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8/14/2019 Comparative Politics of Europe - 11.01.2013.doc
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COMPARATIVE POLITICS OF EUROPE
11.01.2013
LECTURE 11 - The union as a Force of Change in Domestic Politics,
Europeanization
European Studies and Europeanization
For much of its history, European Studies focused primarily on the forces which caused
integration and the structures created in Brussels.
Increased focus on analyzing the consequences of integration at a domestic level:
Europeanization
Europeanization: 'domestic change caused by integration'.
Europeanization
Europeanization or EU-ization?
In the 1990s the prevailing idea was that because the EU was standard, the result would
be standard leading to each member state eventually transforming into exactly the sametype of political system, we would all come to be identical.
Europeanization is distinct from integration: integration is a process with an aim.
Europeanization is what happens as a consequence of that process.
Norway for example, can trade within countries in the EU even though, the country itself in
not a EU member state. Because the EU is distinct from the member states, the idea in the
past was that all the countries would have the same type of political system. Yet now, we
can come to realize that the EU laws are adopted in different ways.
Europeanization: 3 principal question.To understand Europeanization we must understand:
1. what stimulates change?
2. what changes?
3. why is change differentiated?
Interest groups in Malta, have been directly effected by the EU, you can directly ask for EU
funds, thus allowing you to create greater expertise.
Whychangehappens?
The principal stimulus for change is the EU's policy output and the degree of fit betweenwhat the EU wants and the domestic set-up.
Policy fit and institutional fit - in addition to have to comply with EU policy a country must
also participate in EU politics which necessities further changes
The application of fit however best applies to what is termed positive integration.
Customs changed with the entry of people, and merchandise, unless it is believed to be of
national threat and that to those people around them. Thus, now there is free movement in
comparison to the past. However, if there are various types of merchandise, coming from
countries such as Iraq one has the right to check it.
The EU's stimulus for change
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Bulmerand Radaelli
Negotiation
Governance
- positive integration ( who have to adopt the same integration no matter where you come
from)
- negative integration ( telling the MS what they cannot allow, such as not allowing
government to give subsidies)
Facilitated coordination
Krill and Lehmkuhl
1. Positive integration
2. Negative integration
3. Framing integration (the EU is not consistent with the law it creates, you are given
advice however, you do not necessarily have to implit
You have to adjust to what the EU wants a country to do. However, of the EU asks too
much out of its MS it can take longer for a MS to adjust it or integrate it. For example:
Greece.
Areas where change can be seen
Politics (Political and normative structures)
This includes changes to national political institutions, the Public Administration, legal
structures, the role of actors and how business is undertaken.
Policies (type and scope of policies)
Polity (political parties and interest groups)
Changes in societal-cleavage structures, the expectation of society of politics.(One can of the structures are efficient by looking at the political structure of the EU. Prior
to us joining in the EU, Malta's environmental policy was sketchy. Once you form part of
the EU, you have to adopt their policies. The policy spectrum is radically effected by EU
policy. The EU invests on regulating).
The Mediating Factors (which inform how countries change)
Various factors impact how countries change and each country will have a different
combination of these factors at play:
Factors include institutional traditions
Executive leadership The administration reform capacity of the institution
Timing
Legitimizing policy discourse
Norm Entrepreneurs
Cooperative informal institutions
Key determinants include veto players, facilitating formal institutions.
Amnesty international find it easy to cooperate because they manage to come along on
various policies.
Europeanization in Malta
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Changes to core government structures, both horizontal and vertical
The creation of the EU Secretariat with the OPM (the Prime minister is strongly
empowered)
The PPCD (planning and priorities coordination division) for cohesion Funds.
Individual EU affairs Directorates
Scrutiny committee with Parliament MEUS/ AC
Processes foe establishing national positions on Commission proposals.
Changes to policy
Policy types
Policy mechanisms
Including enhanced environmental and consumer policy
Greater regulatory emphasis
Changes within the wider polity, especially interest group activity and values.
The presidency as a force for concentrated change.
(Nowadays the Prime minister, can make policies which were usually done by the
ministers).
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