Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System Kardong Chapter 12 Part 13

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Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System Kardong Chapter 12 Part 13 Slide 2 Cardiovascular System Arteries Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Carry blood away from the heart Muscular, elastic fibrous walls (see next figure) Muscular, elastic fibrous walls (see next figure) Regulates blood pressure Regulates blood pressure Terminate in capillary bed Terminate in capillary bed Veins Veins Carry blood toward the heart Carry blood toward the heart Heart Heart Modified blood vessel Modified blood vessel Figure 13.1. Cross section of artery and vein. Slide 3 Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries Figure 13.2. Blood vessel microanatomy.. Slide 4 Figure 13.3. Basic circulatory pattern of amniote embryo. Aortic arches- Within pharyngeal arches Slide 5 Figure 13.4-5. Embryological development of aortic arches (see book figures 12.9 -10). Aortic arches- Within pharyngeal arches (discussed later) Slide 6 Portal Systems Veins that drain an organ and dump blood into another organ instead of heart Veins that drain an organ and dump blood into another organ instead of heart Figure 13.6. Portal systems of craniates. Slide 7 Portal Systems (cont.) Hepatic Hepatic Drains small intestine into liver Drains small intestine into liver Renal Renal Drains venous channels of tail into kidneys Drains venous channels of tail into kidneys Hypophyseal Hypophyseal Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior pituitary Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior pituitary Smallest Smallest Figure 13.7. Hepatic and renal portal systems of shark (book figure 12.11). Slide 8 Portal Systems (cont.) Figure 13.8. Hypophyseal portal system (book figure 15.15). Slide 9 In a typical tetrapod, the heart pumps blood: In a typical tetrapod, the heart pumps blood: By pulmonary arteries, from heart to lungs (blood returns to heart by pulmonary veins) By pulmonary arteries, from heart to lungs (blood returns to heart by pulmonary veins) By aorta to systemic circulation By aorta to systemic circulation Fish heart tube-like Fish heart tube-like 4 chambers: 4 chambers: Sinus venosus Sinus venosus Atrium Atrium Ventricle Ventricle Conus arteriosus Conus arteriosus Heart Figure 13.9. Four chambers of heart in most fishes (book figure 12.26). Slide 10 Fish Heart (cont.) Fish heart Fish heart Sinus venosus Sinus venosus Atrium Atrium Ventricle Ventricle Conus arteriosus* Conus arteriosus* Figure 13.10. Fish with four chambered heart (book figure 12.27). Slide 11 Fish Heart (cont.) Sinus venosus Sinus venosus Thin-walled venous chamber Thin-walled venous chamber Receives blood from ducts of Cuvier, coronary veins, hepatic veins Receives blood from ducts of Cuvier, coronary veins, hepatic veins Atrium Atrium Large and thin walled Large and thin walled Dorsal to ventricle Dorsal to ventricle Slide 12 Ventricle Ventricle Dumps into conus arteriosus- continuous with aorta Dumps into conus arteriosus- continuous with aorta Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial valve, atrio-ventricular valve, semi-lunar valve Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial valve, atrio-ventricular valve, semi-lunar valve Conus arteriosus (bulbus cordis in embryos) Conus arteriosus (bulbus cordis in embryos) Short in bony fish and amphibians Short in bony fish and amphibians Termed bulbous arteriosus (if walls lack cardiac muscle, but contains smooth muscle) Termed bulbous arteriosus (if walls lack cardiac muscle, but contains smooth muscle) Not found in adult amniotes Not found in adult amniotes Fish Heart (cont.) Slide 13 Figure 13.11. Heart chambers, oxygenated blood flow (red), and septum modification. Phylogeny of the Heart Slide 14 Lungfish and Amphibian vs Dogfish Modifications of partial or complete partition in atrium Modifications of partial or complete partition in atrium Left and right atria Left and right atria Advent of lungs Advent of lungs Double circulation Double circulation Modification in conus arteriosus Modification in conus arteriosus Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated blood to lungs (spiral valve) Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated blood to lungs (spiral valve) Slide 15 Spiral Valve Figure 13.12. Spiral valve in dipnoans; longitudinal folds of conus lining (book figure 12.29). Figure 13.13. Spiral valve in anurans; single flap (book figure 12.30). Slide 16 Amphibian Heart Spiral valve directs oxygenated blood entering ventricle from left atrium Spiral valve directs oxygenated blood entering ventricle from left atrium Conus (termed truncus arteriosus when greatly reduced) Conus (termed truncus arteriosus when greatly reduced) Bulbus arteriosus Bulbus arteriosus Swelling of ventral aorta Swelling of ventral aorta Smooth muscle Smooth muscle Figure 13.14. Three chambered frog heart. Slide 17 Urodele - partially divided circulation Urodele - partially divided circulation Right and left atrium Right and left atrium Sinus venosus dumps into right atrium Sinus venosus dumps into right atrium Pulmonary veins leave left ventricle Pulmonary veins leave left ventricle Reptile - fully divided circulation Reptile - fully divided circulation Figure 13.15-16. Salamander heart chambers (left) and circulation path (book figures 12.16 and 12.31). Amphibian Heart (cont.) Slide 18 Reptile Heart Cavum venosum (CV) - internal pocket e.g., turtle Cavum venosum (CV) - internal pocket e.g., turtle Blood collected from post cava through sinus venosus from precava Blood collected from post cava through sinus venosus from precava To right atrium To right atrium Venous blood to CV Venous blood to CV Cavum pulmonale Cavum pulmonale Into pulmonary artery to lungs Into pulmonary artery to lungs Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in left atrium Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in left atrium Back to CV Back to CV To left and right aortic trunk To left and right aortic trunk Slide 19 Figure 13.17. Chelonian heart chambers and circulation path (see book figure 12.33). Turtle Heart Slide 20 Squamate Heart Figure 13.18. Squamate heart chambers and circulation path (book figure 12.35). Slide 21 Crocodilian Heart Mechanism for breathing and diving Mechanism for breathing and diving Lungs not utilized Lungs not utilized Blood not pumped to lungs Blood not pumped to lungs Foramen of Panizza Foramen of Panizza Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when right ventricle closed Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when right ventricle closed Underwater right ventricle helps pump systemic blood Underwater right ventricle helps pump systemic blood Slide 22 Diving Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above water Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above water Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in water to divert pulmonary circulation Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in water to divert pulmonary circulation (a) (b) Figure 13.19. Crocodilian blood circulation when (a) diving and when (b) on the surface. Slide 23 Two Aortic Trunks Figure 13.20. Turtle heart and two aortic trunks emerging. Figure 13.21. Crocodilian foramen of Panizza connects two aortic trunks at base (see book figure 12.36). Slide 24 Higher Amniote Heart 4 chambered heart 4 chambered heart 2 atria and 2 ventricles 2 atria and 2 ventricles Birds and mammals Birds and mammals Sinus venosus - 5 th chamber in reptile heart Sinus venosus - 5 th chamber in reptile heart Becomes sino-atrial node Becomes sino-atrial node In embryo, right and left atria are not separated In embryo, right and left atria are not separated Foramen ovale Foramen ovale Fossa ovalis Fossa ovalis Auricle- flap on side of atrium Auricle- flap on side of atrium Slide 25 Adult Mammalian Heart Figure 13.22. Adult heart blood flow (see book figure 12.42). Slide 26 Aortic Arches Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches Major arterial channels Major arterial channels Ventral aorta Ventral aorta Dorsal aorta Dorsal aorta 6 pairs of aortic arches 6 pairs of aortic arches connects ventral aorta and dorsal aortae Reptiles - additional arch Reptiles - additional arch Figure 13.23. Adult heart blood flow (book figure 12.13). Slide 27 Aortic Arches (cont.) Figure 13.25. Ventral perspective of aortic arches (book figure 12.19). Figure 13.24. Basic pattern of aortic arches and dorsal aortae. Slide 28 Figure 13.26. Left aortic arches (see book figure 12.17). Slide 29 Aortic Arches (cont.) Teleost Teleost 1 st and 2 nd arches lost 1 st and 2 nd arches lost Dorsal aortae become internal carotids Dorsal aortae become internal carotids Lung fish Lung fish Pulmonary artery from 6 th arch Pulmonary artery from 6 th arch Tetrapods Tetrapods Pulmonary artery from 6 th arch Pulmonary artery from 6 th arch 5 th arch lost 5 th arch lost Figure 13.27. Aortic arches, internal carotids (ic) and pulmonary artery (book figure 12.14). Slide 30 Tetrapod Aortic Arches 1 st and 2 nd arches lost 1 st and 2 nd arches lost Dorsal segment dropped between 3 rd and 4 th arches Dorsal segment dropped between 3 rd and 4 th arches Ductus caroticus Ductus caroticus Figure 13.28. Adult aortic arches (see book figure 12.17). Slide 31 Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.) 3 rd arch extends to internal carotids 3 rd arch extends to internal carotids Carotid arch Carotid arch Ventral aorta extension Ventral aorta extension External carotid External carotid Common carotid at base between 3 rd and 4 th Common carotid at base between 3 rd and 4 th Figure 13.29. Aortic arches, internal carotid (ic), external carotic (ec) and common carotid (cc) (book figure 12.14). Slide 32 Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.) 5 th arch lost 5 th arch lost Dorsal segment of 6 th arch lost Dorsal segment of 6 th arch lost 4 th arch - no anterior connection 4 th arch - no anterior connection Aortic arch (systemic arch) Aortic arch (systemic arch) 6 th arch 6 th arch Pulmonary arch Pulmonary arch Ex: adult anuran Ex: adult anuran Figure 13.30. Adult aortic arches (book figure 14.19). Slide 33 Figure 13.31. Modifications of aortic arches and dorsal aortae into mature mammalian vascular system. Slide 34 Aortic Arch Summary Urodele Urodele Ductus caroticus Ductus caroticus Ductus arteriosus Ductus arteriosus - dorsal segment of 6 th arch Reptiles Reptiles 1 st and 2 nd arches lost 1 st and 2 nd arches lost Ductus caroticus lost Ductus caroticus lost 5 th arch lost 5 th arch lost Ductus arteriosus lost Ductus arteriosus lost Additional aortic arch introduced Additional aortic arch introduced Arch from left side loops right Arch from left side loops right Arch from right side loops left Arch from right side loops left Figure 13.32. Modifications of aortic arches and their derivative in anamniotes (book figure 12.14). Slide 35 Mammalian Aortic Arches 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th, & 6 th retained embryonically 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th, & 6 th retained embryonically Adults- 1 st and 2 nd dropped Adults- 1 st and 2 nd dropped 3 rd carotid arch 3 rd carotid arch 4 th systemic arch 4 th systemic arch 5 th lost 5 th lost Dorsal segment of 6 th lost Dorsal segment of 6 th lost Retained embryonically- ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum) Retained embryonically- ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum) Figure 13.33. Adult aortic arches (book figure 12.19). Figure 13.34. Left aortic arches (book figure 12.17). Slide 36 Bird Aortic Arches Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left is lost (opposite to mammals) Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left is lost (opposite to mammals) Birds have right aortic arch Birds have right aortic arch Mammals have left aortic arch Mammals have left aortic arch Slide 37 Venous System Sinus venosus - where all blood returns Sinus venosus - where all blood returns Feed by common cardinals and subclavian veins Feed by common cardinals and subclavian veins Shark renal portal system - drains blood from tail before entering post cardinal (book figure 12.21) Shark renal portal system - drains blood from tail before entering post cardinal (book figure 12.21) Figure 13.35. Modifications of basic venous patterns showing sinus venosus (S) (book figure 12.21). Slide 38 Venus System Major venous channels Major venous channels Cardinals: anterior, posterior, common Cardinals: anterior, posterior, common Renal portal Renal portal Lateral abdominals Lateral abdominals Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal system Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal system Coronary veins Coronary veins Additional characteristics of higher vertebrates Additional characteristics of higher vertebrates Pulmonary Pulmonary Posterior vena cava Posterior vena cava Slide 39 Common cardinals - directs blood to sinus venosus Common cardinals - directs blood to sinus venosus Anterior cardinals - receives blood from head Anterior cardinals - receives blood from head Post cardinals - receives blood from kidneys Post cardinals - receives blood from kidneys Renal portal - receives blood from caudal vein Renal portal - receives blood from caudal vein Lateral abdominals- receives blood from abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of body) Lateral abdominals- receives blood from abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of body) Hepatic portal veins - receives blood from intestine into liver Hepatic portal veins - receives blood from intestine into liver Hepatic veins direct blood into sinus venosus Hepatic veins direct blood into sinus venosus Venus System Slide 40 Modifications to Basic Venous System Post cardinal lost in adult anurans Post cardinal lost in adult anurans Post cava- new vessel Post cava- new vessel Post cava drains kidneys in turtle Post cava drains kidneys in turtle External iliac vein connects lateral abdominals and renal portal system External iliac vein connects lateral abdominals and renal portal system Slide 41 Most mammals lose renal portal system Most mammals lose renal portal system Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher verts Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher verts Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veins Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veins Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retained Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retained Modifications to Basic Venous System Slide 42 Azygous- vestige of right post cardinal vein Azygous- vestige of right post cardinal vein Hemiazygous- remnant of left post cardinal Hemiazygous- remnant of left post cardinal Inferior vena cava- post cava Inferior vena cava- post cava ( a)(b) Figure 13.36. Ventral view of anterior venous channels of cat and human (a) and ventral view of azygos of rhesus monkey (b). Slide 43 Azygos and Hemiazygos Figure 13.37. Ventral view of venous channels of rabbit (see book figure 12.23). Slide 44 Fetal Circulation Figure 13.38. Circulation of mammalian fetus (see book figure 12.42). Slide 45 Fetal Circulation (cont.) Figure 13.39. Fetal circulation before birth. Slide 46 Fetal Circulation (cont.) Figure 13.40. Pre birth fetal circulation: liver (I), inferior vena cava (II), rt. atrium (III), lt. atrium (IV), ductus arteriosus into descending aorta (see book figure 12.42). Slide 47 Fetal Circulation (cont.) Oxygenation at placenta Oxygenation at placenta Umbilical veins supply fetus with oxy. blood Umbilical veins supply fetus with oxy. blood Vein passes through liver and unites with post cava Vein passes through liver and unites with post cava From right atrium, oxy. blood goes 2 directions From right atrium, oxy. blood goes 2 directions To right ventricle To right ventricle To left atrium through foramen ovale To left atrium through foramen ovale Figure 13.41. Foramen ovale in fetal circulation system. Slide 48 Fetal Circulation (cont.) In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary artery In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary artery Lungs nonfunctional Lungs nonfunctional Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs Figure 13.42. Adult aortic arches of mammal. Figure 13.43. Left aortic arches with ductus arteriosus. Slide 49 Circulation At Birth Placenta shuts down Placenta shuts down Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform ligament Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform ligament Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis) Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis) Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum arteriosum) Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum arteriosum) Deoxygenated blood now enters right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, and continues to lungs Deoxygenated blood now enters right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, and continues to lungs Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum ) Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum ) Slide 50 Figure 13.44. Post birth modifications in fetal circulation.