÉÑuÉUÉ ÌiÉ£üÉ MüOÒûMüÉãwhÉÉ ÌuÉlÉÉzÉrÉãiÉç |

pÉÉãÌaÉsÉÔiÉÉuÉ×ͶÉMüÉZÉÑÌuÉwÉeuÉUM×üÍqÉuÉëhÉÉlÉç ||

( pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉzÉÈ)

(3) xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ qÉWåûµÉUÏ cÉ ||

( SìurÉaÉÑhÉzÉÉx§ÉqÉç )

(4) aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ lÉÉqÉÉÌlÉ

AlrÉÉ qÉWûÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑuɾûÉ aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ |

xÉmÉÉï¤ÉÏ TüÍhÉWûl§ÉÏ cÉ lÉÉMÑüsÉÉRûrÉÉÌWûpÉÑMçü cÉ xÉÉ ||

ÌuÉwÉqÉÉSïÌlÉMüÉ cÉÉÌWûqÉSïlÉÏ ÌuÉwÉqÉSïlÉÏ |

qÉWûÉÌWûaÉlkÉÉ ∫ ÌWûsÉiÉÉ gÉårÉÉ xÉÉ ²ÉSzÉÉÀûrÉÉ ||

(UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ) (kÉluÉliÉËU ÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ) (zÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(5) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ

lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ U£ümȨ́ÉMüÉ |

DµÉUÏ lÉÉaÉaÉlkÉÉ cÉÉmrÉÉÌ»ûpÉÑMçü xuÉUxÉÉ iÉjÉÉ ||

xÉmÉÉïSlÉÏ urÉÉsÉaÉlkÉÉgÉãrÉÉ cÉåÌiÉ SzÉÉÀûrÉÉ |

(UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

Page 45: Compilation Work On

(6) aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ

(i) lÉÉMÑüsrÉÉ aÉlkÉqÉÔsÉÉ cÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ xÉÑuÉWûÉ cÉ xÉÉ |

xÉÑUÍpÉ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ aÉlkÉÉZrÉÉ aÉlkÉcÉÉËUhÉÏ ||

(xÉÉãRûsÉÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(ii) lÉÉMÑüsrÉÉ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉÏhÉïmȨ́ÉMüÉ |

DµÉËU xÉÑUxÉÉ UÉxlÉÉ pÉÑeÉ…¡ûSqÉlÉÏwrÉiÉå ||

(xÉÉåRûsÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(iii) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ pÉÉåÌaÉÎlkÉMüÉ |

xÉæuÉ xÉmÉïxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ iÉjÉÉ cÉÏËUiÉmȨ́ÉMüÉ ||

(kÉluÉliÉUÏrÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(7)qÉWûÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ

AlrÉÉ qÉWûÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑuÉWûÉ aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ |

xÉmÉÉï¤ÉÏ lÉÉMÑüsÉå¹É cÉ cNû§ÉMüÐ ÌuÉwÉqÉÉÌSïlÉÏ ||

(kÉluÉliÉUÏrÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(8) gÉårÉÉ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ iÉÑ iÉÑ xÉmÉÉï¤ÉÏ lÉÉMÑüsÉÌmÉërÉÉ |

cNû§ÉÉMüÐ lÉÉMÑüsÉã¹É cÉ mÉrÉÉïrÉÉæ ÌuÉwÉqÉÌSïlÉÏ ||

(AÍpÉkÉÉlÉqÉleÉËU)

(9) rÉÉãaÉåµÉUÏ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ pÉÉåaÉaÉÎlkÉMüÉ |

DµÉUÏ cÉ ÌuÉwÉblÉÏÌiÉ gÉãrÉÉ pÉÏËUiÉmȨ́ÉMüÉ ||

(AÍpÉkÉÉlÉqÉleÉËU)

(10) ÌoÉsuÉÉmɧÉxÉSìèzÉɤÉÑSìmɧÉÉãmÉãiÉÉÇ ÌuÉwÉqÉÉUhÉmÉërÉÉãaÉÍxÉ®qÉç |

LãiÉiÉç ²rÉqÉç ||

(xÉÉrÉhÉÉ)

Page 46: Compilation Work On

(11) uÉwÉÉïxÉÑ NûɧÉÉMüÉUÉ ||

(OûsWûhÉÉ)

(12) zÉÇZÉmÉÑwmÉÏ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉÉåijÉÉmrÉÉ......

.....iÉÇ qÉÍhÉÇ MühPãûlÉ ÍzÉUxÉÉ uÉ kÉÉUrÉiÉÉã

lÉ xÉmÉïprÉÇ pÉuÉÌiÉ ||

(xÉÉrÉhÉÉ 2|3|3|)

(13) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏpÉx§ÉÉxÉÌmÉërÉ…¡ÓûiÉhOÒûsÉÉlÉÉÇ uÉ mÉÔhÉÉï ||

(eÉæ.oÉëÉ 3|10|10)

(14) MÑü‚ÑüOûÏ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ iÉjÉÉ MüÉhÉÌuÉwÉÉÍhÉMãü |

lÉæmÉÉsÉÏ WûËUiÉÉsÉgcÉ U¤ÉÉåblÉÉ rÉã cÉ MüÐÌiÉïiÉÉÈ ||

(xÉÑ.E.60)

(15) lÉÉMÑüsÉå¹É qÉWûÉuÉÏrÉÉï iÉjÉÉ xÉmÉïaÉÎlkÉMüÉ |

ÌuÉwÉblÉÏ xÉÑuÉWûÉ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉÏËUiÉmȨ́ÉMüÉ ||

xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉmÉïsÉÉãcÉlÉÉ aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ |

xÉmÉïMÇüMüÉÍsÉMüÉ gÉãrÉÉ xÉÑlÉlSÉ ÌuÉwÉSÇηíMüÉ ||

AlrÉÉ qÉWûÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ Nû§ÉÉMüÐ MüÉqÉcÉÉËUhÉÏ ||

(Mæü. ÌlÉ)

Page 47: Compilation Work On

PROPERTIES AND USES

(1) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ MüOÒûMüÉÌiÉ£üÉ iÉjÉÉãwhÉÉ M×üÍqÉUÉãaÉWØûiÉç |

uÉ×ͶÉMüÉãlSÒU xÉmÉÉïÌS ÌuÉwÉÇ lÉÉzrÉiÉϤhÉÉiÉç ||

iÉÑuÉUÉcȨ́ÉSÉåwÉblÉÏMülSãhrÉãiÉãaÉÑhÉÉÈ xqÉ×iÉÉÈ ||

(aÉhÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(2) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ iÉÑuÉUÉÌiÉ£üÉ MüOÒûMüÉãwhÉÌuÉlÉÉzÉrÉåiÉç |

pÉÉãÌaÉsÉÔiÉÉuÉ×ͶÉMüÉZÉÑÌuÉwÉeuÉUM×üÍqÉuÉëhÉÉlÉç ||

(pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉzÉÈ)

(3) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ rÉÑaÉsÉ ÌiÉ£Çü MüOÕ ûwhÉÇ cÉ Ì§ÉSÉãwÉlÉÑiÉç |

AlÉãMü ÌuÉwÉÌuÉkuÉÇÍxÉ MüͶÉicNíãû̧ è Ç ÌÀûiÉÏrÉMüqÉç ||

(UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(4) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ MüOÒ ûÃwhÉÉ xrÉÌiÉ£üÉ ∫ÌmÉ mÉÉËUMüÐÌiÉïiÉÉ |

qÉÔwÉMüxrÉ ÌuÉwÉÇ WûÎliÉ M×üÍqÉSÉåwÉÌuÉlÉÉÍzÉlÉÏ ||

(kÉluÉliÉUÏrÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(5) lÉMÑüsÉã¹É MüOÒûÎxiÉ£üÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉãwhÉÉ ÌlÉrÉcNûÌiÉ |

uÉëhÉM×üqÉÏlÉç xÉmÉïsÉÔiÉÉuÉ×ͶÉMüÉZÉÑÌuÉwÉÇ aÉUqÉç ||

(Mæü.ÌlÉ)

(6) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ ÌuÉwÉWØûSè SÒ¹É uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉÌuÉlÉÉzÉlÉÏ ||

(xÉÉåRûsÉÌlÉbÉhOÒ ûÈ)

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SOME SPECIAL USES

(1) uÉëhÉM×üqÉÏlÉç xÉmÉïsÉÉãiÉÉuÉ×ͶÉMüÉZÉÑÌuÉwÉÇ aÉUqÉ ||

(MæürrÉSãuÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

(2) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ ÌuÉwÉWØûSè SÒ¹É uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉlÉÉÍzÉlÉÏ ||

(xÉÉåRûsÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

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CONCLUSION

Ayurveda never had been static. Its practitioners had been

innovative and dynamic in the therapeutic practice and carried on

clinical trials out of the local flora and discovered newer medicines,

with same therapeutic practice and carried on as the classical drug

which might have been then either locally un-available or perhaps

demanding heavy prices. These newer drugs have been accepted by

then practiced profession as substitution.

Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentine Benth ex Kurz) has its own

significance in the field of medicinal plants of India. It is used as

main ingredient in many medicinal preparations as well as used as

antidotes in the bites of poisonous reptiles and insects..

Invention of new species of the same family will be a milestone in

the field of Ayurveda.

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BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. The Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India

-Government of India

2. Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs- Department of

Pharmacognosy, University of Kerala.

3. Dravya Guna Vijnana- Dr. J.L.N.Sastry

4. Ayurveda vijnana Kosha – Vaidyabhushanam Raghavan

Thirumulpadu

5. Ousadha sasyangal- Dr.S.Nesamani

6. Internet

www.medicinalplants.com

www.flowersofindia.com

7. Text book of Dravya Guna- Dr. K .Nishteswar

8. Indian Medicinal Plants, a compendium of 500 species- Arya

vaidya sala Kottakkal

9. Pharmacognosy of Indigenous drugs- Central council for

research in Ayurveda & Siddha

10. Database on Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda- Central

council for research in Ayurveda & Siddha.