COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE WHO MIGRATED TO THE WEST AND DESCRIBE THE PROBLEMS THEY EXPERIENCED

NCSCOS OBJECTIVE 4.01/Unit 14Michael Quiñones, NBCTwww.socialstudiesguy.com

Macro Concepts Micro Concepts

Migration-mass movement of people to a new location.

 Change-transformation of an object, place or person.

 Environment-Location affected by people, animals or nature.

 Status-the rank or level of a person based on wealth.

 Conflict-problem or issue that is controversial and can cause fighting without compromise.

Citizenship-the status of having rights, freedoms and responsibilities within a country

 Ethnicity-a group a person belongs to based on family, origin and heritage [language and culture are linked].

Gold Rush

Gold was discovered by prospector James Marshall in early 1848. At first the precious metal was found in streams and river beds using primitive methods such as panning. Later more advanced mechanized methods were used to quarry entire mountainsides for gold.

After news of Marshall’s discovery spread thousands of men journeyed to strike it rich in California. Many foreigners from China and South America came to prospect for gold but were victimized by anti-immigrant laws and violence.

Eventually over 300,000 people came to the region forming boomtowns and settlements that later expanded such as in San Francisco, California.

Comstock Lode

After Gold Fever had swept the West. Henry Comstock mistakenly discovered enormous deposits of pure silver in sticky, blue clay as he was prospecting for gold in the Nevada territory in 1858 spurring a sliver rush in 1859. Prospectors were called the ’59ers.

News of silver deposits caused the population of Nevada to explode and it was soon after admitted as a state.

The profits reaped from the silver mines were useful in funding the U.S. Civil War.

Homestead Act

Law passed by President Lincoln in 1862 to encourage Western expansion.

For $10 individuals could apply for a land grant [free land]. Freed blacks and poor whites often took advantage of this. Former Confederates were excluded.

Lots of 160 acres were available if homesteaders improved the land by developing and farming it. After 5 years homesteaders owned the property outright.

Life for U.S. Settlers on the Great Plains

Life for settlers on the Great Plains was extremely harsh and challenging. During summer months temperatures were regularly greater than 100 degrees. During the winters extreme cold temperatures and severe snow storms were

frequent. Timber/Lumber was very rare on the prairies so settlers built sodhouses out

of tightly packed blocks of earth and sod [grass]. The threat of destruction from fire was ever present during the dry summer months.

Occasional swarms of grasshoppers/locusts could also destroy crops within hours.

Morrill Land Grant Act

In 1862 and 1890 laws were passed to grant [give/gift] land to create public colleges.

Most states received money to start “state colleges” such as Penn State, Michigan State and N.C. State [there were many, many more].

These colleges and universities expanded the existing knowledge of science and agriculture throughout the United States.

In general, opportunities for higher education were expanded beyond the wealthy and elite to previously uneducated citizens.

Oklahoma Land Rush

In 1889 thousands of Americans “rushed” to claim land in the Oklahoma territory when the U.S. Government opened settlement there.

Within months the population went from 100s to over 100,000. Many people illegally entered the area “too soon” and hid out beyond the territory’s

border to scout the best land tracts [The people were known as Sooners]. After Oklahoma was opened officially the best land was quickly taken by the

Sooners.

The GrangeThe Grange

A A united group of American farmersunited group of American farmers who who came togethercame together to fight for to fight for their rights and defend their their rights and defend their economic interests. This group of economic interests. This group of farmers called itself the farmers called itself the GrangeGrange..

Farmers believed they were being Farmers believed they were being exploitedexploited by railroads. by railroads.

Railroads were charging huge fees Railroads were charging huge fees to transport farmers’ crops and to transport farmers’ crops and livestock.livestock.

The GrangeThe Grange wanted the U.S. wanted the U.S. Government to step in Government to step in regulateregulate the railroads.the railroads.

Money PolicyMoney Policy To strengthen the U.S. economy several monetary policies were attempted.To strengthen the U.S. economy several monetary policies were attempted. GreenbacksGreenbacks-During the U.S. Civil War with the lack of gold the Union [and -During the U.S. Civil War with the lack of gold the Union [and

Confederacy] issued paper currency that promised to pay the face value Confederacy] issued paper currency that promised to pay the face value [$5, $10, $50, etc] with “to the bearer on demand.” The government was [$5, $10, $50, etc] with “to the bearer on demand.” The government was asking people to trust it to pay gold later on.asking people to trust it to pay gold later on.

Gold StandardGold Standard-This policy forced the U.S. government to issue only the -This policy forced the U.S. government to issue only the amount of paper money the U.S. had in gold reserves in the U.S. Treasury.amount of paper money the U.S. had in gold reserves in the U.S. Treasury.

BimetallismBimetallism-This policy allowed the U.S. government to issue paper money -This policy allowed the U.S. government to issue paper money based on gold and silver reserves.based on gold and silver reserves.

Unique Experiences of: Chinese immigrants

Starting in the 1840s Chinese workers [sometimes called coolies] traveled overseas to the Americas, Europe and Africa to work [mostly men].

The work was mostly hard, strenuous labor and for very low pay. In the United States the laborers built the Transcontinental Railroads. Jealousy and suspicion from other Americans was common because

Chinese often supplanted other workers particularly the Irish.

Unique Experiences of: Women

Women were at least half of the population in the U.S. during the 1880s and 1890s. Unfortunately, because of the culture of the times, women were often considered to

be second class citizens with fewer legal rights than men. The types of work women performed was often limited to domestic work [home

cleaning, sewing/textiles production and farm work]. Single [unmarried, divorced or widowed] women sometimes engaged in illegal or

“immoral” types of work such as saloon girls in brothels [houses of prostitution] and bar keeping.

Unique Experiences of: African-Americans

After passage of the 13th Amendment African-Americans were free to work where they could find employment.

Unfortunately racism and discriminatory laws [Jim Crow] prevented freed blacks from achieving equal opportunities.

The Homestead Act allowed blacks to go West and own land. Poor freed blacks who remained in the South often were Sharecroppers who were exploited by

landlords and remained poor. Many Southern blacks went North during the Great Migration for job opportunities in factories.

Unique Experiences of: Irish immigrants

During the 1840s millions of Irish fled their homeland due to the Potato Famine. Most of these emigrants came to the United States seeking jobs. The earliest immigrants took jobs building the railroads. Many riots between Irish and Chinese workers broke out over labor competition. During the U.S. Civil many Irishmen protesting against conscription and

participated in anti-draft riots using extreme violence.

Sand Creek MassacreSand Creek Massacre

One of the most disgraceful events in U.S. military history.One of the most disgraceful events in U.S. military history. Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation peoples were mostly friendly with U.S. citizens near their territories.Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation peoples were mostly friendly with U.S. citizens near their territories. In 1864 the U.S. Civil War was still being fought and Union armies were always on high alert to In 1864 the U.S. Civil War was still being fought and Union armies were always on high alert to

possible threats.possible threats. The Cheyenne Chief, Black Kettle, approached the U.S. Army post, Fort Lyon, in Colorado for a The Cheyenne Chief, Black Kettle, approached the U.S. Army post, Fort Lyon, in Colorado for a

meeting and was told to wait.meeting and was told to wait. U.S. Army Colonel Chivington may have misunderstood the situation or felt threatened by the U.S. Army Colonel Chivington may have misunderstood the situation or felt threatened by the

Chief.Chief. The end result was the slaughter and mutilation by the U.S. Army of over 100 Native Americans The end result was the slaughter and mutilation by the U.S. Army of over 100 Native Americans

including women and children.including women and children.

Battle of Little BighornBattle of Little Bighorn

One of the most One of the most embarrassingembarrassing defeats in U.S. defeats in U.S. Military history. Military history.

During a patrol During a patrol Lt. Colonel George CusterLt. Colonel George Custer encountered a massive camp of Lakota and encountered a massive camp of Lakota and Cheyenne people.Cheyenne people.

Custer launched an attack in three separate Custer launched an attack in three separate directions underestimating the Natives.directions underestimating the Natives.

Custer and all of his troops but one were killed as Custer and all of his troops but one were killed as a result of the leadership of a result of the leadership of Lakota Chief Sitting Lakota Chief Sitting BullBull..

Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers One of the first all black army units in the United States.One of the first all black army units in the United States. The 10The 10thth Cavalry Regiment was formed in 1866 to fight in the U.S. Civil Cavalry Regiment was formed in 1866 to fight in the U.S. Civil

War.War. The soldiers received their nickname from the Native tribes they The soldiers received their nickname from the Native tribes they

fought.fought. According to historians it was because of both their dark skin and According to historians it was because of both their dark skin and

dark curly hair that similar to the buffalo. Also the ferocity with which dark curly hair that similar to the buffalo. Also the ferocity with which they fought. they fought.

Wounded Knee MassacreWounded Knee Massacre The U.S. Government had banned the The U.S. Government had banned the Ghost DanceGhost Dance for all Native for all Native

tribes.tribes. The Ghost Dance was when Natives led by a Chief or spiritual The Ghost Dance was when Natives led by a Chief or spiritual

leader would call the spirits to help them.leader would call the spirits to help them. The U.S. Government believed the dance threatened peace with The U.S. Government believed the dance threatened peace with

the natives.the natives. On December 29, 1890 at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota On December 29, 1890 at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota

over 150 Sioux were killed by U.S. Army troops after they tried over 150 Sioux were killed by U.S. Army troops after they tried to disarm the Sioux during a ceremony.to disarm the Sioux during a ceremony.

Chief Joseph and the Nez PerceChief Joseph and the Nez Perce Chief Joseph was the leader of the Nez Perce Nation Chief Joseph was the leader of the Nez Perce Nation

located in what is now Oregon.located in what is now Oregon. U.S. Forces attempted to remove the Nez Perce U.S. Forces attempted to remove the Nez Perce

Nation to a reservation in Idaho.Nation to a reservation in Idaho. His people refused and fought the U.S. Army.His people refused and fought the U.S. Army. Under Joseph’s leadership the Nez Perce were able Under Joseph’s leadership the Nez Perce were able

to resist by using effective military tactics such as to resist by using effective military tactics such as baited ambushes.baited ambushes.

Eventually the Nez Perce fled to Canada to avoid Eventually the Nez Perce fled to Canada to avoid U.S. Forces but later returned and accepted life on U.S. Forces but later returned and accepted life on the reservation. the reservation.

Reservation System and the Dawes ActReservation System and the Dawes Act In 1891 Senator Henry Dawes led the passage of the In 1891 Senator Henry Dawes led the passage of the Dawes ActDawes Act

[a.k.a. the Dawes Severalty Act].[a.k.a. the Dawes Severalty Act].

To solve the To solve the Indian ProblemIndian Problem land was reserved [set aside] to land was reserved [set aside] to remove them from their ancestral lands.remove them from their ancestral lands.

Vast areas called Vast areas called reservationsreservations were created at different locations were created at different locations in order to make room for American settlers on ancestral “Indian” in order to make room for American settlers on ancestral “Indian” lands. “Indians” were required to live on these new reservations.lands. “Indians” were required to live on these new reservations.

Frederick Jackson Turner and Helen Hunt JacksonFrederick Jackson Turner and Helen Hunt Jackson Two American authors who chronicled [wrote about] the Two American authors who chronicled [wrote about] the effects of effects of

Western expansionWestern expansion were Frederick Jackson were Frederick Jackson TurnerTurner and Helen Hunt and Helen Hunt JacksonJackson..

TurnerTurner explained that settlement of the Western Frontier was important explained that settlement of the Western Frontier was important but would eventually lead to overseas expansion.but would eventually lead to overseas expansion.

JacksonJackson wrote a book called wrote a book called A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor that that criticized the criticized the injustice and mistreatment of Native-Americansinjustice and mistreatment of Native-Americans by the United by the United States.States.

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