COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE IN FLYASH WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE · 2016-07-13 · COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE IN FLYASH WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE Balaraman

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 24–36, Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_003

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE IN FLYASH WITH

CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

Balaraman R, Vinodh K.R, Nithiya R and Arunkumar S

Assistant Professor-Department of Civil Engineering,

Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, India.

ABSTRACT

Experimental studies on Geo Polymer Concrete has carried out and

presented in this work. The experiments are conducted by varying molarity of

Sodium hydroxide solution in Geo Polymer Concrete and the properties such

as Compressive Strength, Split tensile Strength, and workability are measured.

The experiments are also repeated with GGBS instead of Fly ash on selected

samples and the above measured parameters are presented and discussed. An

target Compressive Strength in Geo Polymer Concrete is achieved when the

molarity of Sodium hydroxide solution is 15%.

Key words: Geo polymer Fly ash

Cite this Article: Balaraman R, Vinodh K.R, Nithiya R and Arunkumar S,

Comparative Study of Geopolymer Concrete in Flyash with Conventional

Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(4),

2016, pp.24–36.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION

Portland cement concrete (PCC) is a versatile material and is used for construction all

over the world. The production of Portland cement requires pyro processing of

materials at temperatures in the range of 1400°C – 1500°C, which makes it an

expensive and energy intensive process. Also, during the manufacture of Portland

cement, CO2, the primary green house gas is released, due to the calcinations of

limestone and combustion of fossil fuel, to the atmosphere (Mc Caffrey, 2002).Hence,

the use of Portland cement concrete should be reduced and an environmental friendly

concrete should be used in construction.

According to Mehta (1999), the three fundamental elements for supporting an

environmentally-friendly concrete technology for sustainable development are the

conservation of primary materials, the enhancement of the durability of concrete

structures, and a holistic approach to the technology. Regarding the conservation of

primary materials, reduction in the consumption of cement, aggregates and water,

Comparative Study of Geopolymer Co

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along with the use of waste materials and industrial by

actions to be taken in order

the negative impact on the environment.

The term Geo polymer was first used by Davidovits in

inorganic polymeric materials predominantly made from the polymerization of

industrial waste materials such as kaolin, metakaolin, fly ash, granulated blast furnace

slag and rice husk ash etc. which are rich in silica and alumina. These alumino

materials transform into a dimensionally stable mass at low temperature through

polycondensation. Geo polymerization involves a chemical reaction between the

alumino–silicate material and an alkali solution under highly alkaline conditions

yielding amorphous to semi

consist of Si–O–Al bonds. Geo polymers, from the family of inorganic polymers,

possess excellent mechanical and thermal properties. The rate of strength gain is

greater compared to normal concrete. Geo polymer attains 90 % of its strength within

4 hours of the polymerization reaction (Davidovits and Davidovics, 1998).

The formation of Geo polymer is normally a two step process, involving:

• Activation: This refers to dissolution of the silicates and aluminates from the raw

materials in the presence of a highly alkaline solu

of the molecules and,

-O-Al bond.

• Polycondensation: Polymerization takes place through application of heat and this

leads to the formation

Inspired by the geo polymer technology and the fact that fly ash is a waste

material abundantly available, we have carried out experimental investigation to study

the influence of morality

polymer concrete. Similarly Geo polymer concrete can be prepared by using GGBS

obtained as a byproduct from iron

polymer concrete prepared using GGBS is also conducted and presented in our work

2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

The polymerization process involves a substantially fast chemical reaction under

alkaline condition on Si-Al

and ring structure consisting of Si

Mn [– (SiO2) z–AlO2]

The schematic formation of geopolymer material can be shown as described by

Equations (A) and (B)

Comparative Study of Geopolymer Concrete in Flyash with Conventional Concrete


along with the use of waste materials and industrial by-products, are the principal

actions to be taken in order to reduce the utilization of non-renewable resources and

the negative impact on the environment.

The term Geo polymer was first used by Davidovits in 1970. Geo polymers are


rial waste materials such as kaolin, metakaolin, fly ash, granulated blast furnace

slag and rice husk ash etc. which are rich in silica and alumina. These alumino


condensation. Geo polymerization involves a chemical reaction between the

silicate material and an alkali solution under highly alkaline conditions

yielding amorphous to semi-crystalline three dimensional polymeric structures, which

Al bonds. Geo polymers, from the family of inorganic polymers,



tion reaction (Davidovits and Davidovics, 1998).


This refers to dissolution of the silicates and aluminates from the raw

materials in the presence of a highly alkaline solution. This is followed b

and, finally, transportation of the silicates and aluminates to form Si

Polymerization takes place through application of heat and this

the formation of 3D cross linked polysialate structure.



morality of sodium hydroxide solution on the properties of geo


obtained as a byproduct from iron-steel industries. Experimental studies in geo

polymer concrete prepared using GGBS is also conducted and presented in our work

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND POLYMERISATION O

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE


Al minerals that result in a three dimensional polymeric chain

consisting of Si-O-Al-O bonds, as follows:

] n. wH2O (Davidovits, 1988 & 1994).


ncrete in Flyash with Conventional Concrete

[email protected]

products, are the principal

renewable resources and

Geo polymers are


rial waste materials such as kaolin, metakaolin, fly ash, granulated blast furnace

slag and rice husk ash etc. which are rich in silica and alumina. These alumino-silicate


condensation. Geo polymerization involves a chemical reaction between the

silicate material and an alkali solution under highly alkaline conditions

crystalline three dimensional polymeric structures, which

Al bonds. Geo polymers, from the family of inorganic polymers,



tion reaction (Davidovits and Davidovics, 1998).


This refers to dissolution of the silicates and aluminates from the raw

tion. This is followed by orientation

finally, transportation of the silicates and aluminates to form Si

Polymerization takes place through application of heat and this



roperties of geo


steel industries. Experimental studies in geo

polymer concrete prepared using GGBS is also conducted and presented in our work.

AND POLYMERISATION OF


in a three dimensional polymeric chain




Till date, the exact mechanism of setting and hardening of the geopolymer

material is not clear. However, most proposed mechanism consists the chemical

reaction may comprise the following steps:

• Dissolution of Si and Al atoms from the source material through the action of

hydroxide ions.

• Setting or polycondensation /polymerisation of monomers into polymeric

structures.

However, these three steps can overlap with each other and occur almost

simultaneously, thus making it difficult to isolate and examine each of them

separately. A geo polymer can take one of the three basic forms:

Three Basic Forms of Geo polymer

3. LOW CALCIUM FLY ASH-BASED GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE

Fly ash is the residue from the combustion of pulverized coal collected by mechanical

or electrostatic separators from the flue gases of thermal power plants. There are

about 74 thermal power plants in India and the total production of fly ash is nearly as

much as that of cement (74 tons). But our utilization of fly ash is only about 4% of the

production. Most of the fly ash available globally is low-calcium fly ash formed as a

by-product of burning anthracite or bituminous coal. Although coal burning power

plants are not considered to be eco-friendly, the extent of power generated by these

plants is on the increase due to the huge reserves of good quality coal available

worldwide and the low cost of power produced from these sources. Therefore, huge

quantities of fly ash will be available for many years in the future. Since fly ash is

produced by rapid cooling and solidification of molten ash, a large portion of

components comprising fly ash particles are in amorphous state. The amorphous

characteristics greatly contribute to the pozzolanic reaction between cement and fly

ash. One of the important characteristics of fly ash is the spherical form of the

particles. This shape of particle improves the flow ability and reduces the water

demand.

Davidovits (1998) proposed that an alkaline liquid could be used to react with the

silicon (Si) and the aluminum (Al) in a source material of geological origin or in by-

product materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash to produce binders. Because the

chemical reaction that takes place in this case is a polymerization process, he coined

the term ‘Geo polymer’ to represent these binders.



In this work, low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash-based geo polymer is used as

the binder, instead of Portland or other hydraulic cement paste, to produce concrete.

The fly ash-based geo polymer paste binds the loose coarse aggregates, fine

aggregates to form the geo polymer concrete, with or without the presence of

admixtures.

The manufacture of geo polymer concrete is carried out using the usual concrete

technology methods. As in the case of Ordinary Portland cement concrete, the

aggregates occupy about 74-80 % by mass in geo polymer concrete. The silicon and

the aluminium in the low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash react with an alkaline

liquid that is a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solutions to form

the geo polymer paste that binds the aggregates

4. COMPARISION BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

AND GEO POLYMER CONCRETE

The essential deference between the composition of geo polymer concrete and normal

concrete lie in formation mechanism and the final end product. In normal concrete,

the hardening takes place through simple hydration of varies forms of calcium silicate

into calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. In case of geo polymer the

hardening takes place through polycondesiation of potassium oligo silicate into

potassium polysialate-siloxo (Mn-(Si-O-Al-Si-O)n) cross linked network. Heat in

considered to be the main accelerator for geo polymerization. In case of normal

concrete calcium silicate hydrate gel is end product formed whereas alumino silicate

gel is the end product formed in case of geo polymer concrete.

5. MATERIALS USED

5.1. Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 53 grade conforming to the requirements of IS:

102629 (2009) was used in all investigations.

5.2. Fly Ash

The fly ash was collected in the form of dry powder from the electrostatic

precipitators directly.

5.3. Activators

A combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solution was chosen

as the alkaline liquid.

5.4. Aggregates

Local aggregates, comprising 20 mm, and less than 20 mm coarse aggregates and fine

aggregates, in saturated surface dry condition, were used. The coarse aggregates were

crushed granite-type aggregates and the fine aggregate was fine sand. Coarse

aggregates were obtained in crushed form majority of the particles were of granite

type. The quality is tested using the crushing and impact test. The fine aggregate was

obtained from the sand dunes in uncrushed form.

5.5. Superplasticizer

The sulphonated napthlene-formaldehyde (super plasticizer) is used as super

plasticizer in the preparation of geo polymer concrete.



Use of super plasticizer permits the reduction of water to the extent up to 30 per

cent without reducing workability in contrast to the possible reduction up to 14

percent in case of plasticizers. The super plasticizers produce a homogenous, cohesive

concrete generally without any tendency for segregation and bleeding.

The materials used for making Geo polymer concrete specimens are low-calcium

dry fly ash and GGBS as the source materials, aggregates, alkaline liquids (sodium

hydroxide and sodium silicate), water and super plasticizer.

6. MIX PROPORTION FOR CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

The concrete mix is designed as per IS 10262 – 2009, IS 456-2000 for the normal

concrete. Finally the superplasticizer, sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde which is

1%by weight of cement is added to the concrete. The grade of concrete which we

adopted is M30 with the water cement ratio of 0.4. Mix proportion and mix design for

conventional concrete are shown in APPENDIX I & II respectively. Mix design for

geo-polymer concrete is shown in APPENDIX III.

7. MANUFACTURE OF TEST SPECIMENS

7.1. Preparation of Alkaline Liquids

The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solids were dissolved in water to make the solution.

The mass of NaOH solids in a solution varied depending on the concentration of the

solution expressed in terms of molarity (M). For, NaOH solution with a concentration

of 8M consisted of 8x40 = 320 grams of NaOH solids (in pellet form) per litre of the

solution, where 40 is the molecular weight of NaOH. The sodium silicate solution and

the sodium hydroxide solution were mixed together at least one day prior to use to

prepare the alkaline liquid. On the day of casting of the specimens, the alkaline liquid

was mixed together with the super plasticizer and the extra water (if any) to prepare

the liquid component of the mixture. Preparation of alkaline activated solution shown

in Figure.

Figure.1 Preparation of Alkaline Solution.



7.2. Manufacture of Fresh Concrete and Casting

The fly ash and the aggregates were first mixed together for about 3 minutes. The

liquid component of the mixture was then added to the dry materials and the mixing

continued for further about 4 minutes to manufacture the fresh concrete. The fresh

concrete was cast into the 150 mm cube moulds immediately after mixing, in three

layers. For compaction of the specimens, each layer was given 60 to 80 manual

strokes using a compacting rod.

Before the fresh concrete was cast into the moulds, the slump value of the fresh

concrete was measured.

7.3. Slump Test

Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete

which can be employed either in laboratory or at site. The deformation shows the

characteristics of concrete with respect to tendency for segregation.

Table-1 Measured Slump of Geo Polymer Concrete

MOLARITY

FLYASH BASED

GEO POLYMER CONCRETE

8M 72

10M 85

12M 89

14M 90

16M 93

7.4. Variation of Slump with Molarity of Sodium Hydroxide Solution

The variation of slump for geo polymer concrete prepared using fly ash and GGBS

with molarity of sodium hydroxide solution is shown in Fig. The experimental results

for molarity 8M, the slump value for Fly ash and GGBS are 72 mm and 75 mm

respectively. For 10M, the slump value for Fly ash and GGBS is 85 mm and 78 mm



respectively. The experimental results shows that the slump value increases with

increase in molarity of sodium hydroxide solution to a peak value of 93mm for fly ash

based geo polymer concrete and peak value of 90mm for GGBS based geo polymer

concrete. It is also observed that the increase in slump is about 22.58% for increase of

molarity from 8 to 16 in fly ash based geo polymer concrete. However, the increase in

slump beyond 12M of sodium hydroxide solution is marginal in both the cases. The

correlation between slump and molarity of sodium hydroxide solution in case of fly

ash based geo polymer concrete bear a power function is represented in the equation

1. S =73.75M0.1535

1

The correlation between slump and molarity of sodium hydroxide solution in case of

GGBS based geo polymer concrete bear a power function is shown in the equation 2.

2. S =73.61M0.1029

2



7.5. Curing of Geopolymer Concrete

Heat curing method is generally recommended for geo polymer Concrete. The test

specimen is cured in hot air oven at 80°C for 24 hours.

8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

8.1. Compression Test

The compressive test on both conventional concrete and geo polymer concrete is

carried out in accordance with IS 516- 1999 standards, The test is conducted on

concrete specimens of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. Geo polymer concrete

specimens are cured in oven for 24 hours at 80°c.The specimen is placed at the centre

of the compressive testing machine platform, the load is applied gradually till the

specimen fails. The experimental set up for the measurement of compressive strength

is shown in Figure. The compressive strength of the specimen are calculated as

follows

Compressive strength = P/A

Table-2 Compressive Strength of Conventional Concrete

Description Load KN Compressive

strength (N/mm2)

Average

compressive

strength

( N/mm2)

Conventional

concrete

680 30.22

31.25 730 32.44

700 31.11

Table-3 Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Using Flyash

Description Load kN Compressive

strength (N/mm2)

Average

compressive

strength

( N/mm2)

8 M

440 19.55

19.10 400 17.77

450 20

10 M

500 22.22

21.77 480 21.33

490 20

12 M

600 26.66

25.36 580 25.77

540 24

14 M

660 29.33

28.74 600 26.66

680 30.22

16 M

700 31.11

31.40 730 32.44

690 30.66



9. EFFECT OF MOLARITY OF SODIUM HYROXIDE

SOLUTION ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The variation of compressive strength for geo polymer concrete prepared using fly ash

and GGBS with molarity of sodium hydroxide solution is shown in Fig.It is observed

that compressive strength increases steeply from a value of 19.10 N/mm2 for fly ash

based geo polymer concrete to a peak value of 31.4 N/mm2

at 16M sodium hydroxide

solution, whereas compressive strength increases from 19.25 N/mm2

to 40.14 N/mm2

at the same concentration of sodium hydroxide solution for GGBS based geo

polymer concrete.

Figure.2 Comparison of Compressive Strength of Fly ash

However, the change in compressive strength with increase in molarity of sodium

hydroxide solution is marginal beyond 14M in case of fly ash based geo polymer

concrete. But for GGBS based geo polymer concrete, the compressive strength

increases steeply beyond 14M of sodium hydroxide solution.

In other words, the increase in molarity of sodium hydroxide has increased the

compressive strength value to 39.17% in case of fly ash based geo polymer concrete

whereas 52.05% increase of compressive strength is observed for GGBS based geo

polymer concrete.

The correlation between compressive strength and molarity of sodium hydroxide

solution in case of fly ash based geo polymer concrete bear a power function is

represented in equation 3.

fck=18.441M0.3124

3

The correlation between compressive strength and molarity of sodium hydroxide

solution in case of GGBS based geo polymer concrete bear a power function is shown

in the equation 4.

fck=17.841M0.419

4

However, at any concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, GGBS based geo

polymer concrete gives higher compressive strength compared to fly ash based geo

polymer concrete

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

8M 10M 12M 14M 16M

Co

mp

ress

ive

str

en

gth

Molarity



9.1. Split Tensile Strength

To carry out this test three cylinders of each ratio has been casted, with steel cylinder

moulds of size 150 x 300mm. Then the specimens are demoulded after 24 hours and

kept in oven for 24 hours at 80°c . The cylinderical specimen is placed at the centre of

the testing machine platform; the load is applied gradually till the specimen fails. The

experimental set up for vv the measurement of split tensile strength is shown in Figure

4.3. The split tensile strength is found out using the following formula,

Split tensile strength = ��

��

Where,

P – Applied load in KN

D – Diameter of cylinder in mm

L – Length of cylinder in mm

Table-5 Split Tensile Strength of Conventional Concrete

Description Load( Kn) Split Tensile

Strength (N/Mm2)

Average

Compressive

Strength (N/mm2)

Conventional

Concrete

340 4.8

4.10 260 3.7

250 3.5

Table-6 Split Tensile Strength of Geo Polymer Using Fly Ash

MOLARITY LOAD (kN)

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

AVERAGE

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

(N/mm2)

8M

250 3.39

3.26 280 3.11

260 3.25

10M

290 3.53

3.78 280 4.10

290 3.67

12M

360 4.24

4.02 340 4.10

360 3.67

14M

380 4.951

4.94 420 4.81

400 5.09

16M

430 5.23

5.24 440 5.09

410 5.37



Figure.3 Comparison of Split Tensile Strength of Fly ash

10. CONCLUSION

An experimental study was conducted on both conventional and geo polymer

concrete. The influence of molarity of sodium hydroxide solution on the properties of

geo polymer concrete such as slump, compressive strength, split tensile strength has

been studied. The following conclusion where made from the experimental studies.

• The measured slump, compressive strength and split tensile strength of geo polymer

concrete increase with increasing molarity of sodium hydroxide solution and follow

power relationship.

• The empirical equations are obtained to predict slump, compressive strength, split

tensile strength for any concentration (molarity) of sodium hydroxide solution.

• Increase in molarity increases compressive strength of fly ash based geo polymer

concrete by approximately 65%. However, the increase in compressive strength is

marginal for lower concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (8M-10M).

• The increase in molarity of sodium hydroxide solution also increases compressive

strength of GGBS based geo polymer concrete by approximately 82%. However the

effect is significant only beyond 14M of sodium hydroxide solution. However any

percentage of concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, GGBS based geo polymer

concrete gives high compressive strength compare to fly ash based geo polymer

concrete.

• Increase in molarity also increases slump and split tensile strength in both categories

of geo polymer concrete.

• The recommended molarity of sodium hydroxide solution is 15% in order to achieve

optimum compressive strength.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

8M 10M 12M 14M 16M

Sp

lit

ten

sile

str

en

gth

Molarity

fly ash based geo polymer concrete



11. APPENDIX I

11.1. Mix Propotion for Conventional Concrete

11.1.1. Determination of Water Content

Characteristic strength = 30 MPa

Specific gravity of sand = 2.6

Specific gravity of Cement = 3.15

Target strength = fck+1.65 x sd

=30+1.65x5

= 38.25N/mm2

From table 11.24, for 20mm sieve (coarse aggregate)

Sand as percent of total

aggregate by absolute volume = 35

Therefore required sand concrete as percentage of total aggregate by absolute

volume =35-1.5

Required water content = 186+5.58

11.1.2. Determination of Cement Content

Water cement ratio = 0.4

Volume of Water = 191.61 lit

Weight of Cement = 191.61/0.4

= 479 Kg

11.1.3. Determination of Coarse and Fine Aggregate Content

The Absolute volume of fresh concrete is determined as follows:

V= [W+(C/Se) + (1/P) x (Fa/SFa)] 1/1000

V- Absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross volume (m3) minus

the volume of entrapped air.

W- Mass of water (kg) per m3 of concrete

C- Mass of cement (kg) per m3 of concrete

Sc- specific gravity of cement

P- Ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume

Fa, Ca- total masses of FA and CA (kg) per m3 of concrete respectively and

SFa, Sca- specific gravities of saturated, surface dry fine aggregate and coarse

aggregate

0.98 = [191.61+ (479/3.15) + (1/0.315) x (Fa/2.6)] 1/1000

980 = 1.244Fa+326.78

Fa = 521.4kg/m3

Ca = [(1-P)/PxFaxSca/SFa]

Ca = [(1-0.315)/0.315x521.4x2.6/2.6]

Ca = 1133.8kg/m3

The mix proportion for M30 grade of concrete are tabulated in Table



Table for Mix Proportions

Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

191.61 479 521.4 1133.8

0.4 1 1.08 2.36

12. APPENDIX II

12.1. Mix design for M30 is as follows

For three cubes,

Volume of 3 cubes = 3×1503/10

9

= 0.01012 m

3

Weight of the batch = 0.0101×2400

= 24.3 kg

Total weight of the batch =24.3+2.43kg (10% excess)

= 26.73 kg

Weight of the cement = 26.73×1/4.44

= 6.02 kg

Weight of the fine aggregate = 26.73×1.08/4.44

= 6.50 kg

Weight of the coarse aggregate = 26.73×2.36/4.44 = 14.20 kg

Weight of the water = 0.4×weight of cement

= 2.40 kg

For three cylinders,

Volume = 3×π×0.152×0.3/4

= 0.0159 m3

Weight of the batch = 0.0159×2400

= 38.16 kg

Total weight of the batch =38.16+3.81kg (10% excess)

= 41.97 kg

Weight of the cement = 41.97×1/4.4

= 9.54 kg

Weight of the fine aggregate = 41.97×1.08/4.4

= 10.3 kg

Weight of the coarse aggregate = 41.97×2.36/4.4

= 22.5 kg

Weight of the water = 0.4×weight of cement

= 3.81 kg



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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE IN FLYASH WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE · 2016-07-13 · COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE IN FLYASH WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE Balaraman