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Comparing Large Scale Storage Technologies
Tom Konrad, Ph.D.
www.AltEnergyStocks.com
Presented at Solar 2009
Buffalo, NY
May 15, 2009
Outline
• Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies
• Technology Options
• Technology Comparisons
• References
Characteristics of Energy Storage
• Capital Cost– Per stored kWh
(Energy)– Per kW capacity
(Power)
• Round-trip efficiency• Standby losses• Response time• Cycle life
• Site-specific Constraints
• Commercialization• Energy Density
Pumped Hydro (PHES)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Response time
Long life
Good cost of energy
Limited locations
Costs vary w/ location
Energy Arbitrage, Load following,
Peak Shaving
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Image Credit: CAES Development Company
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Response time
Long life
Cost of energy
Cost of power
Limited locations
Requires fuel
Energy arbitrage, load following,
Peak shaving
Flow Batteries - VRB
Diagram for VRB flow batteryCredit: Wash University of St. Louis
Flow Batteries – Hydrogen Electrolyzer/Fuel Cell
Image Credit: North Coast Weekly Journal
Flow Batteries (VRB, ZnBr, PSB, Hydrogen)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Can be used anywhere, fast response time
Some toxic, generally immobile
Energy arbitrage, Load following, Voltage support,
Frequency regulation
Peak Shaving
Conventional Batteries (NaS, PbA, Li-Ion, NiMH)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Modular
Can be used anywhere
Can be moved
Cost,
Short Cycle life,
Standby losses
T&D deferral, Peak shaving
Thermal Energy Storage
Molten salt storage. Image Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Ice Storage: Image Source:
Ice Energy
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial
Round-Trip Efficiency
Low Cost of Power
Only with Thermal Generation (CSP) or Demand (HVAC)
Peak shaving
Energy Arbitrage
Load Following (CSP only)
Long Distance Transmission
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Fully Commercial
Very Inexpensive (relatively)
Environmental
NIMBY
Regulatory
Peak shaving
Energy Arbitrage
Load Following
Demand-Response
Smart Grid
Image source: US Department of Energy
Demand Response & Smart Grid
Strengths Weaknesses Applications
Commercial (DR)
Power (Both)
Energy (SG)
No Standards (SG)
Energy arbitrage, Peak shaving,
Load Following,
RE Integration
kWh vs. EfficiencyBubble Size= power/$
Transmission
PHES CAES
DRTower
Trough
HVAC
NiMH PbA
NiCd
Li-ion NiMH
H2
PSB
ZnBr VRB
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0 1 10 100
Energy/$
Ro
un
d T
rip
Eff
icie
nc
y
PHES
CAES
Transmission
Demand-ResponseThermal
Batteries
FlowBatteries
kW vs. EfficiencyBubble Size = Energy/$
Demand Response
Transmission
CAESPHES
VRBZnBr
H2
PSBNiMH
PbA
NiCd
Li-ion
NaSTroughHVAC
Tower
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Power/$
RT
Eff
icie
nc
y
Transmission
CAES
PHES
Flow Batteries
Batteries
Thermal
Demand Response
Energy vs. PowerBubble Size= RT Efficiency
Transmission
CAES
Demand Response
VRB
PSBZn-Br
NiMH
Li-ion
NiCdNaS
PbA
PHESHVAC Trough Tower
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
0 1 10 100
Energy/$
Po
wer
/$
CAES
Transmission
Demand Response
Flow Batteries
Batteries
PHES
Thermal
General References• EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for
Transmission and Distribution Applications, 12/2003
• EPRI-DOE Handbook Supplement of Energy Storage for Grid Connected Wind Generation Applications, 12/2004
• An investigation into the energy storage technologies available, for the integration of alternative generation techniques, David Connolly, U. of Limerick, 11/2007
• Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems –Energy Storage, Dan Ton, Sandia, 7/2008.
Technology Specific References
• Wind Integrated CAES in Colorado, B. Kelley + D. Kearney NREL 2004
• PHES Utilizing Current Infrastructure in Colorado, Levine+Barnes 2007
• Solar-Thermal based TES - Greg Glatzmaier, NREL, interview, 4/2009
• VRB Power, website• 800 kV HVDC – Alternative Scenarios for
long distance bulk power transmission, Gunnar Asplund, ABB, 10/2008.
