Lesson 1

Slide 1.1

Comparing Humans From Different Places

Ethiopia

Iraq

Vietnam

India

Lesson 1

Slide 1.2

Chimpanzee

Human

Fruit Fly Mouse

Comparing External Structures

Lesson 1

Slide 1.3

Comparing Limbs

Fruit flywing

Mouse hindfoot

Chimpanzeefoot

Humanfoot

Not to scale!

Lesson 1

Slide 1.4

lobe of brain

Motor control

Smell

Mouse

Motor controlMotor control

Chimpanzee Human

Fly

Not to scale!

smell

smell

Comparing Brains

Lesson 1

Slide 1.5

Me?

How Similar or Different are We From Each Other?

Lesson 1

Slide 1.6

epidermis

melanocytes

Top layer

Cross Section of Skin

Lesson 1

Slide 1.7

Based on what you knowabout skin cells, predictwhat could be the differencebetween light skin and darkskin.

Cross section of Epidermis: Blow up

Melanin taken upby keratinocytes

Lesson 1

Slide 1.8melanocytes

courtesy of Laura P. Hale, M.D. Ph.D., Duke University

Melanocytes

Lesson 1

Slide 1.9courtesy of Laura P. Hale, M.D. Ph.D., Duke University

darkestskin color

lightestskin color

Skin Samples

Lesson 2

Slide 2.1

Special Skin Cells Make Melanin

body

epidermis

How is melanin made inside the melanocytes?

epidermis

melanocytes

tissue

cells

Lesson 2

Slide 2.2

Skin Colors Cross Section of Skin Tissue

Melanocyte

Melanin

Lesson 2

Slide 2.3

Looking inside a melanosome

Oxygen

DOPA

Tyrosine

First step in making melanin:Reaction between two molecules, onetyrosine and one O2 to make DOPA

O O

O

Lesson 2

Slide 2.4

Tyrosinase(enzyme)

Skin cell

•

nuc Oxygen

Tyrosine

O O

Lesson 2

Slide 2.5

Tyrosinase(enzyme)

Skin cell

•

nucDOPA

O

Other enzymes turn help turn DOPAinto melanin.

Lesson 2

Slide 2.6

Lactose intolerance

• Cannot break down lactose, a disaccharidefound in dairy products

• Instead, bacteria in the intestine break downthe lactose, producing gas

• Most children can break down lactose• Most adults in the world cannot break down

lactose - making them lactose intolerant

Lesson 2

Slide 2.7

Cells in Small Intestine Break Down Lactose

intestine cells

How is lactose broken down in intestine cells?

smallintestine

Lactosefrom diet

Lactosebrought

intointestine

cells

Lactosebrokendown

Lesson 2

Slide 2.8

Looking inside small intestine cells

Small intestine cells

lactose

galactose glucose

Lesson 2

Slide 2.9

Looking inside small intestine cells

Small intestine cells

lactoselactase

Lesson 2

Slide 2.10

Looking inside small intestine cells

Small intestine cells

galactose

glucoselactase

Lesson 2

Slide 2.11

Lactase

Lesson 2

Slide 2.12

Protein Structure

Folded chain of amino acids

amino acidChain of

amino acids

Whole protein

Lesson 2

Slide 2.13

Protein Models

Cartoon model Space-filling model Toober model

Lesson 2

Slide 2.14

Modeling Lactase

Lesson 2

Slide 2.15

Key to Toobers

Blue=positive charge (+)K, R, H

Red=negative charge (-)D, E

Yellow=hydrophobicA, V, L, I, P, M, F, W

Green=hydrophilicG, S, T, N, Q, Y

White = cysteineC

Slide 4.1

Lesson 4

How similar or different are cells?

Skin cells Blood cells

Slide 4.2

Lesson 4

1) Prepare gel

Image from powerful microscope

gel

Holes for samplesto be tested

Slide 4.3

Lesson 4

2) Put protein sample in hole

Pipet withsolution ofproteins

Lots of differentsized proteins

Slide 4.4

Lesson 4

3) Include all the samples you want to test

lactase

tyrosinase

Slide 4.5

Lesson 4

4) Provide power to the electrodes

Negatively chargedproteins move

towards positiveelectrode

larger proteins

smaller proteins

Slide 4.6

Lesson 4

5a) Proteins separate based on size

lactase

tyrosinase

Slide 4.7

Lesson 4

5b) Judging the amount of protein

A littlelactase

A lot oflactase

Slide 4.8

Lesson 4

5c) Analyzing RNA

LongerRNA

ShorterRNA

Slide 4.9

Lesson 4

6) Take a picture to record your work

Slide 4.10

Lesson 4

Lactose intolerance in Jason’s family

Lactose intolerance:

1)No (Mom)

2)Yes (Jason)

3)No (Chelsea)

4)No (Maya)

Slide 4.11

Lesson 4

Results: DNA sequence analysis oflactase gene:

Mom: no mutations in lactase genes

Jason: no mutations in lactase genes

Chelsea: no mutations in lactase genes

Maya: no mutations in lactase genes

Slide 4.12

Lesson 4

Results: RNA analysis of lactase gene

21 3

Lactose intolerance:

1) No (Mom)

2) Yes (Jason)

3) No (Chelsea)

4) No (Maya)

4

Slide 4.13

Lesson 4

21 3

Lactose intolerance:

1) No (Mom)

2) Yes (Jason)

3) No (Chelsea)

4) No (Maya)

Why does Jason haveno protein?Why Mom and Chelseahave less protein?

Gel electrophoresis:Lactase samples from 4 people

4

Slide 4.14

Lesson 4

Results: DNA sequence of area nearthe lactase gene

Mom: ATTTGC Jason: ATCTGC

TAAACG TAGACG

ATCTGC ATCTGC

TAGACG TAGACG

Chelsea: ATCTGC Maya: ATTTGC

TAGACG TAAACG

ATTTGC ATTTGC

TAAACG TAAACG

Slide 4.15

Lesson 4Erythropoietin (EPO)

AGCTTCCCGGGATGAGGGCCC

TCGAAGGGCCCTACTCCCGGG

environment

gene

protein

cells

Small amount ofoxygen

O-OO-O

O-OLots ofoxygen

O-O O-OO-O

O-O O-O

O-OO-OO-O

O-O

O-O

gene “on” some of the time gene “on” most of the time

someprotein

lots ofprotein

somecells

lots ofcells

AGCTTCCCGGGATGAGGGCCC

TCGAAGGGCCCTACTCCCGGG

Lesson 5

Slide 5.1

Gene organization

gene chromosome genome

1 set ofinstructions forhow to make 1

protein

Thousands of setsof instructions for

how to makethousands of

proteins (1 book)

All the sets ofinstructions for how

to make all theproteins we need(23 “books” x 2)

All are written in the same alphabet - DNA

Lesson 5

Slide 5.2

Interphase chromosomesUNPACKED

Metaphase ChromosomePACKED

nucleus

Condensed package

Chromosomes: Interphase vs. metaphase

Lesson 5

Slide 5.3

double helix

nucleus

Base Pairs

chromosome

Chromosomes are single strands of DNA

Lesson 5

Slide 5.4

Size of DNASmall piece of DNA

Chromosome 11

135,000,000pairs of DNAbases

41 millimeters=

14 pairs ofDNA bases

0.0000035millimeters

=

Lesson 5

Slide 5.5

Genes in Chromosomes

lactase

LDLreceptor

tyrosinase

hemo-globin

Lesson 5

Slide 5.6

Human Chromosomes: 23 pairs(one from mom, one from dad)

Lesson 5

Slide 5.7

Example of comparing DNA sequences

Human DNA sequence: ATATTCCAAAChimp DNA sequence: ATATTAAAAA

* * * * * * * *

8/10 identical = 80% identical

How similar are two DNA sequences?

Lesson 6

Slide 6.1

Interview with sickle cell patient: pain

normal red blood cells sickled red blood cells

Sickle Cell Disease

Lesson 6

Slide 6.2

Red Blood Cell

Oxygen molecule

Hemoglobinsubunit

Hemoglobin

Lesson 6

Slide 6.3

Hemoglobin gene

Chromosome 11

Chromosomal location of Hemoglobin

Lesson 6

Slide 6.4

Sequence of normal hemoglobin

DNA: CTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT

GACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA

Amino acids:

Sequence found in sickling hemoglobin

DNA: CTGACTCCTGTGGAGAAGTCT

GACTGAGGACACCTCTTCAGA

Amino acids:

Mutation found in Hemoglobin

Lesson 6

Slide 6.5

Sequence of normal hemoglobin

DNA: CTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT

GACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGA

Amino acids: L T P E E K S

Sequence found in sickling hemoglobin

DNA: CTGACTCCTGTGGAGAAGTCT

GACTGAGGACACCTCTTCAGA

Amino acids: L T P V E K S

Mutation found in Hemoglobin

Lesson 6

Slide 6.6

Normal hemoglobin Sickle Cell hemoglobin

No oxygen

No Oxygen: stuck together No Oxygen: Separate

No Oxygen

Sickle Cell Hemoglobins Stick Together

Lesson 6

Slide 6.7

CTGACTCCTGTGGAGAAGTCT

GACTGAGGACACCTCTTCAGA

L T P E E K S L T P V E K S

CTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCT

GACTGAGGACTCCTCTTCAGADNA

order ofamino acids

proteinshape

cellfunction

Effects of Sickle Cell Mutation

Lesson 6

Slide 6.8

HighfrequencyofMalariacausingmicrobe

% ofpopulationthat hasHbS(Sickle Cellmutation)

Frequency of Sickle Cell Causing Mutationvs. Frequency of Malaria Causing Microbe

Africa Africa