Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?

8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?

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{ofm

CierkpgpgqkK{irkfm

Cgpgks

^hkk `i phk

Cik Cgpgksspfm`9

[ofm _kskfch

S{eefw 63


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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks

^hkk `i phk Cik Cgpgks spfm`9

[ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63

Jfm{fw ?220

Iaagck ia phk @kr{pw Rgek Egmgspk: Dim`im


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CIMPKMPS

KXKC[PGQK S[EEF_W ;

SKCPGIM 6:

Cgpgks fk ofcl 7

Gmpi`{cpgim 7

^hfp gs phk cgpw chfddkmnk9 7

Hi~ ~kdd hfqk cik cgpgks okkm igmn9 62

^hfp gs {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss9 62

SKCPGIM ?:

Hi~ `i Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg K{irkfm cierkpgpis9 66

Hi~ gmmiqfpgqk fk Cik Cgpgks9 6?

Hi~ ~kdd k`{cfpk` gs i{ ~ilaick9 63

Hi~ ~kdd cimmkcpk` fk ~k9 60

^hfp fk phk keinfrhgc pkm`s9 60

Hi~ iks phk rgqfpk skcpi skk i{ cgpgks9 61

SKCPGIM 3:

Cierkpgpgqkmkss 68

Si ~hkk fk ~k9 mip wkp gm phk rkegk dkfn{k 68[ofm Cierkpgpgqkmkss ~hfp kfddw efppks9 68

SKCPGIM 0:

Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9 ??

Phk K{irkfm {ofm hgkfchw gs spfodk o{p cgpgks cfm geriqk v{gcldw ??

S{cckssa{d cgpgks s{cckssa{d kngims9 ??

Cgpgks efppk ?0

Cimcd{sgim 32


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;;

KXKC[PGQK S[EEF_W

Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks:

^hkk ì phk cik cgpgks spfm`9

^hfp gs phk chfddkmnk ai i{ Cik Cgpgks9

Phk Kmndgsh Cik Cgpgks Ogegmnhfe$ Ogspid$ Dkk`s$ Dgqkriid$ Efmchkspk$ Mk~cfspdk$

Mippgmnhfe fm` Shkaagkd` hfqk okn{m fm kcimiegc kmfgssfmck gm kckmp wkfs-

Mkqkphkdkss$ phkk kefgm cimckms phfp phkw: fk mip r{mchgmn phkg ~kgnhp

kcimiegcfddw gm phk mfpgimfd cimpkxp< fk afddgmn okhgm` Dimìm< dfcl phk gnhp ri~ks

fm` ksi{cks pi geriqk phkg rkaiefmck< fm` ì mip eflk fs nkfp f cimpgo{pgim pi

phk mfpgimfd kcimiegc ~kdafk$ fs cierffodk cgpgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk- Gs gp p{k9

[ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss ~hfp kfddw efppks9

Pi agm` i{p$ phgs sp{`w `kagmk` fm` ekfs{k` {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss gm pkes ia sgx cgpgcfd

chffcpkgspgcs: kcimiegc `gqksgpw< slgddk` ~ilaick< cimmkcpgqgpw< spfpkngc cfrfcgpw pi

gerdkekmp dimn%pke `kqkdirekmp spfpkngks< gmmiqfpgim gm ages fm` infmgsfpgim< v{fdgpw

ia dgak- ^k ciddkcpk` kqg`kmck im phksk chffcpkgspgcs aie f ~g`k fmnk ia s{cckssa{d

K{irkfm cgpgks fm` cierfk` gp ~gph i{ Cik Cgpgks$ phk ognnksp cgpgks i{psg`k Dimìm-

Hi~ ì Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg

K{irkfm cierkpgpis9

Mip fdd cimpgmkmpfd i Kmndgsh cgpgks ì kv{fddw ~kdd i kv{fddw of`dw gm kqkw fsrkcp ia

cierkpgpgqkmkss- Fm` Cik Cgpgks hfqk geriqk` phkg rkaiefmck gm kckmp wkfs- O{p phk

ogn rgcp{k gs cdkf- Efmw dfn okhgm` phkg cierkpgpis gm pkes ia N@R$ gmmiqfpgim dkqkds$

k`{cfpgimfd dkqkds$ cimmkcpgqgpw$ sicgfd cihksgim$ v{fdgpw ia dgak$ ridgpgcfd cfrfcgpw fm`

cimmkcpgims ~gph phkg ~g`k pkgpigks- C{cgfddw$ phkw dfn gm phk kwks ia gmpkmfpgimfd

gmqkspis- Phgs gs ef`k ~isk ow phk afcp phfp K{irkfm cgpgks ì mip rkaie ~kdd ndiofddw-

Dfcl ia cierkpgpgqkmkss gs f mfpgimfd riodke

o{p f ognnk {ofm riodke

Phk s{cckssa{d K{irkfm cgpgks gm i{ sferdk cimsg`kfodw i{prkaie phkg mfpgimfd N@Rs-

O{p ~gph phk kxckrpgim ia Ogspid$ phk Cik Cgpgks dfn sgnmgagcfmpdw okhgm` phk mfpgimfd

fqkfnk- Ga phk Cik Cgpgks ci{d` geriqk phkg rkaiefmck pi efpch phfp ia phkg

cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps$ phk nfgms pi phk mfpgimfd kcimiew ~i{d` ok kmiei{s-


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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63

1

Cfm ~k cfpch {r9

Wks ~k cfm- Phkk fk sp{cp{fd chffcpkgspgcs ia cierkpgpgqkmkss$ ~hgch ekfm phfp cgpgks

~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd fm` ~kk ~kdd knf`k` ow phk rgqfpk skcpi f `kcf`k fni$ spgdd dkf`-

Mkqkphkdkss$ cgpgks cfm sgnmgagcfmpdw geriqk phkg rkaiefmck- Hkdsgmlg$ Ofckdimf fm`

Ef`g` hfqk ìmk si-

Mfpgimfd niqkmekmp ridgcw efppks

Cgpgks hfqk pi efxgegsk phkg irrip{mgpgks ga phkw fk pi s{cckk` kcimiegcfddw- O{p phk

afek~il skp ow mfpgimfd niqkmekmp efppks f nkfp `kfd$ kxkerdgagk` ow phk gerfcp im

s{cckssa{d riqgmcgfd cgpgks ia kqkm dgegpk` `kckmpfdgsfpgim gm Afmck iqk ?2 wkfs-

Eimkw fm` ri~ks efppk

Cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks hfqk ksrimsgogdgpgks ai f ~g`k fmnk ia a{mcpgims ~hgch faakcp phkg

kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss phfm ì phkg Kmndgsh ci{mpkrfps- Phk egx qfgks o{p phkg

cieogmfpgim ia ri~ks fm` ksi{cks skkes pi eflk cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks eik rifcpgqk$

eik kmpkrkmk{gfd fm` riofodw eik cierkpgpgqk-

Cgpgks dgqk gm swspkes

Efmw K{irkfm niqkmekmps kcinmgsk phfp cgpgks fk gm f kdfpgimshgr ~gph kfch iphk gm

phkg i~m ìekspgc swspke fm` `kqkdir ridgcgks ~hgch eflk phgs kxrdgcgp- Phgs hfs shfrk`

phkg gmqkspekmp ridgcw gm pfmsrip$ hgnhk k`{cfpgim fm` dicfpgim ia _kskfch !

@kqkdirekmp (_!@' afcgdgpgks- Gm phk [L$ phkk hfs okkm dgppdk skmsk ia phk kdfpgqk idks

fm` cimpgo{pgims ia `gaakkmp cgpgks fm` hi~ phkw gerfcp {rim kfch iphk- O{p phgs gss{k

~gdd hfqk pi ok afck` ga phk Cik Cgpgks fnkm`f gs pi ok ef`k f kfdgpw-

Ni~m%{r niqkmekmp hkdrs

P~i ia phk ci{mpgks ~hgch hfqk rdfck` eisp fppkmpgim im cgpgks$ fm` hfqk okkm p~i ia

phk eisp ckmpfdgsk` ci{mpgks$ Afmck fm` Phk Mkphkdfm`s$ fk fppkerpgmn pi srkcgagcfddw

o{gd` okppk ~ilgmn kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm phk mfpgimfd spfpk fm` {ofm fkfs- Phk `kpfgdsqfw o{p phk rgmcgrdks kefgm phk sfek pi irkfpk im f cimpfcp{fd ofsgs ~gph phk dfnk

cgpgks- Phkk mkk`s pi ok nkfpk dkqkds ia p{sp okp~kkm mfpgimfd fm` cgpw niqkmekmps-

F eik cimpfcp{fd$ i{pciek%ofsk` frrifch phfp egmgegsk` egci%cimpid ci{d` ok f

hkdra{d ~fw ia kmci{fngmn cgpw kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss-

Sgzk efppks

Dfnk {ofm fkfs akv{kmpdw hfqk s{ospfmpgfd fsskps gm hf` fm` siap gmafsp{cp{k$ ~hgch

ngqk phke phk ripkmpgfd pi ok s{cckssa{d- Mip fdd dfnk cgpgks fk s{cckssa{d- O{p phk

s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm phgs sp{`w ~kk iapkm phk dfnk cgpgks gm K{irk fm` ckpfgmdw phk dfnksp

gm phkg mfpgimfd swspke- Im phfp ofsgs$ phk Cik Cgpgks fk fm frrirgfpk pfnkp ai f

s{spfgmk` niqkmekmp spfpknw-


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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks: ^hkk `i phk cik cgpgks spfm`9

>

Cgpw fm` kngimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss f og`nk

mip f ofgk

Phk p~i `i mip cimadgcp- ^k ai{m` mi s{cckssa{d {ofm kngims phfp `g` mip hfqk s{cckssa{d

cgpgks fp phkg cik- Phk kngims ~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd ~kk phisk ~hkk phk Cik Cgpwrkaiek` ~kdd fm` qgck qksf- Efmw mfpgimfd fm` kngimfd niqkmekmps im phk

cimpgmkmp hfqk kcinmgsk` phk cimpgo{pgim phfp cgpgks eflk pi kngimfd kcimiegc

rkaiefmck- Phkk gs fm gerkfpgqk pi `kqkdir spfpkngks$ ridgcgks fm` gmsp{ekmps phfp

r{dd Cik Cgpgks fm` phkg kcimiegc hgmpkdfm`s pinkphk fphk phfm frfp-

Cgpgks fm` s{o%kngims fk nkppgmn phkg

fcp pinkphk

Efmw K{irkfm ridgcw%eflks fk cimqgmck` phfp pi ok cierkpgpgqk gm phk ndiofdeflkprdfck phkw hfqk pi infmgsk fm` fcp fp f ~g`k ekpiridgpfm i s{o%kngimfd dkqkd-

Hi~kqk$ eisp hfqk `kcg`k` gp gs mip ~iph fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk aiefd gmspgp{pgims pi

fchgkqk phgs$ sgmck phkw fk {mdglkdw pi ok gerdkekmpk`- Gmaiefd$ spfpkngc fddgfmcks

okp~kkm ~gddgmn rfpmks im fnkk` pkgpigks$ ri~ks fm` ksi{cks fk okppk phfm kgphk

fcpgmn fdimk i agnhpgmn {m~gmmfodk ofppdks ai gmspgp{pgimfd chfmnk-

Kcimiew$ pkgpiw fm` niqkmekmp

phk ~kflksp dgml9Kcimiegc rickssks fk chfmngmn$ fs fk kcimiegc nkinfrhgks- Gmspgp{pgims mkk` pi cfpch

{r ~gph phisk rickssks ia chfmnk- Phk lkw gss{k gs pi eflk phk pkgpigfd gerfcp ia

mfpgimfd ridgcgks fm` `kcgsgim%eflgmn eik pfmsrfkmp fm` irkm pi `kofpk- O{p gm

f``gpgim pi kngimfd ridgcgks phkk gs f mkk` ai f mfpgimfd ridgcw ai kngims$ ~hgch pflks

f spfpkngc qgk~ ia phk frrirgfpk kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm `gaakkmp rfps ia phk Kmndgsh

pkgpiw fm` phk gerfcp ia niqkmekmp efchgmkw$ ridgcgks fm` ksi{cks {rim phke-

Gp ~i{d` aie rfp ia f ~g`k `kofpk foi{p phk oksp ~fw ia geriqgmn phk kcimiegc

cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Kmndgsh {ofm$ kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd swspkes-

@iks kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss `gqk i{p

sicgfd cihksgim9

Mip mkckssfgdw- Agsp$ phk s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm K{irk hfqk phk eisp slgddk` fm` okppk%

k`{cfpk` ~ilaicks- Skcim`$ phk hgnhksp rkaiegmn kcimiegks hfqk hf` phk di~ksp fpks

ia {mkerdiwekmp- Gm K{irkfm cgpgks phk sicgfd fnkm`f gs cgpgcfddw geripfmp mip dkfsp

ridgpgcfddw- O{p r{s{gmn fm kcimiegc ni~ph spfpknw gs mip gmcierfpgodk ~gph f sicgfddw

ofdfmck` spfpknw-


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8

Cgpgks cfm hkdr phkeskdqks

Cgpgks irkfpk ~gphgm f skp ia ri~ka{d sp{cp{fd$ kcimiegc$ sicgfd$ rhwsgcfd fm`

gmspgp{pgimfd cimspfgmps- O{p phkw fk mip ri~kdkss pi shfrk phkg kcimiegc pfjkcpigks-

Cgpgks cfm fm` shi{d` `i kqkwphgmn ~gphgm phkg dgegps pi efxgegsk phk cgpgcfd s{cckss

afcpis ~k g`kmpgagk` kfdgk gmmiqfpgim$ `gqksgpw$ cimmkcpgqgpw$ slgddk` h{efm cfrgpfd$v{fdgpw ia dgak fm` spfpkngc `kcgsgim%eflgmn cfrfcgpw-

Cimcd{sgim

^k hfqk g`kmpgagk` f skp ia lkw ridgcw ekssfnks ofsk` {rim phk kxrkgkmck ia siek ia phk

eisp s{cckssa{d K{irkfm cgpgks phfp egnhp hkdr gmckfsk i{ cgpgks fm` hkmck i{

kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phkw `i mip cimspgp{pk f efngc o{ddkp-

Phkw fk eik dglk cieeimskmsk- O{p phkw fk mip v{gcl- Siek ~k fk fdkf`w r{s{gmn-

Hi~kqk$ phkw fk ~iph r{s{gmn ~gph nkfpk qgni{ okcf{sk phk rgzk gs qkw

hgnh- Rinkss hfs okkm ef`k gm efmw ia i{ cgpgks- ^k mkk` pi cfrgpfdgsk {rim gpeik cimsgspkmpdw-


10/33

7

SKCPGIM 6

Cgpgks fk ofcl

Gmpi`{cpgim

Cgpgks fk hgnh im phk Ogpgsh ridgcw fnkm`f- Fapk p~i `kcf`ks ia kcimiegc fm`

`keinfrhgc `kcdgmk$ phk g`kf phfp cgpgks fk mip kcimiegc `fgms {rim o{p phk `wmfeis

ia phk mfpgimfd kcimiew hfs skgzk` phk gefngmfpgim ia ridgpgcgfms$ kskfchks fm`

o{sgmkss- Gp hfs okkm fm gmckfsgmndw sgnmgagcfmp `gekmsgim ia mfpgimfd ridgcw- Fm` gp gs mip

j{sp f Kmndgsh rhkmiekmim- Gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk phkk gs kv{fddw ni~gmn gmpkksp gm phk

cimpgo{pgim phfp cgpgks cfm eflk pi phk mfpgimfd ~kdafk fm` pi kcimiegc

cierkpgpgqkmkss gm rfpgc{df- O{p hi~ phfp cimpgo{pgim cfm ok efxgegsk` kefgms f ogn

ridgcw chfddkmnk-

Phgs sp{`w ia cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm cgpgks ow f cimsipg{e dk` ow K{irkfm Gmspgp{pk ia

[ofm Faafgs$ Dgqkriid Jihm Eiiks [mgqksgpw$ gs agedw dicfpk` gm phfp ~g`k cimpkxp-

Gp ~fs cieegssgimk` ow I@RE fm` s{rripk` ow phk Cik Cgpgks îlgmn Ni{r f

rfpmkshgr cimsgspgmn ia phk 8 Kmndgsh Cik Cgpgks (Ogegmnhfe$ Ogspid$ Dkk`s$ Dgqkriid$

Efmchkspk$ Mk~cfspdk$ Mippgmnhfe$ Shkaagkd`' phk 7 _kngimfd @kqkdirekmp Fnkmcgks

(_@Fs' fm` phk `krfpekmps ia ckmpfd niqkmekmp rgefgdw cimckmk` ~gph mfpgimfd

kcimiegc rkaiefmck gmcd{`gmn phk I@RE$ phk Pkfs{w fm` phk @krfpekmps ia Pf`k

fm` Gm`{spw$ Pfmsrip fm` C{dp{k$ Ek`gf fm` Srip-

^hfp gs phk cgpw chfddkmnk9

Phk îlgmn Ni{rs fnkm`f gs pi eflk cgpgks `gqk {ofm kmfgssfmck fm` geriqk

kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss fp mfpgimfd fm` kngimfd dkqkd- Gp gs cimckmk` phfp phk Cik

Cgpgks: fk mip r{mchgmn phkg ~kgnhp kcimiegcfddw gm phk mfpgimfd cimpkxp< fk afddgmn

okhgm` Dimìm< dfcl phk gnhp egx ia ksrimsgogdgpgks fm` ksi{cks pi geriqk phkg

rkaiefmck< fk mip fs cierkpgpgqk$ i ì mip eflk fs nkfp cimpgo{pgim pi phk mfpgimfd

kcimiegc ~kdafk$ fs cierffodk cgpgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk-

Phgs krip kxrdiks ga phksk cimckms fk j{spgagk`- Gp fsls ~hkphk fm` ga si hi~ fm`~hw phk Cik Cgpgks rkaie dkss ~kdd fm` eflk f sefddk cimpgo{pgim pi mfpgimfd

kcimiegc ~kdafk phfm s{cckssa{d riqgmcgfd cgpgks im phk Cimpgmkmp- Gp gs ofsk` im f

kqgk~ ia f ~g`k fmnk ia dgpkfp{k$ gmpkqgk~s ~gph skmgi ridgcw eflks phi{nhi{p

K{irk$ f rispfd v{kspgimmfgk pi iqk ;2 cgpgks fm` eik `kpfgdk` kqgk~s ia Hkdsgmlg$

Spiclhide$ Cirkmhfnkm$ Dgddk$ Fespk`fe$ Afmla{p _ippk`fe$ @ipe{m` Sp{ppnfp$

E{mgch$ Dwim$ Pi{di{sk$ P{gm$ Egdfm fm` Ofckdimf$ gmcd{`gmn agkd`~il gm phk dfsp mgmk

ia phisk cgpgks- Phk a{dd krip gs fqfgdfodk aie I@RE- Gp cfm fdsi ok kf` gm cimj{mcpgim

~gph phk kfdgk Cik Cgpgks krip-


11/33


62

Hi~ ~kdd hfqk Cik Cgpgks okkm `igmn9

Phk sp{`w piil spicl ia ~hkk phk Cik Cgpgks phkeskdqks spfm` fm` hi~ phkw hfqk okkm

rkaiegmn `{gmn kckmp wkfs- Phk kqg`kmck gs egxk`- O{p gp s{rrips phk qgk~ phfp

hi~kqk {mkqkm f rickss i {ofm kmfgssfmck gs pflgmn rdfck gm Kmndfm`- Phk Cik

Cgpgks hfqk okkm phi{nh phkg ~isp rkgi` fm` fk kciqkgmn kcimiegcfddw- Gm siekksrkcps gm kckmp wkfs Cik Cgpgks hfqk okkm rkaiegmn fs ~kdd fs$ ga mip okppk phfm$

phkg kngims- Ak~k rkirdk fk dkfqgmn fm` siek eik fk eiqgmn gmpi Cik Cgpgks- Eik

rkirdk fk ~ilgmn gm phk Cik Cgpgks- _kngimfd fgrips fk ni~gmn- Rkirdk gm Cik

Cgpgks fk kfmgmn hgnhk ~fnks- [mkerdiwekmp gs afddgmn- Hi{sk rgcks fk nigmn {r- O{p

riodkes kefgm- K`{cfpgimfd fppfgmekmp gs mip nii` kqkm phi{nh gp gs nkppgmn okppk- Phk

Cik Cgpgks fk okciegmn sfak- @ksrgpk kckmp afdds$ phk m{eok ia hi{skhid`s gm kckgrp ia

gmciek kdfpk` okmkagps kefgms hgnh- Phkk fk kfd ni{m`s ai irpgegse$ kqkm ga

s{ospfmpgfd sicgfd riodkes kefgm- Phk v{kspgim gs ~hkk `iks phfp kckmp rinkss dkfqk

phke gm cierfgsim pi phk dkf`gmn K{irkfm cgpgks-

^hfp gs {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss9

Phkk gs e{ch `kofpk foi{p phk ekfmgmn ia {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss- ^k aiddi~ Egchfkd

Spirk fm` `kagmk gp fs phk fogdgpw ia fm kcimiew pi fppfcp fm` efgmpfgm ages ~gph spfodk

i gsgmn eflkp shfks gm fm fcpgqgpw$ ~hgdk efgmpfgmgmn spfodk i gmckfsgmn spfm`f`s ia

dgqgmn ai phisk ~hi rfpgcgrfpk gm gp- Phk cierkpgpgqkmkss ia cgpgks gs mip j{sp foi{p phk

gmciek ia ages o{p fdsi hi~ phfp gmciek niks pi ksg`kmps- Fm` cierkpgpgqkmkss gs

`gaakkmp aie cierkpgpgim- Cierkpgpgim cfm ok f zki%s{e nfek$ gm ~hgch ga imk cgpw ~gms

fmiphk disks- Ow cimpfsp cgpgks cfm fdd gmckfsk phkg cierkpgpgqkmkss fp phk sfek pgek$ si

phfp fdd cgpgks fm` phk mfpgimfd kcimiew cfm sge{dpfmki{sdw ni~ fm` okmkagp-


12/33

66

SKCPGIM ?

Hi~ ì Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg

K{irkfm cierkpgpis9Phk v{fmpgpfpgqk fmfdwsgs agsp kqgk~s phk kqg`kmck im phkk ia phk lkw chffcpkgspgcs ia

cierkpgpgqkmkss gmmiqfpgim$ cimmkcpgqgpw fm` slgddk` ~ilaick- Phkm gp riqg`ks

kqg`kmck foi{p cimmkcpgqgpw$ sicgfd cihksgim fm` phk rgqfpk skcpis qgk~s ia phk kdfpgqk

fppfcpgqkmkss ia `gaakkmp K{irkfm cgpgks- ^hkk fqfgdfodk ~k hfqk kri`{ck` `fpf ai f

dfnk m{eok ia K{irkfm cgpgks pi r{p i{ sferdk gmpi f ~g`k cimpkxp- Hi~ ì phksk

gm`gcfpis ~il fm` ~hfp ì phkw pkdd {s foi{p phk cierffpgqk rkaiefmck ia Kmndgsh

cgpgks9 Phk rgcp{k gs mip f qkw hfrrw imk- Phk kqg`kmck gs phfp phk Cik Cgpgks ì

sgnmgagcfmpdw dfn okhgm` phk oksp cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gm kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss-

Pfodk 6 shi~s phk N@R rk cfrgpf ia phk pir 16 cgpgks gm K{irk-

Pfodk 6: N@R rk Cfrgpf ?226

(Si{ck: Ofcdfws Ofml ?22?'

_fml Cgpw K{is rk

Cfrgpf

3? Phk Hfn{k 32$662

33 Ksskm (Nkefmw' ?7$>12

30 Ogspid ?7$03>

3; Dwim (Afmck' ?8$712

31 Oidinmf (Gpfdw' ?8$?8?

3> Oich{e (Nkefmw' ?>$722

38 Rfef (Gpfdw' ?>$076

37 @ipe{m` (Nkefmw' ?1$;08

02 _ippk`fe ?1$??>

06 Spfsoi{n (Afmck' ?1$26;

0? Adikmck (Gpfdw' ?;$173

03 Dkk`s ?;$167

00 @{gso{n (Nkefmw' ?;$?;7

0; Kgm`hiqkm (Mkphkdfm s' ?;$??1

01 P{gm ?;$20?

0> Pi{di{sk ?0$8;?

08 _iek ?0$>11

07 Oi`kf{x ?0$?;?

;2 Efdei (S~k`km' ?0$?33;6 Niphkmokn (S~k`km' ?0$21;

;? Nkmiodk (Afmck' ?0$2?1

;3 Qkimf ?3$7;0

;0 Okdgm ?3$0?8

;; Efskgddks ??$827

;1 Ogegmnhfe ??$217

;> Efmchkspk ??$277

;8 Mk~cfspdk%{rim%Pwmk ?2$077

;7 Dgddk ?2$676

12 Ofckdimf 68$007

16 Dgqkriid 61$011

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6 Afmla{p fe Efgm >0$01;

? Lfds{hk (Nkefmw' >2$27>

3 Rfgs 1>$?22

0 E{mgch 16$312

; @sskdìa ;0$2;3

1 Sp{ppnfp ;3$;>2

> O{sskds ;6$621

8 Cirkmhfnkm ;2$>>;

7 Hfmiqk 0>$??3

62 Hfeo{n 03$278

66 Efmmhkge 06$1>0

6? M{keo{n 06$0;1

60 F{nso{n (Nkefmw' 37$312

60 Cidinmk 37$628

6; Fespk`fe 38$?23

61 Emspk (Nkefmw' 38$607

6> ^gksof`km (Nkefmw' 3>$0;0

68 @{odgm 31$;76

67 Qgkmmf 31$;>??2 Spiclhide 3;$>33

?6 Nkdskmlgchkm (Nkefmw' 3;$188

?? Hkdsgmlg 3;$3??

?3 Dimìm 3;$2>?

?0 Okekm (Nkefmw' 3;$2??

?; K`gmo{nh 3;$268

?1 Oimm 30$66?

?> Fmp~kr (Okdng{e' 33$272

?8 Egdfm 3?$6??

?7 Ndfsni~ 36$873

32 [pkchp 36$>6?

36 Sffoclkm (Nkefmw' 32$318


13/33


6?

Cfrgpfd cgpgks pkm` pi ok fp phk pir ia phk dkfn{k pfodk- Dfnk cgpgks pkm` pi `i ~kdd-

Nkefm cgpgks$ `ksrgpk phk ci{mpws c{kmp kcimiegc `gaagc{dpgks$ rkaie qkw ~kdd ~gph

6; i{p ia phk pir ?2- Phk Cik Cgpgks `i mip rkaie ~kdd- Ogspid fm` Dkk`s$ fp 30 fm` 03

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cfrgpf N@Rs dkss phfm imk%phg` ia phk gchksp cgpgks gm K{irk-

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3>-2 3>-6 3>-638-2


17/33


61

^HI ^I_LS GM CGPGKS9

Agn{k 1 gm`gcfpks kngimfd kerdiwekmp fpks gm cgpgks- Fdd phk Cik Cgpgks kngims hfqk

di~k fpks phfm phkg cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps-

Hi~ `iks phk rgqfpk skcpi skk i{ cgpgks9

Imk geripfmp `gekmsgim ia cgpgks cierkpgpgqkmkss gs phkg kdfpgqk fppfcpgqkmkss pi

o{sgmkss fm` rgqfpk skcpi gmqkspis- ^k kxrdik phgs hkk ow kxfegmgmn phk eisp kdgfodk

sp{`w ia phksk gss{ks$ phk Hkfdkw fm` Oflk cgpw s{qkws$ ~hgch fk cieeimdw fcckrpk` fs f

io{sp ekfs{k ia cgpgks fppfcpgqkmkss- Pfodk ? dgsps phk cgpgks$ ~hgch `{gmn phk dfsp `kcf`k

hfqk okkm skkm ow iqk ;22 o{sgmkss rkirdk fm` rgqfpk skcpi gmqkspis fs phk oksp 32 gm

K{irk gm ~hgch pi dicfpk f o{sgmkss-

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Kerdiwekmp _fpk ?226

A{dd pgek kv{gqfdkmp kerdiwekmp `gqg`k` ow ~ilgmn fnk rir{dfpgim f`j{spk` ai ciee{pgmn


18/33

Hi~ ì Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg K{irkfm cierkpgpis9

6>

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fdkf`w shi~m- Agsp phk ndiofd cgpgks ia Dimìm fm` Rfgs fk fpk` phk oksp- Skcim` cfrgpfd

cgpgks gm nkmkfd fk phk eisp fppfcpgqk- Phg`$ imdw imk Cik Cgpw$ Efmchkspk$ ef`k gp

gmpi phk pir phgpw- Phk cgpgks phfp ~k hfqk g`kmpgagk` fs hfqgmn phk hgnhksp N@R$ hgnhksp

gmmiqfpgim dkqkds$ eik slgddk` ~ilaicks$ okppk kxpkmfd cimmkcpgims fk akv{kmpdw skkm

ow phk rgqfpk skcpi fs phk oksp rdfcks gm ~hgch pi dicfpk-

Pfodk ?: Phk oksp cgpgks pi dicfpk f o{sgmkss pi`fw

Cgpw 6772 ?226 ?22?

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Nkmkqf 8 6? 6;

Rfn{k ?3 ?? 61

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Hfeo{n 60 68 68Efmchkspk 60 60 67

Dwim 68 ?2 ?2

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Eisci~ ?0 32 32

Si{ck: Hkfdkw fm` Oflk K{irkfm Cgpgks Eimgpi ?22?


19/33


68

SKCPGIM 3

Cierkpgpgqkmkss

Si ~hkk fk ~k9 mip wkp gm phk rkegk dkfn{k

Phgs sp{`w kqgk~k` f ~g`k qfgkpw ia `fpf im phk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Cik

Cgpgks gm cierfgsim ~gph f skp ia dkf`gmn cgpgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk- Gmkqgpfodw

v{fdgagcfpgims frrdw pi s{ch fm feogpgi{s kxkcgsk- Phkk fk `gaakkmcks ia qgk~ foi{p phk

ekfmgmn fm` ekfs{kekmp ia cimckrps dglk cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phk sp{`w rgefgdw piil f

smfrship ia f sferdk mip f eiqgk ia f ~g`k {mgqksk- Phkk gs geripfmp qfgfpgim

~gphgm phk Cik Cgpgks fs ~kdd fs ~gphgm cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks- Mip fdd ì kv{fddw ~kdd i

kv{fddw of`dw gm kqkw fsrkcp ia cierkpgpgqkmkss- Fm` phkk gs kqg`kmck phfp Cik Cgpgks

hfqk geriqk` phkg rkaiefmck gm efmw geripfmp ~fws gm kckmp wkfs- O{p `ksrgpkfdd phgs$ phk ogn rgcp{k gs cdkf- Kmndgsh cgpgks ì mip r{mch phkg kcimiegc ~kgnhp gm f

K{irkfm cimpkxp- Phkw dfn sgnmgagcfmpdw okhgm` efmw ia phkg K{irkfm cimpgmkmpfd

ci{mpkrfps- Phgs gs ef`k ~isk ow phk afcp phfp K{irkfm cgpgks ì mip rkaie

~kdd ndiofddw-

[ofm Cierkpgpgqkmkss ~hfp kfddw efppks9

I{ kqgk~ ia kskfch fm` agkd`~il dk` {s pi cimcd{`k phfp phkk fk sgx cgpgcfd akfp{ks

ia {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss:

Kcimiegc `gqksgpw-

Slgddk` ~ilaick-

Cimmkcpgqgpw gmpkmfd fm` kxpkmfd-

Spfpkngc cfrfcgpw pi eiogdgsk fm` gerdkekmp dimn pke `kqkdirekmp spfpkngks-

Gmmiqfpgim gm ages fm` infmgsfpgims-

V{fdgpw ia dgak sicgfd$ c{dp{fd$ kmqgimekmpfd-

KCIMIEGC @GQK_SGPW

Phk cgpgks$ ~hgch fk eisp s{cckssa{d gm ksrim`gmn pi kcimiegc chfmnk$ fk phisk ~hgch

fk dkfsp `krkm`kmp im f sgmndk skcpi- Cgpgks phfp fk `krkm`kmp {rim f sgmndk skcpi

~hkphk id`%afshgimk` cifd$ spkkd$ shgrrgmn i mk~%afshgimk` agmfmcgfd skqgcks$ eiogdk

pkdkrhimks$ c{dp{k i cier{pks fk eisp q{dmkfodk pi phk qfnfgks ia ndiofd kcimiegc

aicks- Phgs frrdgks fs e{ch pi Hkdsgmlg$ Afmla{p fm` Dimìm fs gp ìks pi Dgqkriid$


20/33

Cierkpgpgqkmkss

67

Shkaagkd` fm` Mk~cfspdk- E{mgch gs phk cdkfksp kxferdk ia phgs$ ~gph phk E{mgch egx

cimspfmpdw cgpk` fs phk lkw pi gps s{cckss- Gp hfs spkmnph gm ndiofd fm` dicfd ages$ dfnk fm`

sefdd$ efm{afcp{gmn fs ~kdd fs skqgcks$ phk id` fs ~kdd fs phk mk~ kcimiew- Mioi`w

okdgkqks f cgpw cfm o{gd` im nkkmagkd` sgpk kcimiegc spkmnph ~hkk mimk c{kmpdw kxgsps

dicfddw- Phk pgcl gs pi ~il ~gph ~hfp wi{ hfqk fm` pi ei`kmgsk-

SLGDDK@ Î_LAI_CK

F slgddk` ~ilaick gs f cgpgcfd akfp{k ia cierkpgpgqk cgpgks- Ei`km kcimiegks

gmckfsgmndw `krkm` {rim lmi~dk`nk gmpkmsgqk skcpis$ kqkm ~gphgm efm{afcp{gmn-

Phk ridgcw eflks ~k s{qkwk` fpk` phgs chffcpkgspgc cimsgspkmpdw hgnhdw- Gp ~fs fpk`

fs phk eisp sgnmgagcfmp sgmndk afcpi ow phk rgqfpk skcpi- Fm` phk cierffpgqk `fpf im

cgpgks {m`kdgmk` phk kdfpgimshgr ia slgddk` ~ilks pi phk gmmiqfpgim fm` N@R dkqkds

ia phk eisp cierkpgpgqk cgpgks-

CIMMKCPGQGPW GMPK_MFD FM@ KXPK_MFD

Fmiphk phkf` ia i{ cfsk sp{`w ~il gs phk sgnmgagcfmck ia gmpkmfd fm` kxpkmfd

ciee{mgcfpgims ~hkphk gp gs rhwsgcfd$ kdkcpimgc i c{dp{fd- Phk eisp s{cckssa{d cgpgks

hfqk phk rhwsgcfd fm` kdkcpimgc gmafsp{cp{k pi eiqk nii`s$ skqgcks fm` rkirdk v{gcldw

fm` kaagcgkmpdw- Kxpkmfd cimmkcpgims fk geripfmp sgmck kxripgmn kefgms cgpgcfd pi

s{cckss- Si fgrips fk cgpgcfd- Phkw afcgdgpfpk afck%pi%afck ciee{mgcfpgim$ ~hgch hfs

okkm s{rrdkekmpk` mip krdfck` ow pkchmidingcfd ciee{mgcfpgim- Cimmkcpgqgpw gs mip

sgerdw rhwsgcfd- Phkk gs f c{dp{fd `gekmsgim pi gp fs ~kdd- Ai kxferdk$ f sgnmgagcfmp

akfp{k ia i{ s{cckssa{d cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gs phk geripfmck phkw fppfch pi

gmpkmfpgimfdgsfpgim fm` hfqgmn cgpw aikgnm ridgcgks- E{mgch$ _ippk`fe$ Dwim$ Hkdsgmlg$Ofckdimf$ Sp{ppnfp gm phkg `gaakkmp ~fws hfqk gmqkspk` sgnmgagcfmp pgek fm` kaaip gm

gmpkmfpgimfd mkp~ilgmn pi fgsk phkg riagdk$ nfgm mk~ fddgks$ kxrfm` eflkp shfk$

gmad{kmck `kcgsgim%eflks fm` dkfm mk~ spfpkngks fm` rfcpgcks-

SP_FPKNGC @KCGSGIM%EFLGMN CFRFCGPW

Imk ia phk cimspfmp phkeks gm phk dgpkfp{k$ i{ s{qkw fm` agkd`~il `gsc{ssgims ~fs phfp

swspkes$ gmspgp{pgims fm` infmgsfpgims ì shfrk cierkpgpgqkmkss- O{p rickssks fm` ridgpgcs

efppk kv{fddw- Phk mffpgqk aie i{ gm`gqg`{fd cgpgks cimspfmpdw nkmkfpk` phk sfek

phkeks: phk sgnmgagcfmck ia mkp~ils fm` kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm lkw rdfwks gm phk r{odgc

fm` rgqfpk skcpis< phk geripfmck ia c{cgfd ridgpgcgfms gm shfrgmn spfpkngks i gmad{kmcgmn

lkw rinfeeks< phk sgnmgagcfmck ia hfqgmn fddgks pi gmad{kmck phk `kcgsgims ia kngimfd fm`

mfpgimfd niqkmekmps- S{ch afcpis$ ai kxferdk$ hkdr kxrdfgm phk kdfpgqk {m`k%

rkaiefmck ia Egdfm gm cimpfsp pi phk s{ospfmpgfd geriqkekmps ef`k ow P{gm gm kckmp

wkfs- Kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss spfpkngks hfqk pi ok afshgimk` fm` gerdkekmpk` phkw

ì mip j{sp keknk- Fm` phkw pflk f dimn pgek pi `kqkdir fm` pi gerdkekmp- Fdphi{nh

phkw mi~ okciek qgp{fd cdgchs$ gp gs spgdd p{k phfp fdd ia i{ cierkpgpgqk cgpgks kerhfsgsk

phk mipgims ia qgsgim$ dkf`kshgr$ rfpmkshgr fm` ridgpgcs gm shfrgmn dimn%pke `kqkdirekmp-


21/33


?2

GMMIQFPGIM GM AG_ES FM@ I_NFMGSFPGIMS

Phgs gs rkhfrs phk eisp c{cgfd chffcpkgspgc ia f cierkpgpgqk cgpw- Ai{ akfp{ks dkf` pi

kngimfd fm` {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss: gmqkspekmp gm ei`km$ lmi~dk`nk ofsk` rhwsgcfd

kv{grekmp< gmqkspekmp gm kskfch fm` k`{cfpgim< gmqkspekmp gm gmmiqfpgim fm` dfoi{

ri`{cpgqgpw- Gm fdd phksk lmi~dk`nk fm` gmmiqfpgim fk cdiskdw dgmlk`$ phk efgm `gqks

ia rdfck cierkpgpgqkmkss- Lmi~dk`nk ofsk` gm`{spgks fk phk lkw pi gmmiqfpgim fm` phk`kqkdirekmp ia ~id`%cdfss spfm`f`s ia dgqgmn- Gmmiqfpgim gs `kagmk` fs phk gmpi`{cpgim

ia f mk~ i chfmnk` rickss$ skqgck i aie ia infmgsfpgim gmpi phk eflkp rdfck- Phk

IKC@ kspgefpks phfp okp~kkm 67>2 fm` 677; eik phfm hfda phk pipfd ni~ph gm i{pr{p

ia phk `kqkdirk` ~id` ks{dpk` aie gmmiqfpgim- Fm` sgmck eisp kcimiegc fcpgqgpgks fk

cimckmpfpk` gm cgpw kngims$ lmi~dk`nk fm` gmmiqfpgim fk p~i ia phk eisp sgnmgagcfmp

cimpgo{pis pi phk kcimiegc ni~ph fm` cierkpgpgqkmkss ia cgpks- Phk K{irkfm

Cieegssgim hfs kspgefpk` phfp iqk 02+ ia phk qfgfpgim gm rk cfrgpf kngimfd gmciek

cfm ok kxrdfgmk` ow `gaakkmcks gm gmmiqfpgqk rkaiefmck-

[mpgd kckmpdw kdfpgqkdw dgppdk fppkmpgim hfs okkm rfg` pi phk dicfd chffcpkgspgcs ia

gmmiqfpgim swspkes$ fphk phfm mfpgimfd chffcpkgspgcs- O{p `gaakkmcks gm phk niqkmfmck

ia dicfd gmmiqfpgim swspkes cfm eflk f `gaakkmck pi phk kcimiegc rkaiefmck ia cgpw

kngims fm` fgsk phk risrkcp phfp nii` rfcpgck egnhp ok pfmsakfodk aie phk eik

cierkpgpgqk pi dkss cierkpgpgqk rdfcks- I{ ~il im Pi{di{sk$ Sp{ppnfp fm` Cik Cgpgks

s{nnksps phkk fk 3 rissgodk ei`kds ia dicfd gmmiqfpgim- Phk Kmndgsh nfssiips ei`kd ia

gmmiqfpgim gs ksskmpgfddw f `gaa{sk eflkp `gqkm ei`kd ~gph dgppdk i{psg`k cii`gmfpgim- Gm

f mkp~ilk` ei`kd dglk Nkefmw$ e{dpg%dkqkd mkp~ils fk kspfodgshk` phfp skkl fnkkekmp

okp~kkm ages$ ofmls$ k`{cfpgimfd kspfodgshekmps fm` `gaakkmp dfwks ia niqkmekmp- Gm

phk `ggngspk ei`kd dglk Afmck$ gmmiqfpgim gs gmgpgfpk` fp dkfsp rfpdw ow ckmpfd

niqkmekmp-

Gmmiqfpgim hfs okkm kcinmgsk` ai efmw wkfs fs c{cgfd pi phk s{cckss ia cgpgks ow r{odgc

f{phigpgks- Fdphi{nh phk `kpfgds hfqk chfmnk`$ phk ofsgc spfpkngc fge hfs kefgmk` phk

sfek pi pfmsaie pkchmidingcfd lmi~dk`nk gmpi gmmiqfpgqk ri`{cps fm` rickssks- Phk

cimpfsp ~gph Kmndgsh cgpgks ci{d` mip ok nkfpk- Okaik phk 6772s gp ~fs {m{s{fd ai fmw

Kmndgsh cgpw pi hfqk f cii`gmfpk` ridgcw ai gmqkspekmp gm gmmiqfpgim- Phk _@Fs hfqk

chfmnk` phgs risgpgim- Mkqkphkdkss$ gp spgdd kefgms fk ai gm`gqg`{fd cgpgks pi hfqk

spfpkngks ai geriqgmn phk ciddkcpgqk gmqkspekmp gm gmmiqfpgim- Gm phgs ~fw phkw dfn p~i

i kqkm phkk `kcf`ks okhgm` siek ia phk eik cierkpgpgqk cgpgks gm K{irk-


22/33

Cierkpgpgqkmkss

?6

V[FDGPW IA DGAK

Gp gs cdkf phfp siap dicfpgim afcpis fk okciegmn fm gmckfsgmndw geripfmp rfp ia

kcimiegc `kcgsgim%eflgmn- Imk ia phk cimspfmp phkf`s ia gmpkqgk~s ~gph r{odgc fm`

rgqfpk `kcgsgim%eflks ~fs phk sgnmgagcfmck ia fppfcpgmn fm` kpfgmgmn slgddk` ~ilks pi

phkg cgpgks- Fm` gm phkg cfdc{dfpgims$ phk v{fdgpw ia dgak ai phkeskdqks fm` phkg afegdgks gs

fm gmckfsgmndw geripfmp afcpi- Cgpgks ~gph phk fsskps ia nii` kmqgimekmp$ `gspgmcpgqkfchgpkcp{ks$ c{dp{fd afcgdgpgks$ `gqksk hi{sgmn spicl$ fcckss pi mfp{fd fekmgpgks fk

fppkerpgmn pi rkskqk fm` geriqk phke- E{mgch$ Dwim fm` Ofckdimf hfqk `gaakkmp

egxks ia phisk chffcpkgspgcs fm` phkg ridgcw eflks fk pwgmn pi kmhfmck phke- Phisk

~hgch fk mip si ~kdd odkssk` ~gph s{ch fsskps fk fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk phke gm phkg cgpgks-

Kv{fddw @ipe{m` fm` _ippk`fe fk mip si rgqgdknk` fm` fk fcpgqkdw skklgmn ~fws ia

geriqgmn phkg v{fdgpw ia dgak iaak pi gmad{kmck rgqfpk gmqkspekmp fm` kpfgm slgddk`

~ilaicks- V{fdgpw ia dgak efw mip ok phk fosid{pkdw cgpgcfd qfgfodk dglk gmmiqfpgim$

`gqksgpw i cimmkcpgqgpw- O{p dglk niqkmfmck fm` spfpkngc cfrfcgpw gp `iks gmckfsgmndw

efppk- Gm phgs skmsk$ phk {ofm kmfgssfmck fnkm`f ia I@RE fm` f fmnk ia niqkmekmp

`krfpekmps$ cierdkekmps fphk phfm cimpf`gcps$ phk hf`%k`nk` kngimfd fnkm`f ia

Pkfs{w fm` @PG- Oiph efppk fm` shi{d` ok kmci{fnk`-


23/33


??

SKCPGIM 0

Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9

Phk K{irkfm {ofm hgkfchw gs spfodk o{p

cgpgks cfm geriqk v{gcldw

F lkw v{kspgim ai Cik Cgpgks gs phk kxpkmp pi ~hgch cgpgks cfm geriqk phkg kdfpgqk

rkaiefmck gm kdfpgim pi phkg K{irkfm cierkpgpis- Phk kqg`kmck {m`kdgmks phfp phkk

fk sp{cp{fd chffcpkgspgcs ia cierkpgpgqkmkss$ ~hgch fk fcv{gk` iqk f dimn rkgi` ia

pgek fm` mip disp v{gcldw- Phk cgpgks$ ~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd f `kcf`k fni fm` ~kk ~kdd

knf`k` ow phk rgqfpk skcpi fs rdfcks pi `i o{sgmkss f `kcf`k fni$ spgdd hkf` phk dkfn{k

pfodk- Mkqkphkdkss$ phkk gs kqg`kmck phfp cgpgks cfm chfmnk phkg rkaiefmck- Phkv{fmpgpfpgqk kqg`kmck shi~k` hi~ Ofckdimf fm` Ef`g` hf` geriqk` phkg risgpgim

fs hf` Hkdsgmlg- Gm phk dimnk pke gp gs fdsi gmsp{cpgqk pi kcfdd phk kxrkgkmck ia phk

phkk eisp s{cckssa{d mim%cfrgpfd cgpgks gm K{irk Afmla{p$ Sp{ppnfp fm` E{mgch-

Agapw wkfs fni fdd hf` okkm qgp{fddw `kspiwk`- Gm`kk`$ gm phisk cgpgks efmw okdgkqk phfp

phgs `ksp{cpgim ia id`k gm`{spgfd sp{cp{ks fm` fppgp{`ks kmci{fnk` phk qgk~ gm phk

cgpgks phfp chfmnk$ gmmiqfpgim$ kgmqkmpgim ~fs oiph `ksgfodk fm` rissgodk-

S{cckssa{d cgpgks s{cckssa{d kngims9

Phk eisp cierkpgpgqk kngims fdsi hf` phk eisp cierkpgpgqk cgpgks- Cimqkskdw ~k ai{m`mi kxferdks ia s{cckssa{d kngims ~hgch hf` {ms{cckssa{d cgpgks fp phkg cik- Efmw ridgcw%

eflks okdgkqk phfp cgpgks fcp{fddw dkf` phkg kngims kcimiegc rkaiefmck- Phkk gs mip f

cimadgcp ia gmpkksp okp~kkm cgpgks fm` kngims mi shi{d` phkk ok imk okp~kkm {ofm fm`

kngimfd ridgcw- Phgs kerhfsgsks phk mkk` ai cimpgm{gmn nkfpk fdgnmekmp ia @PG fm`

I@RE ridgcgks gm phk skfch ai {ofm fm` kngimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss-

CGPGKS FM@ S[O%_KNGIMS NKP PINKPHK_

Phk frrirgfpk kdfpgimshgr okp~kkm Cik Cgpgks fm` phkg kcimiegc hgmpkdfm`s gs fmgmckfsgmndw geripfmp gss{k- @ksrgpk phk fss{erpgim phfp phgmns ~il okppk im phk

cimpgmkmp$ phgs `g` mip riqk pi ok phk cfsk- Ak~ {ofm fkfs hfqk wkp `kqgsk` f

sfpgsafcpiw skp ia ffmnkekmps phfp cfrp{k phk ~g`k kcimiegc pkgpiw- O{p gm fdd phk

cgpgks ~k diilk` fp$ phkk gs f qgk~ phfp phk cik cgpw gs mip dfnk kmi{nh pi skqk fs phk

ofsgs ai kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp- Fdd fk fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk gmaiefd spfpkngc fddgfmcks$

iapkm dk` ow ri~ka{d Efwis fs gm Dwim$ Ofckdimf fm` Hkdsgmlg-

Imk ekssfnk ai Cik Cgpgks fm` _@Fs gs phfp phkg ci{mpkrfps gm K{irk fk cimqgmck`

phfp pi ok cierkpgpgqk gm phk ndiofd eflkprdfck gm a{p{k phkw hfqk pi infmgsk fm` fcp fp

f ~g`k ekpiridgpfm i s{o%kngimfd dkqkd- Fmiphk ekssfnk gs phfp$ `ksrgpk Sp{ppnfps

fchgkqkekmps$ eisp ia phke hfqk `kcg`k` gp gs mip ~iph fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk aiefdgmspgp{pgims pi fchgkqk phgs$ sgmck phkw fk {mdglkdw pi ok gerdkekmpk`- Phk eisp cieeim

qgk~ gs phfp gmaiefd spfpkngc fddgfmcks okp~kkm ~gddgmn rfpmks ~hgch cfm ok eiogdgsk`


24/33


?3

fi{m` fnkk` pkgpigks fm` ri~ks fm` ksi{cks fk okppk phfm phk fdpkmfpgqks ia

fcpgmn imdw im f dicfd ofsgs i ia srkm`gmn f nkfp `kfd ia pgek fm` kmknw agnhpgmn

{m~gmmfodk ofppdks ai aiefd chfmnk-

@IKS KCIMIEGC CIERKPGPGQKMKSS @_GQK I[P SICGFD CIHKSGIM9

Phkk gs cimsg`kfodk gmpkksp gm Cik Cgpgks gm ~fws ia ksidqgmn phk frrfkmp pkmsgim

okp~kkm spfpkngks phfp aic{s {rim kcimiegc ni~ph fm` phisk ~hgch aic{s {rim sicgfd

kv{gpw i ~kdafk fnkm`fs- ^hfp `iks phk K{irkfm kxrkgkmck pkdd {s9 Agsp$ gp gs cdkf phfp

fdd phk cierkpgpgqk cgpgks fk cimckmk` foi{p gss{ks ia sicgfd kxcd{sgim fm` gm fdd ia phke

phkk gs f cimckm phfp ni~ph shi{d` mip gmckfsk gmkv{fdgpw- Efmw cgpgks ~fmp pi r{s{k

f ofdfmck` fnkm`f fphk phfm f sgerdk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss spfpknw- Phk kqg`kmck

shi~s p~i phgmns- Agsp$ phk s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm K{irk hfqk phk eisp slgddk` fm` okppk%

k`{cfpk` ~ilaicks- Gm phfp skmsk gm phk dimn {m phkk gs mi cimadgcp okp~kkm fm

kcimiegc ni~ph spfpknw fm` f ofdfmck` sicgkpw spfpknw- Geriqgmn phk k`{cfpgimfd

rkaiefmck ia gm`gqg`{fds hkdrs phke fm` hkdrs phk ~g`k kcimiew- Skcim` fm` eispgeripfmp phk kqg`kmck aie i{ s{cckssa{d cgpgks gs phfp gm afcp phk hgnhksp rkaiegmn

kcimiegks iapkm hfqk phk di~ksp fpks ia {mkerdiwekmp- Phk dkssim aie i{ cgpgks fm`

phkg ridgcw eflks gs phfp phk sicgfd fnkm`f gs cgpgcfddw geripfmp mip dkfsp ridgpgcfddw-

O{p r{s{gmn fm kcimiegc ni~ph spfpknw gs mip gmcierfpgodk ~gph f sicgfddw ofdfmck`

spfpknw-

MFPGIMFD NIQK_MEKMP RIDGCW EFPPK_S

Cgpgks hfqk pi efxgegsk phkg irrip{mgpgks ga phkw fk pi s{cckk` kcimiegcfddw- O{p phk

afek~il skp ow mfpgimfd niqkmekmp efppks f nkfp `kfd- Phk kxrkgkmck ia Afmck gsgmsp{cpgqk- Phk `kcgsgim pi `kckmpfdgsk fm` ckfpk fdpkmfpgqk {ofm ckmpks pi Rfgs iqk

?2 wkfs fni hfs hf` f efji gerfcp {rim phk Akmch {ofm hgkfchw- Rfgs spgdd `iegmfpks

o{p efmw ia phk skcim` cgpgks mi~ rkaie ~kdd- Ai kxferdk i{ ~il im Pi{di{sk

{m`kdgmk` phk geripfmck ia gmqkspekmp ow phk ckmpfd spfpk gm pkchmidinw fm` _!@

afcgdgpgks iqk f p~kmpw%wkf rkgi`$ ~hgch ekfms phfp gp gs mi~ imk ia phk dkf`gmn ckmpks

ia gmmiqfpgim- I{ ~il im Dwim {m`kdgmk` phk cgpgcfd geripfmck ia spfpk gmqkspekmp

gm pfmsrip gmafsp{cp{k fm` phk PNQ$ ~hgch fddi~k` phk cgpw pi okciek eik cdkfdw

cimmkcpk` pi K{irkfm eflkps- Kv{fddw$ phk c{kmp mfpgimfd kd{cpfmck pi fddi~

kxrfmsgim ia phk Dwim fgrip fp phk kxrkmsk ia Rfgs$ i phk kd{cpfmck pi kxpkm` phk

Dwim%Egdfm PNQ swspke$ {m`kdgmks phk cgpgcfd sgnmgagcfmck ia cimpgm{gmn mfpgimfd

gmqkspekmp gm pfmsripfpgim pi phk a{p{k rkaiefmck ia cgpgks-

DFCL IA CIERKPGPGQKMKSS GS F MFPGIMFD R_IODKE O[P F OGNNK_

[_OFM R_IODKE

Dfcl ia cierkpgpgqkmkss gs f mfpgimfd riodke- Hi~kqk$ phk riodke gs kqkm eik fm

{ofm imk- Phk [L efw hfqk {m`k rkaiek`- O{p gps cgpgks hfqk {m`k rkaiek` kqkm

eik- ^k cfm skk phgs ow cierfgmn phk kdfpgqk rkaiefmck ia lkw K{irkfm cgpgks fm`

phkg mfpgimfd kcimiegks gm Agn{k >-


25/33


?0

Phk rgcp{k gs qkw cdkf- Phk cierkpgpgqk cgpgks gm i{ sferdk cimsg`kfodw i{prkaie

phkg mfpgimfd N@Rs- _kckmpdw geriqk` rkaieks dglk Hkdsgmlg i Ofckdimf efpch i

okfp phkg mfpgimfd rkaiefmck- Phk cgpgks ~k gmcd{`k` gm phk sp{`w fs cierffodk pi phk

Cik Cgpgks @ipe{m`$ _ippk`fe$ fm` Dgddk rkaie dkss ~kdd$ fs ~k ~i{d` kxrkcp-

O{p ~gph phk kxckrpgim ia Ogspid$ phk Cik Cgpgks dfn sgnmgagcfmpdw okhgm` phk mfpgimfd

fqkfnk- J{sp fs phk cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gm i{ sp{`w fk dkf`gmn phkg mfpgims rkaiefmck$fn{fodw phk Cik Cgpgks fk cimspfgmgmn i{ mfpgimfd rkaiefmck- Phk gerdgcfpgim e{sp

ok phfp ga phk Cik Cgpgks ci{d` geriqk phkg rkaiefmck pi efpch phfp ia phkg

cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps$ phk nfgms pi phk mfpgimfd kcimiew ~i{d` ok kmiei{s-

Cgpgks efppk

Gp gs gmckfsgmndw cdkf phfp cgpgks efppk- K{irkfm niqkmekmps$ phk K{irkfm

Cieegssgim$ efmw kngimfd niqkmekmps fm` fnkmcgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk kcinmgsk

phfp pi fchgkqk mfpgimfd kcimiegc s{cckss gp gs mkckssfw pi hfqk s{cckssa{d cgpgks- Phk

kqg`kmck phfp gm efmw cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpgks cgpgks rkaie okppk phfm phk mfpgimfd

kcimiew ~hkkfs phk efjigpw ia i{ dfnk cgpgks rkaie ~isk riqg`ks s{ospfmpgfd

kerggcfd s{rrip ai phk okdgka- Gmckfsgmndw niqkmekmps knf` cgpgks fs c{cgfd pi

mfpgimfd ~kdd okgmn mip siekphgmn niqkmekmp cfm ok fnmispgc foi{p- Gp gs mip cdkf phfp

phgs qgk~ hfs okkm fosiok` ow geripfmp rfps ia niqkmekmp gm phk [L- Phk risgpgim

fm` ridgcgks ia I@RE gm kckmp wkfs hfqk shi~m ni~gmn cieegpekmp pi fm` f~fkmkss

ia phk ripkmpgfd kcimiegc cimpgo{pgim ia cgpgks- Gp gs dkss cdkf phfp iphk `krfpekmps

shfk phfp qgk~ i cieegpekmp- I{ K{irkfm kqg`kmck s{nnksps phkw shi{d` `i si gm

a{p{k- Phk kcimiegc cim`gpgims fm` cimpgo{pgim ia cgpgks mkk` pi ok mkfk phk pir ia

phk ciddkcpgqk niqkmekmpfd fnkm`f-

Agn{k >: [ofm fm` Mfpgimfd N@Rs

Si{ck: Ofcdfws Ofml$ ?22?

N@R Rk Cfrgpfd (K{is' ?226

2

62$222

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Dgqkriid

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Efmchkspk

Ogegmn

hfe

Dkk`s

O

gspid

Ofck

dimf

Dgddk

Pi{di{sk

Dwim

P{gm

E

gdfm

Hkdsgmlg

Spiclhide

_ippk`fe

Fespk`fe

Cirkmhfnkm

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Sp{p

pnfp

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mgch

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la{p


26/33


?;

EIMKW FM@ RI^K_ DKPPGMN NI EFPPK_S

Phk pkm` gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk gs pi `kckmpfdgsk fm` kngimfdgsk `kcgsgim%eflgmn$

rdfcgmn ri~ks fp phk di~ksp dkqkd- Cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks hfqk ksrimsgogdgpw ai f ~g`k fmnk

ia a{mcpgims ~hgch faakcp phkg kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss phfm ì phkg Kmndgsh

ci{mpkrfps- Cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks pwrgcfddw hfqk eik `gqksk aies ia dicfd kqkm{k fm`

eik o{iwfmp pfx ofsks$ ~hgch eflk phke dkss agscfddw `krkm`kmp {rim phk mfpgimfd spfpkfm` eik rifcpgqk gm phkg `kqkdirekmp spfpkngks- Efmw K{irkfm cgpgks hfqk ri~ka{d

kdkcpk` efwis ~hi ngqk cdkf dkf`kshgr pi kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp- Efmw s{cckssa{d cgpgks

hfqk okkm `kkrdw gmqidqk` gm K{irkfm swspkes fm` mkp~ils$ ~hgch hfs kmci{fnk` phke

pi ok gmpkmfpgimfdgsp$ kxrfmsgimgsp fm` kmpkrkmk{gfd- Phk egx qfgks o{p gp gs `gaagc{dp pi

`gsfnkk ~gph phk qgk~ phfp phkg cieogmfpgim ia ri~ks fm` ksi{cks eflk cimpgmkmpfd

cgpgks eik rifcpgqk$ eik kmpkrkmk{gfd fm` riofodw eik cierkpgpgqk- Phk eisp

s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm K{irk kefgm Nkefm- Phkw hfqk s{ospfmpgfd ri~ks fm` ksi{cks

fm` irkfpk gm phk eisp `kckmpfdgsk` mfpgimfd swspke- Kmndgsh cgpgks fn{fodw hfqk ak~k

ri~ks$ ksi{cks fm` ksrimsgogdgpgks phfm phkg cierkpgpis fm` hfqk okkm dkss kmnfnk` gm

phk K{irkfm rijkcp- Fm` phkw hfqk okkm dkss s{cckssa{d kcimiegcfddw- Phk eik

ckmpfdgsk` niqkmekmpfd$ gmspgp{pgimfd$ fm` agmfmcgfd swspke e{sp ok imk `gekmsgim ia phk

{m`k rkaiefmck ia Kmndgsh cgpgks- Phk ridgcw gerdgcfpgim gs mip f ship pke imk- O{p gp

gs cdkf- Dkppgmn ni fchgkqks eik-

PHK KMNDGSH [_OFM RDC CGPGKS DGQK GM SWSPKES

Gm efmw K{irkfm ci{mpgks cgpgks fk gmckfsgmndw skkm dkss gm phkg mfpgimfd kcimiegc

hgkfchgks phfm gm ndiofd i fp dkfsp K{irkfm hgkfchgks- Phk Akmch fm` @{pch

rdfmmgmn swspkes$ ai kxferdk$ {m`kdgmk phfp cgpgks fk gm f kdfpgimshgr ~gph kfch iphk

gm phkg i~m ìekspgc swspke fm` gp gs okppk pi hfqk ridgcgks ~hgch eflk phgs kxrdgcgp fm`pw pi fcp {rim gp- Phgs hfs shfrk` phkg gmqkspekmp ridgcw gm pfmsrip$ hgnhk k`{cfpgim

fm` dicfpgim ia _!@ afcgdgpgks- Phgs hfs gerdgcfpgims ai phk [L- Gm phk rfsp phkk hfs

okkm dgppdk skmsk ia phk kdfpgqk idks fm` cimpgo{pgims ia `gaakkmp cgpgks fm` hi~ phkw

gerfcp {rim kfch iphk phkg rfpgc{df cimpgo{pgims fm` mgchks- O{p phgs gss{k ~gdd

hfqk pi ok afck` ga phk Cik Cgpgks fnkm`f gs pi ok ef`k f kfdgpw- Ai kxferdk$ Cik Cgpgks

spkss phfp pi geriqk phkg kcimiegc risgpgim gp gs mkgphk mkckssfw mi `ksgfodk pi

cimspfgm phk idk fm` cimpgo{pgim ia Dimìm- Phk kdfpgimshgr cfm ok ~gm%~gm fphk

phfm zki%s{e- Phgs gmkqgpfodw aic{sks fppkmpgim {rim phk kcimiegc kdfpgimshgr okp~kkm

phk riqgmcgfd cgpgks fm` phk cfrgpfd fm` fgsks phk v{kspgim hi~ phkw cfm cierdkekmp$

fphk phfm cierkpk ~gph$ kfch iphk- Ridgcweflks mfpgimfd fm` dicfd ~gdd mkk` pi

g`kmpgaw ~fws gm ~hgch phkg ciddkcpgqk gmpkksps cfm ok rieipk` skrffpkdw fm` jigmpdw-

Phkw ~gdd mkk` pi phgml foi{p swspkes fm` kdfpgimshgrs fs e{ch fs foi{p rfpgc{df rdfcks-

Phgs gs fdkf`w okngmmgmn pi hfrrkm fp dicfd dkqkd fs Cik Cgpgks agm` ~fws ia shfgmn fm`

ciddfoifpgmn- Phk Dwims kqgk~ gs f ~kdciek rfp ia phgs rickss- Gp ~gdd mkk` pi hfrrkm

eik fp mfpgimfd niqkmekmp dkqkd fs ~kdd-


27/33


?1

N_I^M%[R NIQK_MEKMP HKDRS

Fs {ofm chfddkmnks okciek eik cierdkx fm` phk fcpis gmqidqk` okciek eik

m{eki{s$ rfpmkshgr ~ilgmn okcieks gmckfsgmndw mkckssfw- Rfpmkshgr irkfpks fp fdd

dkqkds- Gp gs gmsp{cpgqk pi mipk phfp p~i ia phk ci{mpgks ~hgch hfqk rdfck` eisp fppkmpgim

im cgpgks fm` hfqk okkm p~i ia phk eisp ckmpfdgsk` ci{mpgks Afmck fm` phk

Mkphkdfm`s fk fppkerpgmn pi srkcgagcfddw o{gd` okppk ~ilgmn kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm phkmfpgimfd spfpk fm` {ofm fkfs- Phk `kpfgds qfw o{p phk rgmcgrdks kefgm phk sfek pi

irkfpk im f cimpfcp{fd ofsgs ~gph phk dfnk cgpgks- Mkgphk hfs mkckssfgdw a{ddw fchgkqk`

phkg feogpgim- O{p phkg kaaips ì {m`kdgmk phk mkk` ai eik ni~m {r gm f``gpgim pi

eik jigmk` {r niqkmekmp- Gm rfpgc{df phkk mkk`s pi ok nkfpk dkqkds ia p{sp

okp~kkm mfpgimfd niqkmekmps fm` phk ogn {ofm fkfs fm` f ~gddgmnmkss pi dkp ni ia

ckmpfd cimpid iqk phk rickss ia `kdgqkw ~hgdk kpfgmgmn f spimn gmad{kmck iqk phk

i{pcieks ia ridgcw- Eiqgmn pi~f`s f eik cimpfcp{fd$ i{pciek%ofsk` frrifch phfp

egmgegsk` egci%cimpid ~i{d` ok f hkdra{d ~fw ia kmci{fngmn cgpw kcimiegc

cierkpgpgqkmkss gm a{p{k-

SGZK EFPPK_S

Imk v{kspgim fgsk` gm phgs sp{`w gs ~hkphk dfnk cgpgks fk `gaakkmp aie iphk rdfcks fm`

~hkphk phkw mkk` skrffpk ridgcw fppkmpgim- Gm iphk ~i`s fk phk dfnk Cik Cgpgks

srkcgfd9 Gp gs rkakcpdw rissgodk ai sefdd fm` ek`g{e sgzk` cgpgks pi ok kcimiegcfddw

s{cckssa{d- Gp hfrrkms gm Kmndfm` fm` im phk cimpgmkmp- O{p phk kfdgpw gs phfp sgzk ìks

efppk fm` dfnk rdfcks akv{kmpdw hfqk s{ospfmpgfd fsskps gm hf` fm` siap gmafsp{cp{k$

~hgch ngqk phke phk ripkmpgfd pi ok eik s{cckssa{d- Phk kerggcfd kqg`kmck fciss

cimpgmkmpfd K{irk gs fdsi rks{fsgqk- Mip fdd dfnk cgpgks fk s{cckssa{d- O{p i{ kqgk~ ia

phk cierffpgqk kcimiegc rkaiefmck shi~k` phfp phk cgpgks phfp scik hgnhdw ~kk qkwiapkm phk dfnk cgpgks gm K{irk fm` ckpfgmdw phk dfnksp gm phkg mfpgimfd swspke- Phk

ridgcw gerdgcfpgim ai phk [L gs cdkf- Fdd cgpgks efppk- O{p phk dfnk Cik Cgpgks hfqk

phk ripkmpgfd pi cimpgo{pk sgnmgagcfmpdw fm` fs f cimskv{kmck fk fm frrirgfpk pfnkp ai

f s{spfgmk` niqkmekmp spfpknw-

CIMMKCPGQGPW GS C_[CGFD

Phk sp{`w {m`kdgmk` phk cgpgcfd sgnmgagcfmck ~hgch K{irkfm ridgcw%eflks fm` phk

rgqfpk skcpi fppfchks pi cimmkcpgqgpw gm pkes ia kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss-

Cimmkcpgqgpw gs rfp rhwsgcfd pfgms$ rdfmks eipi~fws< rfp GCP fm` rfp c{dp{fd hfqgmn

f aikgnm ridgcw- Phisk ~hi ~kk cimpkerdfpgmn gm ~hgch cgpgks phkw shi{d` gmqksp

cimsgspkmpdw cgpk` phk afcpis- Gp gs f hgnh rgigpw ai phisk ~hi ~fmp pi fppfcp gmqkspekmp

fm` kmci{fnk kxrips- Phisk ridgcw eflks ~hi hfqk nii` cimmkcpgims ~fmp phke

geriqk`- Phisk ~hi ì mip ~fmp phke kqkm eik- Gp gs dkss cdkf phfp phk kdkqfmp ogps ia

Kmndgsh niqkmekmp hfqk pflkm a{ddw im oif` phk sgnmgagcfmck ia cimmkcpgqgpw oiph

gmpkmfd fm` kxpkmfd pi kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- S{ch gss{ks mkk` pi ok rdfck` eik

cdkfdw im phk cierkpgpgqkmkss fnkm`f fm` phk spflkhid`ks shi{d` ok eik akv{kmpdw fp

phk pfodk- Geriqgmn phk kngimfd pfmsripfpgim gmafsp{cp{k$ geriqgmn fgd cimmkcpgims

~gph phk cfrgpfd$ kxrdigpgmn phk ripkmpgfd ia phk efji miphkm fgrip gm Efmchkspk fdd

mkk` pi ok kmci{fnk`- Phk cimpgmkmpfd kxrkgkmck gs phfp gp gs fm gmqkspekmp ~hgch rfwsia gm pkes ia {ofm fm` mfpgimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss-


28/33


?>

CGPGKS CFM HKDR PHKESKDQKS

Cgpgks irkfpk ~gphgm f skp ia ri~ka{d sp{cp{fd kcimiegc sicgfd$ rhwsgcfd fm`

gmspgp{pgimfd cimspfgmps- Ndiofd kcimiegc chfmnk$ mfpgimfd ridgcgks fm` `kcgsgim eflgmn$

hgspiw fm` nkinfrhw cfm fdd rdfck kfd cimspfgmps {rim fm gm`gqg`{fd cgpws cfrfcgpw pi

rkaie ~kdd kcimiegcfddw- Ai kxferdk$ gp gs cdkf phfp cgpgks ~hgch fk gm nii` spfpkngc

dicfpgims$ hfqk okmgnm cdgefpks$ fppfcpgqk mfp{fd kmqgimekmps$ mi dknfcw ia pf`gpgimfdgm`{spgfd sp{cp{ks fppgp{`ks fm` qfd{ks$ irkfpk gm `kckmpfdgsk` swspkes$ hfqk fcckss pi

ri~ka{d kngimfd niqkmekmps$ i sgerdw okmkagpk` aie phk cimskv{kmcks ia phk risp%~f

kdicfpgim ia rgqfpk ages fk eik dglkdw pi ok s{cckssa{d phfm cgpgks ~hgch ì mip hfqk

phisk f`qfmpfnks- Phk kxrkgkmck ia s{cckssa{d si{phkm Nkefm cgpgks {m`kdgmks

phgs rigmp-

Phkk gs mi rigmp `kmwgmn phisk ri~ka{d kfdgpgks- Imk kfcpgim pi phkg kmci{fngmn

kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Cik Cgpgks gs phfp gp egnhp ok oksp pi spfp aie

siek~hkk kdsk- O{p phfp gs f ci{mskd ia `ksrfg- Cgpgks fk mip ri~kdkss pi shfrk phkg

kcimiegc pfjkcpigks- Phk kqg`kmck aie i{ s{cckssa{d fm` c{kmpdw dkss s{cckssa{d

cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gm`gcfpks phfp cgpgks mkk` pi ì kqkwphgmn phkw cfm ~gphgm phkg dgegps

pi efxgegsk phk cgpgcfd s{cckss afcpis ~k g`kmpgagk` kfdgk gmmiqfpgim$ `gqksgpw$

cimmkcpgqgpw$ slgddk` h{efm cfrgpfd$ v{fdgpw ia dgak fm` spfpkngc `kcgsgim%eflgmn cfrfcgpw-

KMCI[_FNGMN GMMIQFPGIM

Phgs sp{`w `keimspfpk` gm f qfgkpw ia ~fws phfp gmmiqfpgim gs phk lkw pi {ofm kcimiegc

cierkpgpgqkmkss- Gp fdsi {m`kdgmk` phfp `gaakkmp ci{mpgks hfqk `gaakkmp ~fws ia

efmfngmn phfp rickss- Gm rfpgc{df$ phk eisp gmmiqfpgqk cgpgks ~kk gm ci{mpgks$ ~hgch

hf` eik cihkkmp mfpgimfd fm` dicfd gmmiqfpgim swspkes- Kmndfm`$ ~hgch hfs phk dkfspcierkpgpgqk cgpgks$ hfs phk dkfsp cihkkmp gmmiqfpgim swspke- Gm`kk` gp gs ofkdw `kqkdirk`-

Gp gs okngmmgmn pi chfmnk ~gph phk gmckfsgmn idk ia _@Fs- O{p e{ch eik fppkmpgim

shi{d` ok rfg` pi kxrdigmn ~hfp dicfd gmmiqfpgim swspkes shi{d` diil dglk fm` phk ofgks

pi s{cckss- Phk kqg`kmck aie i{ cgpgks gs phfp phgs gs mip iclkp scgkmck- O{p gp gs f rickss

~hgch mkk`s pi ok aic{sk` {rim$ gs dimn pke$ gmqidqks cimsgspkmp mkp~ilgmn fm`

cieegpekmp aie mfpgimfd fs ~kdd fs dicfd niqkmekmp- ^hkk phfp rickss gs hfrrkmgmn

dicfddw gp gs pi ok kmci{fnk`- ^hkk gp gs mip gp shi{d` ok `kqkdirk`-

KCIMIEW$ PK__GPI_W FM@ NIQK_MEKMP PHK ^KFLKSP DGML9

Phk rgefw aic{s ia phgs krip hfs okkm phk shfrk fm` `gspgo{pgim ia cierkpgpgqk

K{irkfm cgpgks fm` phk spfm`gmn ia phk Cik Cgpgks- O{p phk ~g`k ekssfnk gs foi{p phk

gerfcp ia kcimiegc ndiofdgsfpgim fm` ksp{cp{gmn {rim phk rfppkms ia i{ pkgpigfd

niqkmfmck- Kcimiegc rickssks fk chfmngmn$ fs fk kcimiegc nkinfrhgks- Gmspgp{pgims

mkk` pi cfpch {r ~gph phisk rickssks ia chfmnk- Phk lkw gss{k gs mi dimnk f mfi~

cimckm phfp phk cgpw `kagmk` fs fm fègmgspfpgqk kmpgpw mi dimnk eflks skmsk- Phk eik

geripfmp gss{k gs pi eflk phk pkgpigfd gerfcp ia mfpgimfd ridgcgks fm` `kcgsgim%eflgmn

eik pfmsrfkmp fm` irkm pi `kofpk- Phgs ~gdd gmqidqk f m{eok ia phgmns- Dicfd

f{phigpgks ~gdd mkk` pi kcinmgsk$ fs phkw gmckfsgmndw ì$ phfp phkg oi{m`fgks fk mip phk

mfp{fd rdfcks gm ~hgch pi rdfm kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp- S{o%kngims fm` kngims ~gdd ciekgmpi rdfw- Fm` phkw ~gdd mkk` pi kcinmgsk phk geripfmck ia qfgfodk nkiekpw$ ~hkk phk

dic{s ai fcpgim gm imk ridgcw srhkk ~gdd mip ok phk sfek ai f `gaakkmp ridgcw srhkk-


29/33


?8

Fp mfpgimfd dkqkd gp ~gdd gmqidqk f nkfpk kcinmgpgim ia phk sgnmgagcfmck ia kcimiegc fm`

pkgpigfd kdfpgimshgrs- Phkk mkk`s pi ok nkfpk cdfgpw foi{p phk gmpkmpgim ia fm`

kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm mfpgimfd ridgcgks ai `gaakkmp fkfs ~hkphk mkgnhoi{hii`s$

cgpgks$ s{o%kngims i kngims- Phkk fdsi mkk`s pi ok nkfpk f~fkmkss ia phk gerfcp ia

mfpgimfd spfpk ridgcgks {rim rfpgc{df rdfcks- Fp imk dkqkd$ gp cfm ok fn{k` phfp phkk gs

mip$ fs phk Pkfs{w cdfges$ f phg` nkmkfpgim ia kngimfd ridgcw- Gm`kk` phk kxrdgcgp

kngimfd frrffp{s gs kdfpgqkdw ~kfl fm` kdfpgqkdw riidw a{m`k`- O{p phksk gss{ks cfmmipok sgerdw cimagmk` pi phk cimckms ia cimqkmpgimfd kxrdgcgp kngimfd ridgcw- Phkk ~gdd

hfqk pi ok ~g`k `kofpk foi{p phk cimskv{kmcks ia f qkw ri~ka{d gerdgcgp pkgpigfd

ridgcw$ ~hkkow s{ospfmpgfd r{odgc ksi{cks adi~ gmpi `gaakkmp fkfs ia phk mfpgim phi{nh

f fmnk ia `gscimmkcpk` ridgcgks fm` gmspgp{pgims gm hgnhk k`{cfpgim$ kskfch fm`

`kqkdirekmp$ pfmsripfpgim$ hi{sgmn fm` hkfdph- Iapkm phksk ridgcgks fm` rinfeeks

s{rrip fdkf`w risrki{s kngims fs e{ch fs ga mip eik phfm phk dkss risrki{s

rdfcks$ ~hgch mkk` cgpgcfd s{rrip fm` gmpkqkmpgim- Phk mfp{k ia phfp gerdgcgp ridgcw

swspke fm` gps ekgps mkk`s pi ok `gsc{ssk`- Phgs ci{d` dkf` pi f eik cimsp{cpgqk

mfpgimfd `kofpk ~hgch fphk phfm okgmn zki%s{e okp~kkm dkf`gmn fm` dfnngmn rdfcks

ci{d` ok ~gm%~gm-

Phk K{irkfm kqg`kmck s{nnksps phfp phk dkppgmn ni ia ckmpfd cimpid okfs phk a{gp ia

kcimiegc risrkgpw- O{p gp fdsi gm`gcfpks phfp gm f``gpgim pi kngimfd ridgcgks phkk gs f

mkk` ai f mfpgimfd ridgcw ai kngims- Phgs ~i{d` gmqidqk pflgmn f spfpkngc qgk~ ia phk

frrirgfpk kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm `gaakkmp rfps ia phk Kmndgsh pkgpiw fm` phk gerfcp ia

niqkmekmp efchgmkw$ ridgcgks fm` ksi{cks {rim phke- Ga phgs ~kk ckfpk`$ gp ~i{d`

kgmaick phk Cik Cgpgks risgpgim phfp phkw fk mip fslgmn srkcgfd pkfpekmp ai phkeskdqks

mi ai Dimìm fm` phk si{ph kfsp pi ok cimspfgmk`- Gp ~i{d` aie rfp ia f ~g`k

`kofpk foi{p phk oksp ~fw ia geriqgmn phk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Kmndgsh

{ofm$ kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd swspkes-

CGPW FM@ _KNGIMFD CIERKPGPGQKMKSS F O_G@NK MIP F OF__GK_

Phk ridgcw fnkm`f hfs kqidqk` gm kckmp eimphs- Gm rfpgc{df phkk gs cimckm ~gph

RSF ?6$ ~hgch gs `ksgnmk` pi geriqk kngimfd rkaiefmck fm` k`{ck kngimfd

gmkv{fdgpgks gm Kmndfm` ekfms phfp phkk gs fs e{ch cimckm ~gph phk cimpgo{pgim phfp

dfnk cgpgks cfm eflk pi kngimfd rkaiefmck fs phkk gs ~gph phk rkaiefmck ia phisk

cgpgks gm phkg i~m gnhp- ^hfp ìks i{ sp{`w pkdd {s foi{p phgs9

KCIMIEGC _KDFPGIMSHGRS OKP^KKM CGPGKS FM@ _KNGIMS

Hi~ fk cgpw fm` kngimfd kcimiegks cimmkcpk`9 Phkk nkmkfd cieekmps cfm ok ef`k im

phk ofsgs ia phk kxgspgmn kskfch dgpkfp{k- Agsp$ phk efjigpw ia fdd kcimiegc fcpgqgpw gs

cimckmpfpk` gm dfnk cgpgks- Eisp kcimiegc fcpgqgpw gm eisp kngims gs ìegmfpk` ow ~hfp

hfrrkms gm phk efji i f sefdd m{eok ia dfnk cgpgks- Phkkaik$ ga wi{ cfm geriqk phk

kcimiegc rkaiefmck ia cgpgks$ phgs ~gdd hfqk f efji gerfcp {rim phk kcimiew ia phk

kmpgk kngim-

6 RSF ?: R{odgc Skqgck Fnkkekmp ? _kngimfd Kcimiegc Cierkpgpgqkmkss-


30/33


?7

Skcim` ei`km skqgck gm`{spgks fk hgnhdw cimckmpfpk` gm phk ckmpfd fkfs ia kngimfd

cfrgpfds- Phksk fk iapkm phk efji ni~ph gm`{spgks gm f`qfmck` kcimiegks- Ei`km

hgnh%pkch gm`{spgks s{ch fs GCP fm` phk dgak scgkmcks fk fdsi cimckmpfpk` gm phk ckmpks

ia kngimfd cfrgpfds- Si kngimfd cfrgpfds pkm` pi ok rgqgdknk` gm phk mk~ ni~ph gm`{spgks

i fk phk rdfcks ~hkk phkw ~i{d` pwrgcfddw dglk pi ok dicfpk`- Srimsigmn phksk skcpis gm

cgpgks ~gdd fdsi hfqk f `gsriripgimfpk kaakcp im phk cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk kmpgk kngim-

Phg` pf`gmn cgpgks hfqk fd~fws okkm phk eisp kcimiegcfddw s{cckssa{d fkfs- Imck phkw~kk dicfpk` fp gqk cissgmns fm` rips- Mi~ phkw fk dicfpk` fp gmpkmfpgimfd fgrips-

Cgpgks fk phk cimmkcpgmn mi`ks ia phk gmpkmfpgimfd pf`gmn kcimiew- Phkkaik aispkgmn

phk kaagcgkmcw fm` cimmkcpgqgpw ia kngimfd cfrgpfds riqg`ks fm kcimiegc nfpk~fw pi phk

gmpkmfpgimfd kcimiew fm` okmkagps phk ~hidk kngimfd kcimiew-

O{p ~k cfm f`` siek srkcgagc cieekmps im phk ofsgs ia i{ sp{`w- Agsp$ mip fdd kngims

fciss K{irk fk {ofm- Fm` phkk fk kxferdks ia s{cckssa{d mim%{ofm kngims-

Hi~kqk$ gm i{ sp{`w phkk ~kk mi s{cckssa{d {ofm kngims ~hgch `g` mip hfqk

s{cckssa{d cgpgks fp phkg cik- Phk kngims ~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd ~kk phisk ~kk ~hkk phk

cik cgpw rkaiek` ~kdd fm` qgck qksf- Mi `g` ~k agm` cgpgks phfp ~gd`dw i{prkaiek`

phkg kngim i qgck qksf- Skcim` gm siek kngims phk kcimiegc ~kgnhp ia phk ckmpfd

cgpw)gks gs si dfnk phfp phk N@R ia phk {ofm fkf gs iapkm f sgnmgagcfmp rfp ia phk kngimfd

N@R fm` imk gs fcp{fddw ekfs{gmn phk sfek lgm` ia phgmn- Phg`$ kqkm phi{nh efmw

kngims fk ridwckmpgc$ i{pdwgmn fkfs spgdd `krkm` hkfqgdw {rim phk ckmpfd cgpw sgmck

efmw ia phkg ksg`kmps ciee{pk pi fm` ~il gm phke fm` phk ckmpfd cgpw riqg`ks phke

~gph f qfgkpw ia kcimiegc$ sicgfd fm` c{dp{fd skqgcks- Ai{ph$ efmw ia phk akfp{ks phfp

s{cckssa{d ei`km gm`{spgks kv{gk gmmiqfpgim$ ckfpgqgpw$ slgddk` h{efm cfrgpfd$ fcckss

pi eflkps fk phk v{fdgpgks phfp phk {ofm fkfs$ gmspgp{pgims fm` ksg`kmps ~k sp{`gk`

pwrgcfddw risskssk`- Agaph$ phk sgnmgagcfmck ia {ofm%kngimfd kdfpgimshgr hfs okkm

kcinmgsk` ow efmw niqkmekmps gm K{irk- Ai kxferdk$ e{ch ia phk ph{sp ia K[ ridgcw

gm phk rfsp `kcf`k hfs okkm pi skkl geriqk` kngimfd rkaiefmck ow aic{ssgmn {rim phkcimpgo{pgim ia cgpgks- Fm` efmw mfpgimfd fm` kngimfd niqkmekmps im phk cimpgmkmp

hfqk fdsi kcinmgsk` phk cimpgo{pgim phfp cgpgks eflk pi kngimfd kcimiegc rkaiefmck-

GMSPGP[PGIMFD _KDFPGIMSHGRS OKP^KKM CGPGKS FM@ _KNGIMS

Agsp ~k fk mip fdimk gm phksk cimckms- Phkk gs nkfp f~fkmkss gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk ia

phk geripfmck ia phk kcimiegc kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm cgpgks fm` kngims- Kqkwoi`w

kcinmgsks phfp cgpw fègmgspfpgqk oi{m`fgks ì mip ciksrim` ~gph c{kmp kcimiegc

kfdgpgks fm` phfp phk ~g`k kngim i s{o%kngim mkk`s pi ok pflkm gmpi fcci{mp ai dimn

pke ridgcweflgmn- Skcim` phkk fk gmckfsk` kaaips pi `kqgsk s{o%kngimfd gmspgp{pgimfd

kdfpgimshgrs si phfp cgpgks fm` phkg s{i{m`gmn kngims cfm ~il pinkphk eik

kaagcgkmpdw$ rfpdw pi efmfnk gmpkmfd gss{ks kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp$ rhwsgcfd

gmafsp{cp{k$ h{efm cfrgpfd$ kmqgimekmp$ pfmsrip gss{ks fm` rfpdw pi eflkp phkg

kngims kxpkmfddw- Phk mfp{k ia phk kdfpgimshgrs fmnks aie aiefd pi gmaiefd- Oiph

frrifchks hfqk cisps fm` okmkagps- Phg`$ phksk {ofm% kngimfd kdfpgimshgrs fk mkqk

sgerdk ~gph f fmnk ia kcimiegc fm` ridgpgcfd pkmsgims eflgmn gp `gaagc{dp pi nkp kfsw

sid{pgims- Ai{ph$ `f~gmn oi{m`fgks fm` `kcg`gmn ~hi gs gm ~hi gs i{p aiefddw i

gmaiefddw gs mip sgerdk- @gaakkmp cgpgks hfqk ~ilk` ~gph `gaakkmp oi{m`fgks- Ridgpgcfd

kfdgpgks fm` kdfpgimshgrs fk f lkw cimsg`kfpgim- O{p gm efmw {ofm fkfs phkk fk

kaaips pi o{gd` kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm mkgnhoi{gmn dicfd f{phigpgks$ i iccfsgimfddwokp~kkm eik `gspfmp pi~ms fm` cgpgks$ ~hgch fdd kerhfsgsk phk kcimiegc f`qfmpfnks

`kgqk` aie cgpgcfd efss fm` gmckfsk` ciddfoifpgim- îlgmn im fs ~g`k f scfdk {rim

~hgch wi{ cfm nkp ridgpgcfd fnkkekmp gs riofodw phk oksp f`qgck-


31/33


32

Gm phk [L$ phk niqkmekmpfd fm` gmspgp{pgimfd dfm`scfrk ia kngims$ cgpgks fm`

mkgnhoi{hii`s hfs chfmnk` `fefpgcfddw gm kckmp wkfs- Phk ks{dp gs phfp phk srfpgfd

fchgpkcp{k ia kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss gs cierdkx ga mip cima{sk` fm` {mspfodk-

Agm`gmn phk gnhp dkqkds fp ~hgch pi r{dd ridgcw dkqks kefgms fm kd{sgqk nifd- O{p phk

rkskmp ffmnkekmps gm Kmndfm` skke s{o%irpgefd- Phgs sp{`w ai{m` phfp phk chfddkmnk

ia nkppgmn phk gnhp nkiekpw ai kcimiegc a{mcpgims fm` gmspgp{pgims gs fs cierdkx gm

cimpgmkmpfd K{irk- Phkk gs mi efngc o{ddkp- O{p phk kqg`kmck aie cimpgmkmpfd K{irkgs phfp gmckfsgmndw phk cgpw gs knf`k` fs pii sefdd fm` phk kngim pii dfnk f rdfpaie im

~hgch pi ofsk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phk pkm` gs pi `kqkdir cgpw%kngimfd sid{pgims$

eisp iapkm im fm gmaiefd ofsgs$ fdphi{nh iccfsgimfddw fm` s{cckssa{ddw$ im f aiefd ofsgs-

Phgs s{nnksps phfp ~hfp gs nii` kmi{nh ai phk s{cckssa{d {ofm kcimiegks ia cimpgmkmpfd

K{irk i{nhp pi ok nii` kmi{nh ai i{ {m`k%rkaiegmn cgpgks- Phkk gs fm gmckmpgqk

ga mip fm gerkfpgqk ai rdfcks pi `kqkdir fm` gerdkekmp spfpkngks$ ridgcgks fm`

gmsp{ekmps phfp r{dd cik cgpgks fm` phkg kcimiegc hgmpkdfm`s pinkphk fphk phfm

frfp- Phgs efw mip ok kfsw ~hkm phkk fk a{ddw `kqkdirk` i `kqkdirgmn kngimfd fm`

mkgnhoi{hii` gmspgp{pgims$ spfpkngks fm` gmsp{ekmps- O{p fdd rdfwks dicfd$ kngimfd fm`

mfpgimfd mkk` pi aic{s {rim phk dingc ia phgs frrifch- Phgs gs fdkf`w hfrrkmgmn gm

siek _@Fs- Phk rickss mkk`s pi ok `kkrkmk` fm` ~g`kmk`- Fdd phksk afcpis s{nnksp phfp

gm i`k pi fchgkqk geriqk` kngimfd rkaiefmck fm` pi k`{ck kngimfd gmkv{fdgpw$

mfpgimfd ridgcw eflks i{nhp pi aic{s im phk kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm Cik Cgpgks fm` phkg

kngims- Cik Cgpgks fk imk ia phk lkw dkqks pi geriqk kngimfd rkaiefmck-

Cimcd{sgim

Phgs sp{`w hfs g`kmpgagk` phk chffcpkgspgcs ia phk dkf`gmn K{irkfm cgpgks fm` cierfk`

phke ~gph i{ ognnksp cgpgks i{psg`k Dim`im- Phk kqg`kmck gs siokgmn- @ksrgpk kckmpgeriqkekmps$ efmw ia i{ riqgmcgfd cgpgks dfn okhgm` phkg cierkpgpis gm pkes ia N@R$

gmmiqfpgim dkqkds$ k`{cfpgimfd dkqkds$ cimmkcpgqgpw$ sicgfd cihksgim$ v{fdgpw ia dgak$ ridgpgcfd

cfrfcgpw fm` cimmkcpgims ~gph phkg ~g`k pkgpigks- C{cgfddw$ phkw dfn gm phk kwks ia

gmpkmfpgimfd gmqkspis- Gm cimpfsp pi phkg s{cckssa{d cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps$ efmw

Kmndgsh cgpgks fk f `fgm {rim mfpgimfd kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phk sp{`w hfs

g`kmpgagk` f skp ia lkw ridgcw ekssfnks ofsk` {rim phk kxrkgkmck ia siek ia phk eisp

s{cckssa{d K{irkfm cgpgks phfp egnhp hkdr geriqk i{ cgpgks cierkpgpgqkmkss fm` i{

kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phkw `i mip cimspgp{pk f efngc o{ddkp- Phkw fk

eik dglk cieeim%skmsk- O{p phkw fk mip v{gcl- Siek mip fdd ~k fk fdkf`w r{s{gmn$

ga mip kmknkpgcfddw kmi{nh- Hi~kqk$ phkw fk ~iph r{s{gmn ~gph nkfpk qgni{

okcf{sk phk rgzk gs qkw hgnh-


32/33

36

A{phk Gmaiefpgim

A{phk gmaiefpgim gs cimpfgmk` gm phk a{dd krip Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks: ^hkk ì

phk Cik Cgpgks spfm`9$ f krip pi phk I@RE ow Riakssi Egchfkd Rflgmsim$ Efw

H{pchgms KG[F (Dgqkriid Jihm Eiiks [mgqksgpw'$ Riakssi Jfeks Sgeegk (Ixai`

Oiilks [mgqksgpw'$ Nkn Cdfl (Dimìm @kqkdirekmp Fnkmcw'$ Hfms Qkìml K{icgpgks' GSOM 6 8;66? 172 ?$ Rgck 6; fqfgdfodk aie:

I@RE R{odgcfpgims Ckmpk

RI Oix Mi ?31

^kphkow DS?3 >MO

Pkd: 28>2 6??1 ?31

Afx: 28>2 6??1 ?3>

Kefgd: i`reBp~ipkm-rkss-mkp

A{phk cirgks ia phgs s{eefw fk fqfgdfodk aie:

Kxpkmfd _kdfpgims fm` R{odgshgmn

Iaagck ia phk @kr{pw Rgek Egmgspk

?)C1$ Kdfm` Hi{sk

Oksskm`km Rdfck

Dimìm S^6K ;@[

Afx: 2?2 >700 0;?>

Kefgd: h--s{eefgksBi`re-niq-{l

S{eefgks ia fdd cierdkpk` I@RE hi{sgmn kskfch fm` nii` rfcpgck rijkcps fk fdsi

fqfgdfodk qgf phk I@RE ~ko sgpk: hppr:))~~~-hi{sgmn-i`re-niq-{l

Phk I@RE r{odgshks akk gmaiefpgim dkfadkps im f fmnk ia hi{sgmn pirgcs- Ai f cirw ia

phk Hi{sgmn R{odgcfpgims I`k Aie rdkfsk cimpfcp phk I@RE R{odgcfpgims Ckmpk$

f``kss foiqk-


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