Compendium Of NASA Data Base For Tropospheric … · The Global Tropospheric Experiment's Pacific Exploratory Mission ... TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT'S PACIFIC EXPLORATORY ... PEM West/APARE

NASA Technical Memorandum 109177

f"

Compendium Of NASA Data Base ForThe Global Tropospheric Experiment'sPacific Exploratory Mission West-A(PEM West-A)

G. L. Gregory and A. D. Scott, Jr.Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

(NASA-TM-109177) COMPENDIUM OF

NASA DATA BASE FOR TH_ GLOBAL

TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT'S PACIFIC

EXPLORATORY MISSION WEST-A (PEM

WEST-A) (NASA. Langley Research

Center) 140 pG3145

N95-23009

Unclas

0042496

February 1995

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Langley Research Center

Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950016592 2018-06-14T21:08:55+00:00Z

COMPENDIUM OF NASA DATA BASE FOR THE

GLOBAL TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT'S

PACIFIC EXPLORATORY MISSION WEST-A (PEM WEST-A)

By Gerald L. Gregory and A. Donald Scott, Jr.Langley Research Center

SUMMARY

The report provides a compendium of NASA aircraft data that are

available from NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment's (GTE) Pacific

Exploratory Mission West-A (PEM West-A) conducted in September and October

1991. The NASA PEM West experiments (PEM West-A and -B) are a major component

of the East Asia/North Pacific Regional Study (APARE), a project within the

International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program. PEM West flight

experiments focused on the Pacific rim region and were primarily based at

Japan, Hong Kong, and Guam. The broad objectives of the experiments were to

study chemical processes and long-range transport associated with Asian

continental outflow over the northwest Pacific Ocean and to document the

magnitude of the human impact on the oceanic/marine atmosphere oven this

region with an emphasis on ozone and sulfur chemistry (gas). PEM West-B,

conducted in the same region during February and March 1994, studied late-

winter to early-spring meteorology during which continental outflow was

enhanced in comparison to outflow during the early-fall PEM West-A time frame.

Results from PEM West-B will become publicly available in the summer of 1995.

PEM West-A data are public domain.

The format of this compendium utilizes data plots--time series and

altitude profiles--of selective data acquired aboard the NASA/Ames DC-8

aircraft during PEM West-A. The purpose of this document is to provide a

representation of aircraft data that are available in archived format via NASA

Langley's Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The data format is not

intended to support original research/analyses, but to assist the reader in

identifying data that are of interest. This compendium is for only the NASA

aircraft data. The DAAC archived data bases include numerous supporting data

including meteorological observations/products, photochemical modeling

products, results from surface studies, satellite observations, and sondes

releases.

INTRODUCTION

The goal of the NASATropospheric Chemistry Program is to develop an

understanding of the chemical cycles that control the composition of the

troposphere and to assess the susceptibility of the global atmosphere to

chemical change. A major componentof the NASAprogram is the Global

Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), which consists of a series of field experiments

designed to (I) evaluate the capability of instrument techniques to measure,

under field conditions, the minute concentrations of key chemical species in

the troposphere; and (2) systematically address tropospheric chemistry issues

relevant to global change, through airborne sampling expeditions, coupled with

modeling and laboratory studies. GTE is primarily an aircraft-based program

supplemented by ground-based measurements. Satellite data also play important

roles. Space Shuttle observations of tropospheric carbon monoxide

distributions have been used to plan and direct the course of expeditions, for

example, over tropical rain forests and for continental outflow into the

tropical Atlantic Ocean. Landsat land-surface images have facilitated the

extrapolation of regional Arctic-tundra measurements into global-scale

conclusions. Total Ozone Measurements from Satellites (TOMS) have helped

place GTE observed ozone distributions/budgets into a global perspective

(temporal and spatial) and to guide intensive aircraft studies over the

tropical Atlantic Ocean. Weather data returned by environmental satellites

have guided flight planning for research flights. The Distributed Active

Archive Center (DAAC) data include many of the satellite, surface, and

meteorological products used to support GTE missions or analyses.

The GTE airborne expeditions have focused on studies of the remote

global atmosphere in order to provide well-documented baseline measurements of

the unperturbed environment and to fully understand the chemical cycles

underlying the natural environment. Table I and Figure I summarize GTE

missions conducted through 1994. The GTE expeditions have been conducted in a

diverse range of environments and with different scientific goals. The

Chemical Instrument Test and Evaluation (CITE) series was designed to study

our ability to measure key tropospheric gaseous species by exposing selected

instrumentation to a wide range of measurement conditions. The Atmospheric

Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) were designed to study the emission,

chemical processes, and dynamics of the boundary layer, and have been

conducted over ecosystems known to have significant influence on the global

troposphere. The importance of long-range transport of natural and

anthropogenic emissions on the global troposphere has been investigated in the

Pacific Exploratory Missions (PEM) and the Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry

Experiment in the Atlantic (TRACE-A).

The GTE, managed through the Tropospheric Chemistry Program in the

Mission to Planet Earth Office, NASA Headquarters, was initiated in the early

1980s. Implementation of the GTE Project is via a Project Office at the NASA

Langley Research Center, Atmospheric Sciences Division.

SYMBOLS AND UNITS

ABLE

APARE

CITE

CO

CO 2

C2CI 4

CH3CCI 3

CH3OOH

CH3COOH

CH 4

DAAC

deg.

DMS

dp

Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment

East Asia/North P__aacific Regional Study

Chemical Instrument Test and Evaluation

carbon monoxide

carbon dioxide

tetrachloroethylene

methyl chloroform

methyl peroxide

acetic acid

methane

Distributed Active Archive Center

degree

dimethyl sulfide

dew point temperature, degree Centigrade

Ga.Inst. of Tech.

GTE

H202HCOOH

HNO3IGAC

LaRC

N20

NASA

NIES

NOAA

NO

NO X

NOy

NCAR

O 3

PAN

PEM

ppbv

ppmv

PPN

pptv

Rel. Humidity

SO 2

T

Theta

TOMS

TRACE-A

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Global Tropospheric Experiment

hydrogen peroxide

formic acid

nitric acid

International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program

Langley Research Center

nitrous oxide

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

nitric oxide

nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide ÷ nitrogen dioxide)

total odd nitrogen

National Center for Atmospheric Research

ozone

peroxyacetyl nitrate

Pacific Exploratory Mission

parts-per-billion, by volume

parts-per-million, by volume

peroxypropionly nitrate

parts-per-trillion, by volume

relative humidity, percent

sulfur dioxide

air temperature, degree Centigrade

potential temperature, degree Kelvin

Total Ozone Measurements from Satellites

Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment in the

Atlantic

Univ.of CA, Irvine University of California at Irvine, California

Univ.of NH University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

Univ. of RI University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island

Univ. University

PROGRAM AND DATA DESCRIPTIONS

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Pacific Exploratory

Mission West (PEM West) is a major component of the East Asia/North Pacific

Regional study (APARE), a project within the International Global Atmospheric

Chemistry (IGAC) program. The broad objectives of the PEM West/APARE

initiative is to study chemical processes and long-range transport over the

northwest Pacific Ocean, and to estimate the magnitude of the human impact

(specifically Asian continental outflow) on the marine/oceanic atmosphere of

the region. Specific objectives of PEM West are (I) to investigate the

atmospheric chemistry of ozone (0 3) and its precursors over the northwest

Pacific including examination of their natural budgets as well as the impact

of anthropogenic sources; and (2) to investigate the atmospheric sulfur cycle

over the northwest Pacific with emphasis on the relative importance and

influence of continental versus marine sulfur sources.

The Pacific Ocean is, perhaps, the only major region in the Northern

Hemisphere that is "relatively" free from direct anthropogenic influences. In

the remote regions of the northern Pacific and in most of the southern

Pacific, it should be possible to study the biogeochemical cycles of carbon,

nitrogen, ozone, sulfur, and aerosols in an environment which, from a global

perspective, is least perturbed by anthropogenic activities. On the other

hand, there is little doubt that long-range transport of air pollutants from

Asia and, to a lesser extent, Europe and North America is beginning to have

significant impact on the atmosphere over a large part of the Pacific. The

results from the PEM West studies provide an extensive set of baseline data

from which the anthropogenic impact of this region can be reliably assessed

for decades to come.

The overall experiment design for the PEM-West/APARE program encompassed

two field studies positioned in time such that contrasting meteorological

regimes in the northwestern Pacific could be studied. The first phase of the

Pacific Exploratory Mission West, PEM West-A, was conducted over the Pacific

Ocean off the coast of Asia during September and October, 1991. Significant

characteristics of the lower troposphere airflow during this time of year

includes periods during which the predominance of flow is from the mid-Pacific

(marine) regions and periods in which the marine flow is modified/mixed with

Asian continental outflow. Phase B of PEM West was conducted during February

and March 1994, a period characterized by maximum outflow from the Asian

continent.

The centerpiece of PEM West-A was a series of 18 research flights with

the instrumented NASA Ames DC-8. The aircraft operated from three staging

areas: Yokota Air Force Base, Japan; Kai Tak International Airport, Hong

Kong; and Anderson Air Force Base, Guam. Table 2 summarizes the flights, and

Figure 2 shows the flight regions. Flights 6-9, 12-13, and 15-17 were site-

intensive flights based from Japan, Hong Kong, and Guam, respectively.

Survey/ferry flights included (a) flights 4-5 from Ames to Japan (via

Anchorage, Alaska); (b) flights 10-11 from Japan to Hong Kong (via Okinawa);

(c) flight 14 from Hong Kong to Guam; and (d) flights 18-21 from Guam to Ames

(via Wake Island and Hawaii). Flight 20 was a Hawaiian Island flight designed

in conjunction with surface sampling conducted by NOAA/NCAR at the Mauna Loa

Observatory. While the prime objective of the survey/ferry flights was to

move the aircraft to a new base of operation, the flight plans were designed

to provide as much information on the atmospheric processes and vertical

structure of the atmosphere as possible. The intensive flights were designed

to take advantage of the geographical location of the site and prevailing

meteorological conditions in addressing science objectives. As a result of

the location of the three intensive sites (staging areas), flights covered a

latitude range of about 30 ° N to the Equator and sampled air with continental

lifetimes of (I day (i.e., passed over the Asian continent within I day of

sampling) to air which had been over the Pacific Ocean for >10 days.

Special PEM West-A sampling events or targets of opportunity included

(I) two "fly-bys" of Taiwan [flights 12 and 13, with flight 12 including a

ground station flyby], (2) the first known airborne study of trace gases in a

typhoon [flight 9--typhoon Mireille and flight 14--typhoon Orchid], and (3)

the already noted Mauna Loa Observatory experiment of flight 20. Typhoon

Mireille, a category 4 typhoon, struck the western side of Japan on September

27, 1991. As Mireille approached the coast of Japan, the DC-8 conducted

flight 9 to study the roles of typhoons in the transport of trace gases,

measuring both the inflow to the typhoon at low altitudes and the outflow

within the eye at high altitudes. Sampling of typhoon Orchid, which occurred

as a secondary objective of flight 14, was confined to sampling the high-

altitude outflow in much lesser detail than for Mireille.

The core set of measurements aboard the aircraft focused on ozone and

sulfur chemistry issues (gaseous). The aircraft data included a suite of

chemical measurements which included ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,

total odd or "reactive" nitrogen gaseous species, sulfur trace gases (sulfur

dioxide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide),

peroxyacetyl nitrate or PAN, peroxypropionly nitrate, methane, carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide, nonmethane hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, acetic acid,

formic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen and methyl peroxides, and aerosol

number/size distribution. Table 3 identifies investigators responsible for

the measurements, and Figure 3 shows a schematic of the aircraft instrument

plan.

The aircraft platform as used in PEM West-A had a cruise speed at

altitude of about 12 km/min and a maximum flight duration and ceiling of about

8-9 hours and 13 km, respectively. Survey flights were generally long-

duration flights at high altitude (10 to 13 km) with (generally) at least one

descent (spiral or ramp in addition to takeoff and landing) to about 150 to

300 m above sea level. Intensive flights combined numerous ramps, profiles,

and level-flight legs to meet planned objectives. Generally, altitude

profiles (spirals or ramps) were flown with ascent/descent rates of 150 to 300

m/min.

The PEM West-A DAAC data archive includes (I) data taken aboard the NASA

Ames DC-8 aircraft; (2) data measured at surface sites throughout the Pacific

rim basin; (3) sondes released from multiple locations in support of the

aircraft flights; (4) photochemical modeling products used in analyses of

results; and (5) numerous meteorological, land-use, and satellite data

products used in flight (field) planning and post-mission analyses.

The data plots for the PEM West-A missions are given in Appendix A. For

each flight, five pages of time series plots are provided: page I -- a

pictorial diagram of the flight region and time series plots of altitude,

temperature (T), dew point temperature (dp), relative humidity, and potential

temperature (theta); page 2 -- ozone (03) , carbon monoxide (CO), carbon

dioxide (C02,) methane, nitrous oxide (N20) , and benzene; page 3 -- nitric

oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (N0×), total odd or "reactive" nitrogen gas

species (NOy), peroxyacetly nitrate (PAN), and nitric acid; page 4 --

acetylene, ethane, propane, tetrachloroethylene (C2C14) , and methyl chloroform

(CH3CCI3); and page 5 -- sulfur dioxide (S02) , dimethyl sulfide (DMS),

ethylene, hydrogen peroxide (H202) , and methyl peroxide (CH3OOH). The species

were selected to provide the reader with information on both the source

characteristics and photochemical history of the air. Figure numbers

correspond to flight numbers; e.g., Figure A4.2 represents page 2 of the plots

for flight #4. Selected profile plots follow the time series plots as, e.g.,

Figure A4.6 is the first page of profile plots for flight 4. Profile plot

sets include temperature, dew point temperature, ozone, carbon monoxide, and

methane data plotted to the same altitude scale. One to three sets of

profile plots are provided (format of two sets per page) for each flight.

Table 4 summarizes the profiles selected. There are no figures with the

prefix of At, A2, or A3. Flights I to 3 were instrument checkout flights

9

based at Ames and data were not archived. Data plots are in standardized

format as discussed in Appendix A. The DAAC archive includes measurements

aboard the DC-8 aircraft during PEM West-A which are not plotted in

Appendix A.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

This compendium of data from NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment's

Pacific Exploratory Mission West-A provides only a representation of aircraft

data that are available in archived format from NASA Langley's Distributed

Active Archive Center (DAAC). The presented data are not intended to support

original research/analyses, but serve as an overview of the PEM West-A data

and provide some assistance to the reader in identifying data that are of

interest and which may be obtained from Langley's DAAC archive. This

compendium covers only selected NASA DC-8 aircraft data. The archived data

bases include other data measured on board the aircraft as well as numerous

supporting data including meteorological observations/products, photochemical

modeling products, surface station observations, satellite observations, and

sondes releases. GTE-sponsored analyses/results from the PEM West-A

expeditions have been accepted for a Special Issue of the Journal of

Geophysical Research - Atmospheres scheduled for publication in 1995.

Questions or information regarding the Langley DAAC archive should be

directed to Langley DAAC User and Data Services, Mail Stop 157B, NASA Langley

Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001. A brief description of the

DAAC, log on procedures, and data bases is given as Appendix B.

I0

0-H.i.J-H

Q)

X

,.-.4

-,-I

¢1

0

-H

C0

-H_)_

U-H

h

O

,-I

h

I::1

CO

-H

.H"O

.I.J 4-1m m .._

_1 _,._ _ --4 _ _1._ O °._

Zl ::1 _ D Zl 0 _::1 ::1 0 U • •

O_Oq4

D

_ 0 0

mm_

m I[_l I_Q I I0 I I

_i 00.l_..Q N N m_

_ LD r_ CO C)

It-- It'- I"-" T-- I--

IIIII I I I I

I-I I-I I-I I-I

I I4J4Jmm_

0

11

0

4-;-,.4

'0_J

X

I4J

E

,0 m

0

_W

0

W

or]

E_

0

_J

_U_0

.,.4E_

0

_40

4oU_0

0

t_

.e4E_

40

40

g

OW

ul

-¢'t _

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _- 0 ,-- 0 0 0 0 0 ,--

®

I_o P_ _I ,,:r u_ P_. i '_" "_ "_ !

_ _ _ _ _ U U U U U U U U U O U UCO _ _ _] CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e

-,-I

'0

,--I

0

4J

i-4

o1-1

r_l

12

C-H

C.,-I

Cu-,40

.,-I

<ul IC-_O_.,-I

•,-IO4-}-H

I-I.H

O

O 1,4._O

I/}

>.,-I

I-I.HO

,--I

-HO

-H1.4

m

OI/}

0

0 00

o _u

C0-H_u

0

,-4

0-H

0

0

0o

0

0

-Hr_

_C

O0

O000Clq _ _-_

-_ 0 ,-I-:_00O00_u_

"0 _00•_ 01_ _

0-_ _0 _ ---"

rJ4-_•_1 0 _]_

•_ 0 0•H N N

0 0

0

• 0 0 0

C C _ C• • 0 •

0 0 • 0

_ 0

• -_ • _ •

• _ • _ •

• _ 0

00 0

to O_

0 >

0 -_eq t_

B-i0

0

-H

0

.-t _ C

0 0 ,=l 0

0 0 -- 0

O0.C _ .C _"00_ 0 0-,_00 CO 0_C 0'_ C

-_: X ._II_0 C.o C 0 -_-_ • 0 •

4_ C _ C•,-_ 0 _ 0C C 0 C_

• CC•,_ n.

.C _ 0 _ h _ 0_0O _u _ 0 O _lrO ,_

0 0 _ _ • _0

0 _ 0 0 :_ _CO 0• 0 _ 0 CO_,-_ :_ _I -_ :_ ,-_ _ _ :_

> _ 0 > _ -_ _: >

o0

.0

00"

0

:=o0

13

TABLE 4. PEM West-A Profiles

Flight Date Time Latitude,°N Longitude,°E

4 September 16

4 September 16

4 September 16

1715 38.4 -122.6

1930 50.0 -137.4

2130 55.7 -153.4

5 September 16 1900 60.8

5 September 16 2215 52.5

5 September 17 0300 36.6

6

6

7

7

September 22

September 22

September 24

September 24

September 25

September 25

8

8

0415 29.1

0830 29.6

0300 35.1

0815 36.8

1930 30.1

2200 27.9

9 September 27 0400 29.0

9 September 27 0730 35.3

10 October 1 0300 34.7

10 October I 0700 19.3

10 October 1 0915 25.4

11 October 2 0015 25.3

11 October 2 0215 21.7

12 October 4 0900 21.9

13 October 6 0445 29.3

13 October 6 0645 23.4

-150.9

176.2140.7

148.5

147.6

144.7

144.8

147.1

147.0

134.3

138.6

139.6

126.0

126.9

127.0

114.8

120.4

126.2

119.1

Times are GMT

14

TABLE 4. Profiles continued.

Flight Date Time Latitude,°N Longitude,°E

14 October 8

14 October 8

14 October 8

15 October 12

15 October 12

16 October 13

16 October 13

17 October 14

17 October 14

17 October 15

18 October 18

18 October 18

18 October 18

19 October 19

19 October 19

20 October 20

0200 21.6

0700 17.0

0945 14.2

0315 0.4

0715 13.2

0400 4.1

0800 13.5

2015 15.0

2300 14.9

0200 14.1

0115 12.9

0230 13.1

0330 18.8

0100 15.8

0315 20.9

1545 18.6

21 October 21 1930 21.3

115.0

128.0

144.1

161 .7

145.5

124.9

144.9

142.0

139.5

144.1

155.8

162.9

166.2

-155.4

-157.6

Times are GMT

15

0

Uiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiii!i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii!iiii!

|

Z

5_

11}

C0

.,-I

.,-I

CD

-,-Ir_

80°N

20 o

0 o

20°S100 °E

&_- Intensive Flights

140 o 180 o 140 o 100 °W

Figure 2. Flight tracks for the DC-8 aircraft

during the PEM West-A mission.

18

...=O

a._-

E

Z o. CY_

o_Z _

ZOO_

fr

.E

_3C

E

_m

O

g)e) '10

te-. 0')O C:

'_.

= _'r-_ O O

c7z"r

C

o_"

O O

_.__5

1

O

z

z

1.4O

I

Z

4.1

_ O-r.t

4J _

O

I=4J0 _

•_-I (_._=

cr_

4.1""t

H'_

14

"Z

co

(Dc_

©

19

APPENDIX A: PEM WEST-A DATA PLOTS

Plots are presented in a standardized format, and the data (unedited)

are from the Langley DAAC archive. Relative humidity and potential

temperature are calculated from measurements made on the aircraft. In some

cases (mostly for moist, boundary layer conditions) relative humidity may

exceed 100% (not plotted) as dew point temperature exceeded air temperature by

a few degrees (assumed to be the result of instrument measurement/calibration

uncertainty). For time series plots, abscissa time scales for a given flight

are identical, and ordinate scales (for a given parameter) are identical among

all flights. Ordinate scales were selected to best represent all the data for

a specie measured during the expedition; thus, some data may be off-scale. As

a result of the software used for the plots and the data archive use of codes

(in place of valid data) for data taken (I) during instrument calibration, (2)

when measurements were at "detection limit," and/or (3) when measurements were

invalid, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the plots if data are

off-scale or coded as invalid. For example, a symbol without an attached line

may either mean that adjacent data are off-scale or have been coded as

invalid. Inspection of the other plotted data often provides information

which resolves the uncertainty. For profile plots, altitude scales are

identical for all plots and the specie scales are those selected for the time

series plots. In order to maintain the standardized format, plots for flights

in which a specie data were not reported are plotted with the axes and a "NO

DATA" entry.

Given below are the beginning page numbers for each flight's sequence of

plots:

Flight 4 - page 23

Flight 5 - page 31

Flight 6 - page 39

Flight 7 - page 45

Flight 8 - page 51

21

Flight 9 - page 57

Flight 10 - page 63

Flight 11 - page 71

Flight 12 - page 77

Flight 13 - page 83

Flight 14 - page 89

Flight 15 - page 97

Flight 16 - page 103






22

15

6 10

:_ 5

0

PEM (A)

Flight 4

PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 4

Ames

Research Center,

California

I I I I I

\I

30-r_

-20-

-70

100 -

._ -°W'ml _

_ 5o--

,-I _

_ -

0

370 -

X 320

270

1

Figure A4.1

"" "" ',_: ," Solid = T

_j. _ Broken = dpI I I I I I

I I I I I I

23

w

200 -

o 100

0

Q0

380 --

_ 355 -_ -

_ -0 -o 350 -

345

1900 -

1775

1650

315 -

310 -

305 =

3O0

150 -

_ -_ -

100 -Z

N50 -

017

Figure A4.2

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 4

I S°lid = 0C30Broken

I I I I I I

NO DATA

I I I I I I

I I I I I

NO DATA

I I I I I I

GMT Time

24

c_Z

OZ

100 --

5O

0

200 -

100 -

0

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:

No GIT Data

Symbol - Nagoya

O

@

FLIGHT 4

O

Cb

OO

o o _%o _oooo O.oO °o°po

o o 8 _o_eqb_-"-'_oo_o ,__ _ _^ oo .I ' / I- -l 1

NO DATA

I I I I I I

OZ

2000 -

1000 -

0

No GIT Data

Symbol = Nagoya

o _on*oo e

_%oo_oO_ °°_• 0 0 O_t_l_

, 600 l300

0

_ soo -

•< 250 -

oF'4

0

1

Figure A4.3

1 I I 1

210 2'1GMT Time

25

213

1000 -

_ -_ -_ _

6 -500 -

_ _0_ -

0

2000 --

_ -_ -

_ 1000

0


_--:_ " '_.-L

I I I I r'- I I

I I I I I I

6

0

500 -

250 -

0

60-I I I I- I I

30-

m

0

500 -

_ -_ -

250

0

1

Figure A4.4

L..._.M-

I I I I'_ I I

I_ i_ _'o _'I 2_ 2'3GMT Time

26

Or_

500 -

250 -

0


I I I I 1 I200 -

_ -I_ -

_ 100 -

1=1 -

I I I I I I

500 --

6 250

0

8000 -

_ -_ -

4000 -_0

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ -

looo -0O

01

Figure A4.5

I 1 1 I 1

27

[ t t I i I t I t i I i i I t0 In

,i,,,4

'apnlTll'V

- I_ _- _

!'_'J! 'j'

liiiiiittlillt i o II illiillil 0i i i I• . __ _ . __

oe

[ I I I l [ I I I I i I I I I 0 ! [ I I I I i I I I I [ I I I I 0

I• . " " 0 " _

_ _ -:_

2 2 o

- _ - _- _ - __ _ _

0 0

i l t i i I I i i ' i I i i i i i

Figure A4.6

m)I 'apnl.rlIV

28

III I I I :l I Ji i i i i .

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I

•,_ I J I I I I I J I I I I I I I

'opnITIIV

Figure A4.7

29

_J

.P,e

°_.,I

15110

0

30-

-20-

-70

100 -

50-

0

370 -

320

27O1


I I I I I I I I I

" ,J'c--,.---'-a;_6ken = dpI I I I I I I

#

I II I I I

2', 2'2 2_ _'4 2'5 2'8 2_GMT Time

Figure A5.1 __

i_._ _ _

_,_ _

31

200

100

P,

Q0

360 -


I I I I I I I I I I

355

oto 350U

345

1900 -

1650

315 -

J:_, 310

¢qZ 305 -

3OO

150 -

I_ -_ -

100 -6I=N

50-¢)

01

Figure A5.2

NO DATA

I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

NO DATA

I I I I I I I I I I

32

¢k

Z

c)Z


100 _ No Grr Data

Symbol = Nagoya _

50_ _ %00" _ °o

0_, ,_o__-_ __,o o, , ,200 -_

100 -

0

2000 -

_,_,

1000-0

0

_w

NO DATA

I I I

No GIT DataSymbol = Nagoya

I I I I I I i

@Oo

o_

I 1 I I I I I I J r

8001300

500

.< 250

D_

z0

Figure A5.3

i'9GMT Time

2_ 2_

33

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 51000 -

500

0 I _ I2000

1000

I I I I I I I I I I0

500 -

250 -

0

60-

0

U

r_

rO

rJ

3O

0

500 -

250 -

01

m

m

I I I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

Figure A5.4

34

500 -

¢3 250Or/3

0

200 -

_ -1_, -

_ 100 -

_ -

0

500 -

_ _I_ -

_ 250 -_ -

_ -

0

8000 -

_ -_ -

4000--0

m

o

2000 -

_ -I_ -I_ _

_i looo-O -O -

_ -0 -

01


I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I 1 I

JI i Ti

I I- I I I -I " I [ I

1'9 2'0 2'3GMT Time

Figure A5.5

35

Figure A5.6

36

4

L_ I I I I Jl i I I Ill ill

QO

O

E_

0i i a i i I i J i i i i IIi

E_

0 I I I j I o

OQr._

f

rO

I i i I I I i I I I I t J i I

I i t I i I I I i t I i I I I

omo

-

_I ' apn'_!'_l_

Figure A5.7

o

cD

o_o

- _,

CJ

o

o--o

0_

d

@No

mo0"J

,_=,1

- 0

o

I

o

Io

37

15-

10-

5-: /

0- !

30-

-20-

-70


Flight 6 ,i_........ <..... ,_" _

..... _ - Yokota,_L-_ _- __

I I I I I I I I

I '_,_,_*_v ¢,-._'

? '_: _'d _J T

Broken = dpI I I I I I I I

100 -

50--

0

370 --

320

270 i

I

I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

Figure A6.1

PAGE_ _ !I'JTE,_!TIO_LLYBLANK

,.#

c_¢J

0

Q

200 -

100 -

m

0


Solid = 03

Broken -_t COt II Ifm

|11 k I

I I I I t I I I

_f0

360 -

355 -

350 -

345I I I I I I I I

,Q

6

1900 -

1775 -

1650I I I I I I I I

c_Cq

315 --

310 -

305 --

300

NO DATA

I I I I I I I I

6

t_

m

150 --

100

5O

0

GMT Time

Figure A6.2

4O

¢k

c_Z

¢k

oZ


I00 Line - GIT

Symbol = Nagoya °o

0 i "T- c T--- i--- i-- -i - i200 -

,oo,,j,0 _* *"

i 1 I I I I I - I2000 -

1000 -oZ;

0

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

I I I I I I I I600 -

_' 300

0

500 -/:__,

4 -• l=,l _

•_ 250 -

• F,,4 _

_ _,p,l

Z -0

1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1'.GMT Time

Figure A6.3

41

6I::1

0

6

¢1

r.v.1

1000 -

500 -

0

2000 -

1000 --

0


I I I I I I I I

6

¢1

0

4r_

r_

rj

500 -

250 -

0

60-

30-

0

500 -

250 --

0 ,

J --t ..... f ..... - ...... ' ..... _:f I

I I I I I I I I

Figure A6.4

GMT Time

42

f_

_t0

500 -

250 -

0


200 -

I_ -

100

0

500 -

_ -

250 -_ -

_ -0

8000 -

_ -_ -

4000 =O

m

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ tooo -0 -O -

_ -0

"r "/ ""

.F

I I I I - I I

I

Figure A6.5

GMT Time

43

_o° __

I i ' i i I ' i i i I i i i i

I ,_, ,I i _ ,i I , i i i

I

m_

_rj

I=,

¢)

0

I

ur)I 'apn'_._lV

Figure A6.6

44

B15-

10

5

0

30-

= -20-

i_,Et _

_ ---'/0

100 --

_ -,F,I

Et 5o-_ -

,-i _

_ -0


Flight 7 iiiiiiii!iiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii_;_;:

_!i!iiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii_ii:_Yokota,

Japan N

i \ ,I I I I I I I

, /\,,'""4' I _o]_d =T

ken - dp

I I I I I II I

\


bd

,'¢1320 -

_JQ)

_ -27O

Figure A7.1

GM_I' Time

45

r_

o

Q

200 -

100 -

0

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7I - II

! Solid,_ = 03_ , J3roken = COI ! ., ! l I/

I i ii Ill i I If

'q I , -v [e._rw_,, ,,.-o J _' I. _r ,

,..., ' .,,I I I I I I I I

0

6

qDm

360 -

355

350

345

1900 --

1775 --

1650

I I I l I i I I I

I I I I I I I I

b.

¢qZ

315 -N

310 --

305 -

3OO I I I I I I I I

6

_Dm

150 -

100 -

50-

0

Figure A7.2

G_£r Time

46

Z

¢k

oZ


100 Line - GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

50 8 o

0 00 0

0 0 0 0

0 - II I I I200 -

100 -

O I I I I I I

2000 -

1000-oZ

0

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

o • A o .._

_o o


_' 300 -

0 i

5oo-

0•,< 250

0

0

I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

110

Figure A7.3

47

1000 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ -_ 500-_ _

._ __ _0_ -

0


I I I I I I I I

2000 -_ -_ -I_ -

_ -1000 -

0 I I I I I I I I500 -

_ -_ -I_ -

_ -_ 25O -_ _

0 -

_ -

0 I I I I I I I I60-

,_ 30-U

r_

0

500 -

_ -_ -I_ -

e_ --, 250 -r_r.,,)¢9

L)

0

1 I I I I I "_1 1

_ _ _ _ _ _ 1'oGMT Time

Figure A7.4

48

500 -PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7

¢k

250 -0

0I I I I I l I I

200 -

100 -

m

0

500 -

250 -

I I I I I I

8000 -

_ -

4000 :0N

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ _

looo -00

0

Figure A7.5

GMT Time

49

Figure A7.6 60


15-

10- _,¢1

_ -

0

30-

-20-Q}I_

Q}

-70

100 -

._,1"4

.p,,I

50-_ -

,..i _

_ -

0

370 -

M -

_i -,_ -

320 -

,+a¢_

_ -27O

1B

Figure AS.1

iht 8

Japan

/I I i i I i I I

| PI A. p I_'.'_ ,,.'_-' t

L

!

,/ ,',k"Solid

I I I I I I I

= T

Broken = dp

I I

I I I I I I I I I

1_ _'. _ _o _',GMT Time

51

d_J

O

o.

o_0U

6

@

d

Z

@

@

Figure

200-

100 -

0

360 -

355-

350 -

345

1900 -

1775 -

I

1650

315-

310 -I

I

I

305---

--

--

300

150 -I

--

--

100 ---

--

--

50-

I

--

0

1

A8.2

PEM

,1(A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 8

Solid ,= 03

Broken,, = CO

'_.::_.......:,.,.,-':',.,_:""L "--.,",_.,-.,".,.\'"-'-,;,,

I I I I ] I I I

I i I I i I i I i

l I I I I I I I I

I i i I I I I I i

GIRT Time

2_

52

c;Z

oZ

o

100 -

50-

0

200 1100

o!2000 -

1000

0

600 -


Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

FLIGHT 8

o

I -1" _ r - v _-I-- I -1 I

I " I I I - I I I

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

I I I I I I I I I

300 -

-

0

_ 500 -I_ -I_ -

4 -

< 250 --

._ _oF,I

Z -0

1

GMT Time

Figure AB.3

53


500-

0 I ' I

2000 -

_ -I_ -I_ -

6 -

1000 --_

6

a¢

ok

0

500 --

250 -

I I I I I I I

m

0-] I I I I I I I I

60-

r,_

r_

30-

I I I I I I I I I500 -

m

250 -

01

GMT Time

2'5

Figure A8.4

54

0r_

:=1

G;

500 --

250 -

0

200 -

100

0

500 -

250 -


I I I I I I I I I

I I I _1 I I I

BOO0 -

I_ -_ -

_4 4000 -Q

0

2000 --

_ -I_ -

100000O_

r,_0

1

I I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

Figure A8.5

55

ill ii ii j i ill jl I

=(3

.. _

IJ I I I Ill, t I,_al

N

N

III I I I I I I II III I

I I I I i I I I I I I I I I tt_ 0 U_

_4

Figure A0.6

uDI 'apn_._IIV

56

15-u

_, 10-

0

3O-

-20-

-70


I Flight 9 iiii::iiiiiiiii_!i:::_i_i!i!i_!_i_::E_:i_:ii_i_i_i_:_,:_.......... ..... -I ;:_:_;_:,:_:::;_:............................................_:,:::_::,:.]]i]i]]]i::i]_::_]_::_:.i::_:::i[i!i[ii!_.÷__ _i i;'::-.......... ,/-:"_""

:.:.ii : ::.i ii!:.:::::::!]i::::!:::::1_]_:.:_i!i:i_:__;_ _.._1 _."

_ii:[ii:[i!:iii:i][iiil]]i][]_]il]ili_i:!il!ii_ilil::i_[__,_..... • _TI?__:_;_,,._::_:i:/.....

"_::iiilJJii_ _ ::iil:[iJJ::JJJJ:,:JJii_J_:_:_i:iiii_.._i!i;,_._.:_::;: Yokota,

Typhoon Merrlell

I I I I I I I

Broken = dp

I I I I i I I

100 -

so

q_

0 I I I I I I i370 -

320 -

+_

-27O

GMT Time

Figure A9.1

57

20O

100

o

Q0

360-

355

O350-

345

1900 -

1775

1650

315 -

310 -¢_

c;2; 305 -

300

150 -

I_ -_ -

100 -

_1 _

Nn 50-

o

Figure A9.2


t •F "'_'J'l ",..l_

, i '-_'¢ ;"ur'¢'r

FLIGHT 9

Solid =J 03I

Broken _ CO|

I

I

t t_r;

I I ] I I 1 I

I I I I I I I

GMT Time

58

c_2:

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 9 o100 Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya l

o Oooo _ _,1oooo °

I I I 1200 -

100 -0Z

0I I I I I I I

2000 -

I_

I_ 1000-0

o_

0

0

.um_

Z

0

600 -

m

300 -

0

500 -

250 -

0

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

I I I I I I I

I "-I _T I 'I ...... I" I

Figure A9.3

GMT Time

59

1000 -

_ -_ -_ _

6 __ 500-

,

2000 -

1000 -

0


I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

e¢

o

500 -

250 -

0-

60--I I I I I I

30--

0I I I I I I I

500 -

250

0

GMT Time

Figure A9.4

60

500 -

_ -I_ -

250 -0rJ'J

0


I I I I I I I200 -

_ -I_ -

r_ 1oo -

I_ -

0

500 -

_ -

_ 250 -

! -

_ -0

8000 -m

4000

0

m

0

2000 -

_ -I_ -1_ _

_i looo-0 -0 -

_ -r_ -

0

I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

Figure A9.5

GMT Time

61

Figure _9.6 6R

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT I0

G

G

15

10

5

0

30-

-20-

-70

\

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

°_

100 --

5O

0I I I I I I I I

370 -

320 -

-27O

Figure A10.1

GMT Time

63

k_0

t_Q

200 -

100 -

0


SoLidBroken

,#k*J*;

.-- ! l ,...J,,/', _,_.-_--_,_-,_, ,_..,_,jr_.,J,, ' •

= 03= CO

[ i { { i { { i

o_0CJ

360 -

355 -

350 -

345{ I I I I I I I

6

a;m

1900 -

1775 -

1650I I I I I I I I

&m

Z

315 -

310 -

305 -

3OO I I I I I I I I

6¢1¢)N

150 -

100 -

50-

0

2

Figure A10.2

GMT Time

64

¢k

c_Z

¢k

OZ


Line = GIT

_o_- _._. o_.00 1 °0 I i I --_]- _=-" --'1 °l I

200 -

100 -

0 I I i i I I i

0

2000 -

1000 -

0

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

I I I I I I I I600 --

300

0

soo -

._ -

._ 250 -

z -0

GMT Time

1'o

Figure AI0.3

65

1000 --

_ -_ -

6 -

500 --

0

2000 -

1000 -

0


I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

¢:t,

6I:1

0

500 --

250 -

0

60-

_..,,ll_._._.._y,..;.;.;. "Y-,I._ ...... J,,_k __ . j..,._.._f "

I I 1- I I I

4 3O-r_t_r_

0

500 -

_ -_ -_ -

_ --- 250 -¢.3¢._¢,_

o

GMT Time

Figure A10.4

66

500 -

25O0¢/3

0


I I i I i I i l

200 -

_ -I_ -

100 -::zl

0

500 -

6 Z50 -

0

8000 -

4000 :O

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ tooo -0 -0 -

_ -_ -

0

• , , _, _ _****I I ] I I I l

I I I I Y ...... I I

GMT Time

;o

Figure AI0.5

67

68

[-_

L_

kO

0

r._

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

o

i_ i i i i i i J i i i I I i , i

o

m:L_

o_o

a;c3

Q_

Q

0_o

- _,

_J

0 llll I I I I i _ I I j t t ok.-I

J- ._

@

.,¢

o

oBo

_ ,_

_:_

- d

@N

- _

Figure AI0.7

69

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT II

Okinawa

15-m

i I0--

0

30-

-20-¢)

_ -

-70

100 -

-,_ -

_t 50-_ -

,-i _

_ -0

370 -

bd

,¢1320 -

.g -_.) -

_ -27O

I I

! I

Solid

I I

= T

Broken = dp

I

I I I

Figure Al1.1

GMT Time

71¢

b,

c_

1,40

o.

0

6

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:200 --

m

100-- ill _ I I

0 ,

360 --

355 --

350

345

1900

1775

° tm

1650

315-

310 _

Z 305

3OO

150-

1006

" i_ 50

0

FLIGHT 11

,,Solid = 03,, Broken = COt

I I I

i I i

I I I

I I I

GMT Time

Figure All.2

72

100 -

_ -I_ -

50-

c_Z

i

0

200 -

_ -I_ -

_ too -0 -Z

0

2000 -

lOOOoZ

0


Line = GIT \

Symb_l =.Nagoyao\ " cb o_,.

t oo o

oo o °_°-o,'ooooo °o°° oRo

o

FLIGHT 11

1 I I

I I I

_ Line = GIT

_ Symbol = Nagoya

I I600 -

300

-

0

500 -I_ -I_ -

,_ -0

.< 250 -

0• F,,4 _

_ _Z -

o

I I

GMT Time

Figure A11.3

73


500 -

0

•

6

0

0

500 t

250 -

0

60-

1 I I

I I I

r..)Nr.,)

r.jr,J¢v.j

m

30 i

0

500 -

250

0

-'_ _ _ _ _ _ .T. _ _ -_ _ _-- --4_'J_

I I

GMT Time

Figure All.4

74

500 -

_ -I_ _

¢J 2500r/3

O

200 -

_ -_ -

100 -

0

500 -

250 --

0

8000 -

4000 :0

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ looo -0 -0 -

_ -_ -

0


I I I

NO DATA

I I I

I I

* *1 -=-- ,t*--*I

GMT Time

Figure A11.5

75

Figure AI 1.676


15-

I0-

:_ 5-

0

30-

6 -

-20-

_ --70

100 -

"_ 50 -

.4

o

370 -

320 --

270

Figure A12.1

\I I I I I I i I I I

Sold = T

Broken = dpI I I I I I I I I 1

I I I I 1 I I I I

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ i'o i'iGMT Time

77

200 -b,

,_

c_100 --

I_0

m

¢0Q

0

360 --

_, 355 -_ -

O350

345

1900 -

J_Q_

6

lVVS-

m

1650

315 -

>,_

310 -I_

c_t'_Z 305 -

3OO

150 -

i_ -I_ -

100 -

_)bi

50-

0

Figure A12.2


_, I i.,._lI r_ _ ,.w I . , i .r _L)I

I I I I I I I I I

FLIGHT 12I

Solid ,= 03

Broke_ = COP

I I I I I i I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I

I i l I I I I I I I

GMT Time

78


100 Line - GITT

Symbol = _agoya _ o o o

_ _o _,_/oOo. o _'°°°_,__I_0 I I

200 -

_ -I_ -

- 100 -N

oZ

0

2000 -m

_ -_ -_ -

>; 1ooo-0

0

600 -

I I I I

Line = GITSymbol = Nagoya

I I I I I I I I I I

300

500 -I_ -_ -

4 -*w=l --

o,< 250

o-F,4

0

GMT Time

Figure A12.3

111

79

1000 --

_ -

_ 500 -

0

2000 -

I000

0

500 -_ -_ -_ _

_ -_ 250 -_ _

0 -

_ -

0

60-

,_ 30-

0

500 -

=,.;-- 250r_¢_

¢..)

0

Figure A12.4


I I I I I I I I I I

I I -- I

I I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

8O

500 -

_ -I_ -

250 -0

0

200 -

_ -I_ -

r_ loo -

g:l -

m

0

500 --

¢; 250-

_ -

0

8000 -

_ -1_ -

4000 -_0t'_

0

2000 --m

_ -

=_ lOOO00

ro

0

Figure A12.5


I I I I I I I I 1

I I ..... -"= I " I----I I

I I I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

111

81

I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I

0

O

0mO

- _,

O j i i),-,,4

L_

L_

_:: I I I I I I J I I I I I I I I

r_

0

0_0

N

0

0mO

I111111

O

0

I_ I t i I i I J i i i i i i i i

E_

i t i i i i i i i i I o

.g

- _

_ _

O

I

1 "l I I i I I i

_ O

'aPn1!11V

I>

oN

0

Figure A12.6

82

"0

15-_

lO-

i

5-

i

0

30-

I

I

-20--

-7O


Flight 13

\I I I I I I I

!

',_'-";.,-_. _ ':*..--._;A.,_ Solid = T

Broken = dp


50-

I

0 I I

,/

I I I I I370 -

I

320 -

270

GMT Time

Figure A13.1

83

I>,

o"

I,l0

200 -

100 -

0


Solid ! =

_. I I, _roken' --. I tat I I'. ,,. I I

i#!• I I II _e_ e 'I i

_,.j .... .,,.., ... , , , _ -..,,,,,I;_ ! ."¥ 't "

I I I I I I I i

03CO

O

360 -

355 -

350 -

345I I I I I I I I

Q_

1900 -

1775 -

1650I I I I I i I i

c_N

315 -

310 -

305 -

300I I I I I I I I

150 -

_ -_ -_ -

100 -

N50-

0

Figure A13.2

GM'I' Time

84

Z

100

5O

0

!

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 13Q O

Line= GIT _. SSym_1 =AN_osa

o_O / o_%oOOS o | _ _ 00 9o_ °_o _o rv_ o oo

I I I I I 1 I I

0Z

200 -

100 -

0 I I I I I I I I

OZ

2000 -

1000 -

0

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

_, o_ _o_

I I I 1 I I I I

,p,,4

¢J,¢

o

°l,,,I

Z

600 -

300 -

0

500 --i

250

0

fGMT Time

I I

Figure A13.3

85

1000 --_ -1_ -I_ _

6 -=:1 500 -¢_

-_ __J

<I -0


I I I I I I I I

2000 -

1000

0 I I I I I I I I500 --

_ -_ -_ -

6 -=:1 250 --

0

I_

0

s,_t

( I I I I I I I60-

,_ 30-==,,,4

r_

r_

0

500 --

_ -I_ -I_ -

_ -,- 250 --¢.3_.3t_

0

Figure A13.4

GMT Time

86

500 -

_ -

250O

0



_ -I_ -

r_ 1oo -

_ -

0

500 -

_ _I_ -

_ 25O -_ -

_t -0

14000

° 10 1

2000 -

_ -I_ -_ _

=_ looo-00

0

, _ _ _ f*

I I I I I I I

I I I I 1 I

I I I I I

GM'I" Time

Figure A13.5

87

0

I I IIIII II IIIllI

0

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

0 lllll I I I ill llll

I i I I I I I I I I I III I

I I i I I I t I i 1 [ 1 t I t

m'_ 'opn'_nW

Figure A13.6

0_0

_o

i

0if}¢0

0_0

-#0

B

cS

0

0

N

>_

- d

ON

- O

O

mO

.g

O

I

BO

M

O

I

O

r_

O

88

O

III III I III I llll

lllllllllllllll

el

0

O_




u_I 'epn_.rIlg

0

-

- d

_ •

- _O

-

c_

0

0--0

_ _:_

- d

oN

- O

O

BO

.d

0

i

O

I

O

IO

15-

6 10_"¢1

:_ 5-

0

30-

"_ -20-

-7O

100 -

,¢1

50-

,-,;¢)

I_

0

370 -

Q_,._

320 -.g -ID -

-270

Figure A14.1


Flight 14 _:!_:_ :":;-_i_,i_'';;:_............

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!i_iiiiiiiiiii!iiiii_i!iiiii_! !!i i i !i_!i;!!ii111!ii_[;?i!;i_i::!i!1111!)_"

ii_.ilii iii::iii:ii_ii!:ill I i!i!i I iii!ii:!i!i_ i!_::_'

iiiiill !!!i iiii?ill _iiiiii!ii_ _

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_::_

Ho "_Kong

:::::::::::::::::::::

/I I I I

, _olid = T"" ' Broken = dp

I I I I I I I I I I

I I II I I I I I I

GMT Time

89

200 -p,

do 100 --

f.,0

P_Q

0

360 -

355

350

345

1900 -

1775 --

1650

315 --

310 --

Z 305 -Z

3OO

150_ -_ -

100

N_ 50

0

Figure A14.2


Solid = 03

I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I i I I I I I

I I I I I I ! I I I

"%,,.,.,,

I I I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

90

Z


100 Line = GIT

Symbol = Ndigoya [

I •

o -_I I I I I - I - F _1- - I

200 -

_ -I_ -

_ lOO -0 -Z

0

2000 -

1000 -OZ

0

600 -

I '1 II I I I I I I

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

8_

I I I I - I I I I I

300 -

-

0

_ soo -_ -_ -

,_ -o

._ 250 -

o

_ _Z -

0

Figure A14.3

91

111

1000

6500

_)

0

2000 -

1000

0

500 -

_ -1_ -I_ _

6 -250 -

a

o

0

60-


I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I

3o-r..)OJr.3

0

500 -

_ -1_ -

_ -,-., 250 -r__'_

r,.)

0_ i _ _ _ _ _ 1'o fl

GMT Time

Figure A14.4

92

500 -

_ -I_ _

_f 250 -0 _rJl

0

200 -

_ -I_ -

r_ 100 --

0

500 -

_ __ -

_ 25o--

_ -

0

8000 -

_ -_ -

4000 =ON

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ looo -O -O -

0

Figure A14.5


I I I I 1 I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

I I - I " I

I I

GMT Time

93

iii

I I I I J I I I I J I I I I

,I,,,4 ,r-I

Er_ ,apn1_l_

Figure A14.6

'apnl.El[V

94

c_0

Illllllllllllll

I I i I I I I i I I i I I i i

ca_ 'apn_._W

Figure A14.7

OBO

=.>

-

- d_ _

- _I0

0

C_

95


Flight 15

FLIGHT 15

Guam _

15-

¢; 10-

:_ 5-

0

30-_ -

_ -_ -

_ -= -20-_ -_ _

_I _ID

[=,,I --

-70

100 -

I"Et 50

0

370 -

320 -.g -_ -

_ -27O

2

I I I I I 1 1 I

Broken = dp

I I I I I I I I I

I I I I II I 1 I

Figure A15. Ir_ .i£(0 "'-"_:'97

200 -b,

,,a

I_,

c_r.j 100 -

0

Q0

360 -

355 -

0350 -

345

1900 ->,

_,¢h

1850

315 -

,_ -_ 310 -_ -

Z 3O5 -

300

150 -

It, -

100 -

_ _N

50-

/rl

0Z3

Figure A15.2


Solid =Broken =

"",.!'

I I I I I I I I I

03CO

I I [ I I [ I I I

I I I I I I I I

GMT Time

98

dZ

O

O

100 --

50--

0

200 -m

100 --

0

2000 11000


Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

FLIGHT 15

O

I I [ [ [---I - I- I I

I I I [ I I I I I

No GIT DataSymbol = Nagoya

0

800 -

300

0

5oo -I_,I_

0250 -

o

Z0

23

Figure A15.3

I '1

2'4

.......... _" . .... _ _.'H'._ _"- I I .... "] .... V l - I

2_ 217 218 219 310 311

GMT Time

99

6¢:

_)o

r_

Q;

n_

0

TJ

{J

TJrj

L)

1000 -

500 -

0

2000 -

1000

0

500 -

250 -

0

60-

3O

0

500 -

25O

02


"1 Ir*l. / .... _,I 1...... I I I [ I

i I i i i i ! i I

I I I I I I I I

3'2

Figure A15.4

I00

500 -

¢k

250O

0

1100

o!500 -

_ __ -

_ 250 -_ -

_ -

0

8000 -

_ -_ -

4000O

0

2000 -

1ooo0003I:=r_

023

Figure A15.5


I I I I I I 1 I I

I I I I I I I " I

I I I I I I I I

214 2'5 z_ 2_, 2_8 2'9 3'0 3'1GMT Time

I01

o

0

0

0

b_

b,

0

o

"_ _ '_I _,_,_I_/

Figure AtS.6


Flight 16

<:::-_ >::_Guam

_4

4

15-

10-

5-

0

30-

-20-

-7O

100 -

_ -,pul

,_ -

_t 5o-_ -

o

I_ -

0

370 -

_ -

_ -

,_ -320 --

.g --

I I I I I

_ _ /(

n=dp

I I I I I I I I I

I I I I II I I I

GMT Time

Figure A16.1

103

200 -

100 -

0

Q0

360 -

>

_ 355 -_ -

_ -0 -

350 -

345

1900 ->

_ -

1650

315 --

310 -

305 --

3OO

150 -

-_ -_ -

I00 --Z

N50 -

O


Solid = 03Broken = CO

t /I _r'.. _'

i I I f I I I i I

I I 1 i i I I i [

I 1 I I I I I I

GMT Time

Figure A16.2

104

o"


100_ Line = (lIT o

Symbol = oNagoya _bI|o

o o lip

200 -

100 -0Z

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ -

1000 -0

OJ

600-

300

-

0

_ 5oo -I_ -1_ -

4 -=m,f _0< 250 -

0

._ _o_

Z -0

I I I I I I I I I

Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

___'_-----.:r- -__,_

I I I I I I I I I

.... _ . _ __. ........ _ _...,b_,;,_ *-- ,_

I I " I ..... 1".... ] ..... I " I

GMT Time

Figure A16.3

105

o

1000

5OO

2000

1000 -_

0

500 -

-

_ -250 --

O

;_

0

60-


I I I I I I I ---- 1 -]

,_ 3o-{._

r_

0

500 --

-_ -1_, -

_ --, 250 -_._

t

0

I I I¢-"*'- IT " _- :'_ '--"_/'_............. [_ :"_" i e _i''_'* I

GMT Time

Figure A16.4

106

500 -PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 16

250 --

o- _'_"__ __"_I I

_°° 1 .

_'°° 10 I I 1 I " I I I I I

_ 5001

1i I .... I T 'l --r-- i

8000 -m

_ -_ -

4000 =0

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ 1ooo -O -O .

0

I I I

GMT Time

I I

Figure A16.5

107

Figure A16.6 ].OB


Flight 17

_Guam W

15-

10-,_

:_ 5-

0

30-_ -

_ -_ -

_ -_ -20-_ -_, _

_t __ -

-70

100 -

-"_ so 2

-

_ -

0

370 -

320 -

270

13

Figure A17.1

I I I I I I I I

SolidBroken

I I I I I I I I

I I I

=T

I I I I I I

109

dp

I

200 -

-_ -

_ 100 -

k -0

Q -0

380 --

_ 355 --_ -

_ -o 350 -

345

1900 --

6

_ -

1650

315 -m

310 --

3O5

30O

150 -

_ -_ -

100 -6 Z

N50 -

m Z

0

1B

Figure A17.2


Solid = 03Broken = CO

#..,......._' ,_.,......I.-^_ • ',.....,,"'..',_,......_,:,,, .... \_..,,:.

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

l I l l I l l I l

110

dZ

oZ

o2_


I00_ Line = GIT

Symbol = Nagoya

O

50 -t o

FLIGHT 17

0 O0 0

0 o o

200 -

100 -

0

2000 -

1000 -

m

-'1 I I I I I I


I I

u

_' 300 -

-

0

_ 5oo -_ -_ -

4 -0< 250 -

o• 1"4 _

._ _Z -

01

"'I...... I .... I --

1'9 2'0 _'l 2'2 2'3 _14 _'_GMT Time

I I

2_ 2_

Figure A17.3

111

1000 -_ -I_ -_ _

d -500 -

¢_

_I,_ _

•,_ --

0

2000 -

_ -_ -_ -

1000 -

Fa3

0

500 -_ -I_ -1_ _

_ -250 -

0

0

60-


I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

I I

m

¢k¢k

,,; 30-

¢_1

0

500 -

_ -I_ -I_ -

_ --- 250 --

Figure A17.4

I I I I I I I I I

112


I I I I I I I I I

I I I 1 I I _ I I

8000 -_

-4000

O

0

2000 -

_ -_ _

_i looo-0 -O -

0

1

I I I I I I I I

2_

Figure A17.5

113

Fig_e _/.6 114

[,-,

0o

o

IIi I I I I il III I I I

I.-.I

O

i I I I J I I i i i i i i J i

Z',-,i--4

E_

O I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I09

I-,,-i

_JI--i

_T_

L)

I J I I I I I I I I I I I I I

- _,

j I i i i j i i i i I i i i i0 tr=

m'_ 'apnlT'_[V

0

tDw4

0--0

0

0_0

0

• 0

yF °

c_c.)

0

o

0

0

I

BO

E_0

i

0

Figure A17,7

115


Flight 18

Wake Island _.

Guam_ ,_ / _ "

15-

Et -

10-

:_ 5-

0

30-_ -

_ _

_ --20--_ -I_ _

_t __ -

-70

100 -

._ -op-4 _

°p,4 _

_ 5o-I_ -

•J _

_ -0

370 --

_ -

ti -

,,_ -320 -

_ _

270

y fI I I I

,_,\ /_; \ /,__,'i "_olld = T

Broken = dp

I I I I I

I I I I

GMT Time

Figure A1B.I

, 117

c;¢.)

O

Q

O

I>

z

¢IN¢1

Figure

200 -

100 -

0

360 -

355 -

350 -

345

1900 --

1775 --

1650

315 -

310-

305 -

3O0

150 --

100 --

50_

02

A18.2


Solid =Broken =

.t" t," *lJ'Lt . _411_,_, ._t w'_*. . r.. . .'. P ,.hlja.

I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I I I

GMT Time

118

03CO

c_Z

OZ

O

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:100 -

_ Line = GIT

_ Symbol = Nagoya

50

m

0

200 -

100 --

0

2000 -

I000 -

0

600 -

FLIGHT 18

o

o°o o o

O0 00 mOc_o o_ *o o o o o

- I

*_J:::+:+ /+::I


I I I I

.g..I

o<

o

.F.4

Z

3OO

0

500 -

250 -

0

2

I

NO DATA

GMT Time

Figure A1B.3

119

1000 -

_ -1_ -I_ _

6 -_ 5OO -

__ _

_0

20OO -

1000

0

500 -

_ -I_ -_ -

6 -_ 25O -_ _

0 -

1_ -

0

60-


I I I I I

I I I

30-C.)

r.3

0

500 -

_ -I_ -I_ -

_ --_ 250 -¢.)¢.3¢,_

¢J

0 "

2

:_-:::::'_._ _ :.::: _ _-_ _ ....

I I I

.... -.-.,_,_--.w,-,pC. - __..,_ - = ._I- _ "

GMT Time

Figure A18.4

120

0

¢k

0

00

500 --

250

0

200 -

100 -

0

500 -

250 -

0

8000 -

4000 -

0

2000 -

1000 -

0

23


I I I I I

I I I

T

l..... "' l .......:::::_I

I I I I

2_ 2_ 2_GMT Time

2_ 2'8

Figure A18.5

121

Figure A18.6 122

E_

L_

O

Q

llll ill III I i I I s

O

I J I t I I E I I I I I J I I

CO

E_

L_

eo

Z;0 I I I I I I I I i I I _ j [ I

0_0

0

tD

0

N

- _.

¢J

0

0

N

_

- d

oN

- 0

0

v

r_

_,I .,,-4

I ' J I ' I ' ' I

mN 'apnl.mV

Figure A18.7

123


Flight 19

Hawaii

w._.-_-_ _/_Island

N

_d

5

15--

10-5______/

0

30-m

- !_

-ZO- ,,_._,,

-70

I I I I I I

! J,J _'

-'-'_',: _ '" ""'_"_'_,,_J_;_d = Tv iloe_ ,.NI.J

Broken = dpI I I I I I

100 -

"_ eo -

0I I I I I I

ti

Figure

370 -

320 -

2702

A19.1

125

GMT Time

c_

o

Q

2OO

100

0


l Solid _ 03

Broken F CO

|

,,, . ,,,%,_ Iv''. '. t'"- .... w

I I I I I I

0

360

355

350

345

m

m

I I I I I I

l>

¢k

6

1900 --

u

1775 --

1650I I I I I I

b.J=

laq

¢q

315 -

310

305 -

n

3OOI I I I I I

6

N

150 -

100 -

50-n

0

2 2GM'r Time

Figure A19.2

126

d2:

o2:


100 Line = GIT o

Symbol = Nagof_oo Lo'_

o.o_ oO'_" _ °

0 I I ----1 I -- I - I

200 -

100 -

0 I I 1 I 1 I

o

2000 -

1000 -

0

600 -


I I I I I I

oF,4

O

O°P,4

Z

Figure

300 -

0

500 -

250 -

02

A19.3

.. -- _. _ ..... . ..... .__I I ..... I I '1

GMT Time

127

1000 --

_ 500 -

_ -

0.,_ -

0

2000 -

1000

0


I I I I I

I I I I I I500 -

_ -_ -_ _

_ -g 25O -a _

0 -1,4

1_ -

0

60-

_ 30-

0

500 -

_ -_ -1_ -

_ -,..., 250 -r..jU

¢.)

0 ,

25

Figure A19.4

I I I I I I

GMT Time

128

0¢/3

500 -

250 -

0


I I I I I I

Ocq

OOt_

Figure

200 -

100 -

0

500 -

250-

0

8000 --

4000

u

0

2000 -

1000 -

02_

A19.5

i I I i I

I I I I I

2'3 2_ _'5 2'8 2_G]IKr Time

2'8

129

130


g

5"O

6

g[-_

15-

10-

5-

l

0

30-

-7O

Flight 20

I

i I

I!

1 I I I I

Solid = TBroken = dp

I I

100 -

_ -,_ -

g 5o-_ -

,-; _

_ -0 I I I I I I I

370 -

bd

320 -=_¢)

_ -270

1

Figure A20.1

GMT Time

131

1'9 2'0

200 -

-I_ -

u 100 -

_ -0

Q -0


Solid -Broken =

03CO

t

!

,Ib

i I I I I I I

360 -m

355

o 350 -_J

345 I I I I I I I1900 --

_.

¢_

a;

1650 I I I I I I I

cqZ

315 -

310 -

305 -

30OI I I I 1 I I

150 -

100 -6

N¢1 50-

¢1

013

Figure A20.2

GMT Time

1.32

100 -1

_ -I_ -

50-

Z

0

200 -

_ -I_ -

100 --0Z

0



FLIGHT 20

O

I I I I I I I2000 -

_ -I_ -_ -

1000-OZ

0

800 -


0

0

I I I I I I

300 -

-

0

500 -

,pq0

< 250 -

0,P,4

_ _oF,,I

_ -0 '

13

Figure A20.3

GMT Time

2'0

133

1000 -

_t_

500 -Q_

-• _

-0

2000 -

1000

_ _

0

500 -

_ -_ -

_ -_ 25O -_ _

0 -

_ -

0

60-


I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

,_ 30-r...)

r,.)

0

500 -

1_ -_ -

_ -250 -

t_

r..)

0

1

t I I I I

GMT Time

Figure A20.4

134

500 -

_ __ -

af 250 -0r,_ -

0

PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT ;30

I I I I I I I200 -

_ -I_ -

_ I00 -I=I_ -

m

0

500 --

¢; 250-

_ -0

8000 -m

M

_ m1_ --

4000 -O

0

I " I I* === * I- " ""-:1 I

i '- j - J- -i--- -i- - -T

I I I I I I I2000 -

I_ -I_ _

=i looo-0 -O -

_ -_ -

0

13

Figure A20.5

1_ 115 118 1_ 1_ 119

GMT Time

2'0

135

E-I

I I I I I I I ul Jl u u n i

I---t

0

I I I I i I I I I I I I i I I

o

k--I

eo

2:0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

" /I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I

V

j

I i i I t I I I I I I t i i i

'apnlg_

omo

,Q- I_

-C3

_ Ill

o

qD

o_o

L)

o

oB 0

I)

0N

" 0

o

m

I:1

o

I

mo_'l rJ

m

-0

I0

q_

Figure A20.6

136


Flight 21

FLIGHT 21

Ames

Callfo

[.-,

15-

I0

5

0

30-m

-20-

-70

,

//

I I I I I I I

,w .... Broken = dp

I 1 I I I I I

.J

100 --

5O

0I I I I I I I

370 -

320 -.g -_ -

_ -27O

Figure A21.1

210 2ll 212 213 2_ 215 216

GMT Time

137

200 -

100 -I_0

t_Q

0

360 -

_, 355 -1_ -

_ -0 -

350 -

345

1900 --

1775

1650

315 -

_,

310 --

¢_Z305 -_

300 -

150 =

_' 100 -

¢)bicl 50 -_¢)

0

Figure A21.2


SoH_ = 03Broklen = CO

II

It

• ,_

I I I I I

I I ] I ] I I

I I I I I I l

I I I I I I I

z'o z'lGMT Time

138

c_2:

o2:

o2:

100

200

100


l Line = GIT o

oo

0 0 0STmbol = Nagoya _ oCb

o

t" ._o_ o

!50 o o o o

• o°

,,o_O o0

I I ] ]

m

0 *'1 I I I I I

I

2000 -

1000 -

0-

600 -

Line =

Symbol

GIT

= Nagoya

_' 300 -

_ -

0

500 -I_

,_.iml

< 250 -0

_ _2: -

0

19

Figure A21.3

I I I I

GMT Time

I I

/T

2'5 2'8

139

I000 -

_ -_ -I_ _

_ -500 -

• _

•_ -

0

2000 -

1000

0


I I I I I I

I I I I I I I500 -

_ -I_ -_ _

_ -= 250 -a _

0 -

_ -

0

60-

_; 30-w=4

r,j

500 -

-- 250 -U_.)

==r_

019

Figure A21.4

I I

2_ z'l 2_ 2'3 2_ 2_5GMT Time

2_

140


0rn

250 -

0I I f I I 1 I

m

6

OCq

OO

_J

200 -

100 -

0

500 -

I

250

0

8000 -

4000 -

0

2000 -

1000 --

0

mI I I I I I I

I I I

21o _'I _'2 z'3GMT Time

2_ 2_ 2_

Figure A21.5

141

E_

o

E-_

I I:all I II:l:::l

O


L_

omo

.0- 12_

- d

_ _

IlJ

o

o--o

I I I I I I _ I I I I I I i i

- _.

_J

O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I oI---I

_ ow,,I

_ o

" I_ o

._ f i i i i i i r i i i i i i I Z',-i

_ u

- 1.4

-- _

I

'apnl.t11_

o

o--o

0lq

- _

Figure A21.6

142

APPENDIX B: LANGLEY DAAC DATA ARCHIVE

System Description

The Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), located at the

NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, is responsible for

archiving and distributing NASA science data in the areas of radiation budget,

clouds, aerosols, and tropospheric chemistry. This DAAC will also archive some

of the data sets which result from the E0S program and other elements of

Mission to Planet Earth. The DAAC has developed an on-line computer system

which allows the user to log on, search through the DAAC's data inventory,

choose the desired data sets, and place an order. Data may be received either

electronically (via FTP) or on media such as 4mm tape, 8mm tape, or CD-ROM

(prepackaged datasets only).

Log On Procedures

I. Users with an X-Windows terminal (e.g., Motif) or a Sun Open Windows

display system with access to Internet, may log onto the system by entering:

xhost + eosdis.larc.nasa.gov

(or: xhost + 192.107.191.17)

telnet eosdis.larc.nasa.gov

login name: ims

password: larcims

At the prompts, enter x for the X-Windows interface and then your display name

(name of your workstation followed by ":0" or Internet address followed by

":0").

2. Users with access to NCSA Mosaic can use the following URL address:

http://eosdis.larc.nasa.gov/

143

3. Users without access to a terminal with an X-Windows display system but

who have access to Internet may log onto the system by entering:

telnet eosdis.larc.nasa.gov

login name: ims

password: larcims

At the prompt, enter c for the character interface and then press return.

4. Users who cannot access the system or who have any questions concerning

the Langley DAAC may contact:

Langley DAAC User and Data Services

Mail Stop 157B

NASA Langley Research Center

Hampton, VA 23681-0001

Phone: (804) 864-8656

FAX: (804) 864-8807

email: [email protected]

DAAC Data Bases

I. ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment)--Data were collected from three

satellites (ERBS, NOAA-9, NOAA-10) carrying two ERBE instruments (scanner,

nonscanner). The objective is to measure global albedo, fluxes, and solar

incidence.

2. ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project)--ISCCP focuses

on the study of the distribution and variation of cloud radiative properties.

The objective is to improve the understanding and modeling of the effects of

clouds on climate and also to elucidate the role of clouds in the radiation

balance and improve our knowledge of the long-term global hydrologic cycle.

144

3. SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment)--SAGE I gathered data

concerning the spatial distribution of stratospheric aerosols, ozone, and

nitrogen dioxide on a global scale. The goals of SAGE II are to determine the

spatial distributions of stratospheric aerosols, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,

water vapor, and cloud occurrence by mapping vertical profiles and calculating

monthly averages of each.

4. SRB (Surface Radiation Budget)--The SRB data sets were calculated using

inputs from ISCCP and ERBE data. They are designed to give global daily and

monthly averages of the albedo, irradiance, cloud properties, and meteorology.

5. FIRE (First ISCCP Regional Experiment)--This series of experiments

includes aircraft, satellite, and surface-based measurements of cirrus and

marine stratocumulus cloud parameters. The purpose of this program is to

validate and improve ISCCP data products and cloud/radiation parameterizations

used in general circulation models (GCMs).

6. GTE (Global Tropospheric Experiment)--Data were collected primarily from

aircraft and ground-based instruments from a variety of areas such as the

Amazon Rain Forest and the northern tundra and boreal forest. Many parameters

were measured including 03, CH4, PAN, CO, NO, NO2, C02, and aerosols.

7. MAPS (Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites)--Data were collected

during Space Shuttle flights in 1981, 1984, and 1994. The main pollutant

measured was carbon monoxide (CO).

8. SAM II (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement)--This instrument was flown on

board the Nimbus-7 satellite and consisted of a one-spectral channel Sun

photometer, centered at 1.0 um, which viewed a small portion of the Sun

through the Earth's atmosphere during spacecraft sunrise and sunset. The data

obtained from this instrument were used to determine the vertical distribution

of stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres.

145

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEForm ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188

Pub ¢ repot_r_ burden for thim¢olkK_tionof information is sstimzted,to avsfago 1 hour per relponp, incdudlngthe tlrr_ for re_ewtng instructions, parching exilting dela _Jr.c_. s,gathering and makltain_ng the data needed, and completing and reviewing the oollectJon of kllormatlOn. Sendcommeflts rel_ardtngthis,burden e_lmakg or any othe_a_. ol thiscollection of informMion, including Juggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directo(Me for Information upecat!ons ano Mepo_(_ 1_:_:_Jenefson DavisHighway, Suits 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Managen_nt and Budget, P_rwork Reduct¢_l Projecl (0704-0188), Wsldl_gton, OC 20 .

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

February 1995 Technical Memorandum4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Compendium of NASA Data Base for the Global Tropospheric WU 464-54-03-70Experiment's Pacific Exploratory Mission West-A (PEM West-A)

6. AUTHOR(S)

Gerald L. Gregory and A. Donald Scott, Jr.

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSEES)

NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, VA 23681-0001

9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

10. SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

NASA TM-109177

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a.DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITYSTATEMENT

Unclassified - Unlimited

Subject Category 45

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 wotcla)

This compendium describes aircraft data that are available from NASA's Pacific Exploratory Mission West-A

(PEM West-A). PEM West is a component of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry's (IGAC) EastAsia/North Pacific Regional Study (APARE) project. The PEM- West program encompassed two expeditions tostudy contrasting meteorological regimes in the Pacific. Objectives of PEM West are to investigate theatmospheric chemistry of ozone over the northwest Pacific--natural budgets and the impact of anthropogenicsources; and to investigate sulfur chemistry--continental versus marine sulfur sources. PEM West-A wasconducted in September 1991 during which the predominance of tropspheric air is from the mid-Pacific (marine)

regions, but (at times) is modified/mixed with Asian continental outflow. PEM West-B was conducted duringFebruary 1994, a period characterized by maximum continental outflow. PEM-B data (not included) will becomepublic domain during the Summer of 1995. PEM West-A flight experiments were based at Japan, Hong Kong,and Guam. This document provides a representation of NASA DC-8 aircraft data that are available from NASA

Langley's Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), which include numerous data such as meteorologicalobservations, modeling products, results from surface studies, satellite observations, and sonde releases.

J14. SUBJECT TERMS

Troposphere chemical compositionArctic troposphereAircraft tropospheric meaurements

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

146

16. PRICE CODE

A07

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Standard Form 298 (Ray. 2-89)PretK_dbedby ANSI Std. _18298-102

Documents

Compendium Of NASA Data Base For Tropospheric … · The Global Tropospheric Experiment's Pacific Exploratory Mission ... TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT'S PACIFIC EXPLORATORY ... PEM West/APARE