Comparative Analysis of the Governments of PH, US, Germany, FR, RU, and UK

7/31/2019 Comparative Analysis of the Governments of PH, US, Germany, FR, RU, and UK

1/48

Mariano Marcos State University

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Laoag City

AComparison of the Governmentsof the Philippines, the United States of America,

the United Kingdom,Germany, France, and Russia

Prepared By:

Jayson C. Quinones

BSE III-B

Prepared For:

Prof. Arnora E. Rasos

Professor


2/48

March 2012

General InformationThe Philippines United States of America United Kingdom Germany France Russia

1. Official Name Republic of thePhilippines

The United States of

America

United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland

Federal Republic of

Germany

The French Republic The Russian Federat

2. Capital Manila Washington, D.C London Berlin Paris Moscow3. Currency

(Exchange rate as

of Mar 2012)

Philippine Peso

1 USD = 43.01 PHP

US Dollar

1 USD = 1 USD

Pound sterling

1 USD = 0.64 GBP

Euro

1 USD = 0.76 EUR

1 USD = 0.76 EUR 1 USD = 29.51 RUB

4. GDP per capita(PPP, 2011, data

from the IMF)

$ 4,111 $ 48,147 $ 35 974 $ 37,935 $ 35,048 $ 16,867

5. National Anthem Lupang Hinirang Star-Spangled Banner God Save the Queen(King)

Das Lied der Deutschen Le Marseillaise Gosudarstvenny Gim

Rossiyskoy Federatsi

6. Type ofGovernment

Unitary presidential

constitutional republic

Federal presidential


Unitary parliamentary

constitutional monarchy

Federal parliamentaryconstitutional republic

Unitary semi-

presidential


Federal semi-

presidential republic

The Executive Branch

Head of State

The Philippines United States of America United Kingdom Germany France Russia

1. Title and Holderof Title

President

Benigno S. Aquino III

President

Barack Obama

The British Monarch

Elizabeth II

Bundesprsident (Federa

l President)

Horst Khler

President

Nicolas Sarkozy

President

Dmitry Medvedev

2. Means ofElection /

Selection

Direct vote Electoral College Hereditary succession Federal Convention Direct vote Direct vote

3. Qualificationsa) Citizenshipb) Agec) Residency

A natural-born citizen of their respective countries- None A German citizen A French national A Russian citizen

Aged 40 and above on

election day

Aged 35 and above - None Aged 40 and above Aged 23 and above Aged 35 and aboveResident for at least 10 Resident for at least 14 None None None Permanently residing


3/48

d) Othersyears prior to the

election

years prior to the election the Russian Federati

for at least 10 years

Literate Registered voter

None Born in wedlock ofparents who are

legitimate heirs to the

throne

Protestant

Anyone who isentitled to vote in

Bundestag elections

Registered voter Must be on the

electoral role in their

commune of

residence Must be in full

possession of civic

rights

-None

4. Term of Officea) Duration

of Term

6 years 4 years Lifetime 5 years 5 years 4 years

b) Numberof Terms

Allowed

1 2 Lifetime 2 2 2

5. Powers Nominate andappoint (with the

consent of the

Commission on

Appointments) the

heads of the

executive

departments,

ambassadors, other

public ministers and

consuls, or officers

of the armed forces

from the rank of

colonel or naval

captain, and other

officers whoseappointments are

vested in him in the

Appoints theSecretaries of

Executive

Departments, heads of

independent federal

commissions, federal

judges, ambassadors,

and other federal

offices but with the

approval of the Senate

Appointees for theVice Presidency must

be ratified by the

Congress in a majority

vote.

Appoint a PrimeMinister

Proposes an individualto become a Federal

Chancellor

Appoints federaljudges, federal civil

servants and military

officers. All such

appointments require

the counter-signature

of either the

chancellor or the

relevant cabinet

minister

Names the PrimeMinister, but cannot

dismiss him

Names otherministers, but can

dismiss them with

the assent of the

Prime minister

Names mostofficials with the

assent of the

Cabinet

Appoints anddismisses the

Cabinet

Appoints andremoves the hig

commander of t

Armed Forces

Appoints justicesfederal district co

Appoints and recRussias

ambassadors wit

the consultation

the Legislature


4/48

Constitution

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed

Forces

Approve or vetolaws passed by the

Congress Issuance of

Executive Orders

Grants the followingafter conviction by

final judgement,except in cases of

impeachment:

pardons cancellation

of sentence;

reprieves postponeme

nt of

execution to

a later date;

and commutatio

ns

Commander-in-Chiefof the Armed Forces

Approve or veto lawspassed by the

Congress Issuance of Executive

Orders

Grant unlimitedpardons and

clemencies, except in

cases of impeachment

Conclude treaties with

Commander-in-Chiefof the Armed Forces

Grants Royal Assentfor a bill to become a

law

Approve or veto lawspassed by the

Bundestag

Grant pardons if theperson concerned had

been convicted under

federal jurisdiction

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed

Forces

Promulgates orveto laws

The President canrequest another

reading of it in the

Parliament

Issue decrees andirectives withou

legislative review

Schedulereferendums, sub

draft laws to the

Duma, and

promulgating

Federal Laws


5/48

reduction of

sentence

Conclude treatieswith the approval of

2/3 of the Senate

the approval of 2/3 of

the Senate

Treaties on foreigntrade are ratified by

the Houses of the

Congress

6. Unique Powers Contract orguarantee foreign

loans on behalf of

the Republic of the

Philippines with the

prior concurrence of

the Monetary Board Declare martial law

or suspension of the

privilege of writ of

habeas corpus for 60

days, which may be

revoked or extended

by Congress within

48 hours, or by the

Supreme Court

within 30 days.

Head of the Church ofEngland

Dissolution of theBritish Parliament

whenever he/she

wishes

Dissolution of theBundestag

Checks theconstitutionality of

legislation

Dissolution of theNational Assembly

Order the use ofnuclear weapons

Declare a nationregional state of

martial law as we

a state of emerg

Head of Government

1. Title and Holderof Title

- The Head of State and the Head ofGovernment is one

Prime Minister

David Cameron

Bundeskanzler (Federal

Chancellor)

Angela Merkel

Prime Minister

Franois Fillon

Prime Minister

Vladimir Putin

2.

Means ofElection /

Selection

-The Head of State and the Head ofGovernment is one Appointed by theMonarch Proposed by thePresident, elected by

members of the

Bundestag without debate

Nominated by themajority party or

coalition in the National

Assembly and

Appointed by thePresident with the

consent of the Duma


6/48

appointed by the

President for an

indefinite term

3. Qualifications

a) Citizenship

b)

Agec) Residence

d) Others


- No legal specifications - None - A Russian cit- None

4. Term of Officea. Duration of

Term


Depends on the Queens

discretion or until

resignation

5 years 5 years Depends on the

Presidents discretio

until resignationb. Number ofTerms

2 2

5. Powers - The Head of State and the Head ofGovernment is one

- Creates a Cabinetcomposed with the

support of the House

of Commons

- Obtain theappointment, dismissal

or nominal resignation

of any other minister

- Holds power over thedeployment and

disposition of British

- Determines theFederal Cabinet

- Recommends theappointment and

dismissal of Cabinet

Ministers

- Set the number ofministers and dictate

their duties

- RecommendsMinisters to the

President

- Sets outMinisters' duties

and

responsibilities

- Manages thedaily affairs of

government

- Issues decrees

- Responsible fornational

defense.

- submits to thePresident propos

on the structure

functions of the

central institutio

the executive bra

(e.g. ministries a

federal agencies

- nominates the vprime ministers,

federal ministers

other officers an

presents them to

President

- distributes dutieamong members

the Government


7/48

forces, and the

declaration of war with

the Secretary of State

for Defence

6. Unique Powers - formally advises theSovereign on the

appointment of

Archbishops and

Bishops of the Church

of England

- Issues formal policyguidelines which

serve as basis for

introduction of

policies at the

ministerial level

- Heads the sessioof the Governme

and its Presidium

where he has the

decisive vote

- Represents theGovernment as a

institution in fore

relations and ins

the country

- signs the acts of Government

-The Vice-Presidency

The Philippines United States of America United Kingdom Germany France Russia1. Holder of Title Jejomar Binay Joe Biden N/A2. Means of

Election /

Selection

Direct vote Electoral College

3. Qualificationsa) Citizenshipb) Agec) Residencyd) Others

A natural-born citizen of their respective countries N/A

Aged 40 and above on

election day

Aged 35 and above

Resident for at least 10

years prior to the

election

Resident for at least 14

years prior to the election

Literate

Registered voter

None

4. Term of Officee) Duration of 6 years 4 years N/A


8/48

Term

f) Number ofTerms

Allowed

1 Unlimited

5. Powers Replace the President in case of death, permanentdisability, removal from office, or resignation of the

President.

N/A

Can be appointed bythe President to any

position in the

Cabinet without

confirmation of the

Commission on

Appointments

President of theSenate

Presides over countingand presentation of

the votes of the

Electoral College

The Cabinet

Function The Philippines United States of America United Kingdom Germany France Russia

Collective Name Cabinet of thePhilippines

Cabinet of the UnitedStates of America

Cabinet of the UnitedKingdom

Cabinet of Germany The French Cabinet Council of Ministers

Economy Department of

Agrarian Reform

Virgilio De Los Reyes

Department of

Agriculture

Proceso Alcala

Department of

BudgetManagement

Florencio Abad

Federal Ministry for

Food, Agriculture

and Consumer

Protection

Ilse Aigner

Ministry of

Agriculture and

Fishing

Bruno La Maire

Ministry ofBudget, Public

Accounts, Civil

Service, & State

Ministry of

Agriculture

Yelena Borisovna

Skrynnik


9/48

Department of

Energy

Jose Rene Almendras

Department of

Finance

Cesar Purisima

Department of

Tourism

Ramon Jimenez

Department of

Trade and Industry

Gregory Domingo

Department of

Treasury

Timothy Geitner

Department of

Commerce

John Bryser

Department of

Housing and UrbanDevelopment

Shaun Donovan

Department of

Energy and Climate

Change

Ed Davey

Her Majesty's

Treasury

George Osborne

Department for

Business, Innovation

and SkillsVincent Cable

Federal Ministry of

FinanceWolfgang Schuble

Federal Ministry of

Economics and

TechnologyPhilipp Rsler


Economic

Cooperation and

Development

Dirk Niebel

Reform & Govt.

Spokesman

Valerie Pecresse

Ministry of

Economy, Industryand Employment

Francois Baroin

Ministry of Ene

Sergey Ivanovich

Shmatko

Ministry of Fina

Anton Germanov

Siluanov

Ministry of

Economic

DevelopmentElvira Sakhipzad

Nabiullina

Ministry of

Industry & Trad


10/48

Department For

International

Development

Andrew Mitchell

Environmental

Management

Department of

Environment and

Natural Resources

Ramon Paje

Department of

Interior

Ken Salazar

Department for

Environment, Food

and Rural Affairs

Caroline Spelman


the Environment,

Nature Conservation

and Nuclear SafetyNorbert Rttgen

Ministry of

Ecology,

Sustainable

Development,

Transport and

Housing

Nathalie Kosciusko-

Morizet

Ministry of Nat

Resources &

Ecology

Yuriy Petrovich

Trutnev

Government Department of

Interior and Local

Government

Jesse Robredo

Department for

Communities and

Local Government

Eric Pickles

Ministry of the

Interior

Claude Guant

Ministry of Towns

Maurice Leroy

Ministry of Sports

David Douillet

Ministry of Inte

Affairs

Rashid Gumarov

Nurgaliyev

Ministry ofRegional

Development

Viktor Fedorovic

BASARGIN

Ministry of Civi

Defense,

Emergencies, &Natural Disaste

Sergey

Kuzhugetovich


11/48

Shoygu

Law Enforcement Department of

Justice

Leila de Lima

Attorney General's

Office

Dominic Grieve

Ministry of Justice

Kenneth Clarke

Federal Ministry of

Justice

Sabine Leutheusser-

Schnarrenberger

Ministry of Justice

Michel Mercier

Ministry of Just

Aleksandr

Vladimirovich

Konovalov

Social Welfare Department of

Health

Enrique Ona

Department of

Social Welfare and

Development

Corazon Soliman

Department of

Labor and

Employment

Rosalinda Baldoz

Department of

Education

Armin Luistro

Department of

Health and Human

Services

Kathleen Sebelius

Department of Labor

Hilda Solis

Department of

Health

Andrew Lansley

Department for

Education

Michael Gove

Federal Ministry of

Education and

Research

Annette Schavan

Federal Ministry of

Health

Daniel Bahr

Federal Ministry of

Family Affairs, Senior

Citizens, Women and

Youth

Kristina Schrder


Labour and Social

Affairs

Ursula von der Leyen

Minister of Labour,

Social Relations,

Family and

Solidarity

Xavier Bertrand

Ministry of

National

Education, Youth,

and Sport

Luc Chatel

Ministry of HigherEducation and

Research

Laurent Wauquiez

Ministry of Hea

& Social

Development

Tatyana Aleksey

Golikova

Ministry of

Education &

Science

Andrey

Aleksandrovich

Fursenko

Ministry of Cult

Aleksandr

Alekseyevich


12/48

Department of

Veterans Affairs

Eric Shinseki

Department for

Work and Pensions

Iain Duncan Smith

Department for

Culture, Media and

Sport

Jeremy Hunt

Avdeyev

Ministry of Spo

Tourism, & You

Policy

Vitaliy Leontyevi

Mutko

Ministry Of

Communication

Mass Media

Igor Olegovich

Shchegolev

Others Department of

Foreign Affairs

Albert del Rosario

Department of

National Defense

Voltaire Gazmin

Department of

Department of State

Hillary Clinton

Department of

Defense

Leon Panetta

Department ofHomeland Security

Janet Napolitano

Foreign and

Commonwealth

Office

William Hague

Federal Foreign

Office

Guido Westerwelle

Federal Ministry of

Defence

Thomas de Maizire

Federal Ministry ofthe Interior

Hans-Peter Friedrich

Ministry of Foreign

and European

Affairs

Alain Jupp

Ministry of

Defense and

Veterans Affairs

Grard Longuet

Ministry of Fore

Affairs

Sergey Viktorovi

Lavrov

Ministry of Def

Anatoliy

Eduardovich

Serdyukov


13/48

Science and

Technology

Mario Montejo

Department of

Public Works and

Highways

Rogelio Singson

Department of

Transportation and

Communications

Manuel Roxas II

Department of

Transportation

Ray LaHood

Department for

Transport

Justine Greening

Government

Equalities Office

Theresa May

Federal Ministry of

Transport, Building

and Urban

Development

Peter Ramsauer

Ministry of Culture

and

CommunicationFrdric Mitterrand

Ministry of

Transportation

Igor Yevgenyevic

Levitin

The Government of the Philippines


14/48

The Government of the United States of America


15/48


16/48

The Government of Germany


17/48

The Government of France


18/48

The Government of Russia


19/48

The Legislative Branch

The Upper House


1. Name Senate Senate House of Lords Bundesrat Snat (Senate) Sovet Federatsii(Federation CounciRussia)


Selection of its

Members

Direct vote Direct vote The Queen selects from

persons recommended by

the House of Lords

Appointments

Commission

Delegated by their

respective state

government

Elected by the:

Members of theNational Assembly

for the department members of

the dpartement'sGeneral Council and

Regional Council. Delegates from

municipal councils

Chosen by territorial

politicians

3. Qualificationsa.Citizenship

b.Agec.Residency

d.Others

A natural-born citizen of

the Philippines

A US citizen for at least 9

years

Citizens of the UnitedKingdom, Ireland or

any Commonwealth

nation

N/A A French national A Russian citizen

Aged 35 and above Aged 30 and above Aged 21 and above Aged 30 and above Aged 30 and aboveA resident of the

Philippines for at least 2

years prior to the

elections

A resident of the state he

intends to represent

None None Permanently residingthe Russian Federati

for at least 10 years


20/48

Literate Registered voter

None Not a subject of theBankruptcy

Restrictions Order (in

England and Wales),

not adjudged

bankrupt (in Northern

Ireland), or does not

have a sequesteredestate (in Scotland)

Not serving a prisonterm for high treason

Registered voter Must be in full

possession of civic

rights

-None

4. Term of Officea.Duration of

Term

6 years 6 years Lifetime Unlimited; stays until a

replacement is selected by

the state government

6 years 4 years

b.Number ofTerms

Allowed

2 Unlimited Lifetime Unlimited 2

b. Powers Passage of laws Confirmation ofpresidential

appointments

Passage of laws Venue where theFederal Government

must present itslegislative initiatives

before it can pass a

proposal to the

Bundestag

Approves or rejectslegislation

Further debates approves bills

previously approby the State Dum

Approving thepresident's

nomination of

judges of the

Constitutional Co

of the Russian

Federation, of th

Supreme Court o

the Russian

Federation, of th

Highest Arbitrati


21/48

Election of thepresident in case of a

tie

Conviction ofimpeachment

Official concurrenceon a treaty

Designation of thevice-president as

acting president

Overriding apresidential veto

Tries impeachmentcases for federal

officials referred to it

by the House

Ratification of treaties

Scrutinizesgovernment actions

and policies

Veto legislationpassed by the

Bundestag Scrutinizesgovernment

policies

VotesConstitutional

amendments

Representscounties, districts,

Court of the Rus

Federation

Approving thepresident's

nomination of th

Attorney Genera

the Russian

Federation Appointment of

Deputy Chairma

and half of the

auditors of the

Accounting Cham

Impeachment ofRussian presiden


22/48

and states

Specializes inforeign affairs,

including European

integration

Approval of thePresidents decre

declare martial la

and state of

emergency

Deciding on thepossibility of usi

the Armed Force

outside Russias

territory

The Lower House


1. Name House ofRepresentatives

House of Representatives House of Commons Bundestag Assemble nationale

(National Assembly)

Gosudarstvennaya

Duma(State Duma


Selection of its

Members

Direct vote Direct vote The Queen selects from

persons recommended by

the House of Lords

Appointments

Commission

Direct vote Indirect universal

election

Direct vote

3. Qualificationsa. Citizenship A natural-born citizen of

the Philippines

A US citizen for at least 7

years

Citizens of the UnitedKingdom, Ireland or

N/A A French national A Russian citizen


23/48

b. Agec. Residency

d. Others

any Commonwealth

nation

Aged 25 and above onthe day of the election

Aged 25 and above Aged 18 and above Aged 18 and above Aged 23 and above Aged 21 and aboveA resident of the district

he wants to represent for

at least 1 year prior to

election day

A resident of the state ofthe districthe intends torepresent

None N/A None

Literate Registered voter in

the district he intendsto represent

None Not a subject of theBankruptcy

Restrictions Order (in

England and Wales),

not adjudged

bankrupt (in Northern

Ireland), or does not

have a sequestered

estate (in Scotland)

Not serving a prisonterm for high treason

Registered voter Must be in full

possession of civic

rights

-None

4. Term of Officei. Duration of

Term

3 years 2 years Lifetime 4 years 5 years 5 years

ii. Number ofTerms

Allowed

3 Unlimited Lifetime Unlimited Unlimited (?)

b. Powers Pass an articles ofimpeachment

Passage of laws

Impeachment ofofficials

Debating and passingof laws

Venue

Passes laws along withthe Bundesrat

Assessing andamending the

Bringing chargesagainst the Presi

of the Russian

Federation for

his impeachmen

Approves bills, toforwarded to the

Federal Assembl


24/48

Election of thepresident in case of

a tie

Confirmation of anappointment to the

vice-Presidency by

the President

Designation of theVice-President as

acting President

Overriding aPresidential veto

Elect the President incase of an Electoral

College tie

Initiate revenue bills Scrutinizing

government policies

Enabling theGovernment to raise

taxes

government's

legislative program

Enacts federallegislation

Elects the Chancellor

Exercises oversight ofthe executive branch

on issues of both

substantive policy and

routine administration

Scrutinizinggovernment policies

later

Consent to theappointment of

Russian PrimeMinister

Hearing annualreports from the

Government of t

Russian Federati

on the results of

work, including o

issues raised by t

State Duma


25/48

Veto legislationpassed by the

Bundestag

Overthrow thegovernment (of the

Prime Minister and

other ministers) by

a vote of no-

confidence

Decides the issuconfidence in th

Government of t

Russian Federati

Appointment andismissal of the

Chairman of

the Central Bank

Russia


Chairman and ha

the auditors of t

Accounts Chamb


Commissioner fo

Human Rights, w

shall act accordin

to federal

constitutional law

Announcement oamnesty


26/48

Philippine Legislative Process

Legislation can start in either House. First, a member of Congress must introduce the bill. The bill undergoes First Reading, referred to one of the

Committees (in the house where the bill was files), undergoes Second and Third Reading. When the bill passes the Third Reading, it goes to the

other House of Congress, where it will undergo the same procedure. There may be amendments to the original bill; these must be

reconsidered until the approval of both houses of Congress is gained. The bill then goes to the President for approval / veto.


27/48

American Legislative Process


28/48


29/48

British Legislative Process


30/48

German Legislative Process


31/48

French Legislative Process


32/48

1. Statute legislation may be proposed by the government (council of ministers), or by members of Parliament. In the first case, it is a projet de loi; in thelatter case, aproposition de loi.

Allprojets de loi must undergo compulsory advisory review by the Conseil d'tatbefore being submitted to parliament. Since 2009, the billsubmitted to Parliament must also come with a study of the possible impact of the law: other possible options, interactions with European

law, economical, social, financial and environmental consequences.

Propositions de loicannot increase the financial load of the state without providing for funding.2. Projets de loi start in the house of the government's choice (except in some narrow cases).

Propositions de loi start in the house where they originated. After the house has amended and voted on the text, it is sent to the other house, which can also

amend it. If the houses do not choose to adopt the text in identical terms, it is sent before a commission made of equal numbers of members of both

houses, which tries to harmonize the text. If it does not manage to do so, the National Assembly can vote the text and have the final say on it (except for

laws related to the organization of the Senate).

3. The law is then sent to the President of France for signature. At this point, the President of France, the speaker of either house or a delegation of 60deputies or 60 senators can ask for the text to undergo constitutional review before being put into force; it is then sent before the Constitutional Council.

The President can also, only once per law and with the countersigning of the Prime minister, send the law back to parliament for another review. Otherwise,

the President must sign the law. After being countersigned by the Prime minister and the concerned ministers,it is then sent to the Journal Officiel for

publication.


33/48

Russian Legislative Process

The legislative process in Russia includes three hearings in the State Duma, then approvals by the Council of the Federation and the President.

1. Laws adopted by the State Duma are passed to the Council of the Federation for review. A federal law is considered passed by theCouncil of the Federation if more than half of its deputies vote for it or if within 14 days it has not been considered.

In the event the State Duma disagrees with the decision of the Federation Council, a federal law is considered adopted if, in the

second voting, at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies to the State Duma vote for it.

2. Then, however, laws must be considered by the Council of the Federation. These are laws that:a. deal with the issues of the federal budget, federal taxes and duties, financial, monetary, credit and customs regulations and money

emission;

b. ratification and denunciation of the international treaties; and,c. the status and protection of the state border and issues of war and peace.

3. The adopted federal law is sent to the president. If the president rejects a federal law the State Duma and the Federation Council againconsider the law. If, during the second hearings, the federal law is approved in its earlier draft by a majority of not less than two-thirds of

the total number of deputies of the Council of the Federation and the State Duma, it must be signed by the president.


34/48

The Judicial Branch

Judges and Justices


1.

Nature ofAppointment Appointed by thePresident with the

consent of the

Commission on

Appointments in the

Congress.

Appointed by thePresident and confirmed

by the Senate

Judges of the SupremeCourt are appointed by

The Queen by the issue

of letters patent, on the

advice of the Prime

Minister, to whom a name

is recommended by a

special selection

commission.

Nominees for theFederal Constitutional

Court

(Bundesverfassungsgericht) are elected bythe Bundestag and

Bundesrat

Candidates for theFederal Administrative

Court are selected by

an electoral

committee and

appointed by the

Federal President

Candidates for theFederal Court of

Justice are elected by

an electoral

committee selected by

the Bundestag

Appointed by thePresident and approved

by the Conseil Suprieurde la Magistrature (HighCouncil of the Judiciary)

Appointed by thePresident and appro

by the Federal Coun

2. Qualificationsa.Citizenship A natural-born citizen of

the Philippines

N/A N/A A German citizen A French national A Russian citizen


35/48

b.Age For Supreme Courtjustices, at least forty (40)

years of age.

For RTC Judges, at least35 years of age

For MTC judges, atleast 30 years of age

N/A

N/A N/A Aged 40 and abofor would-be

Constitutional

Judges

Aged 35 and abofor applicants in

Supreme Arbitra

Court and SupreCourt

c.Practice ofLaw

For Supreme Courtjustices, at least 15 years

For RTC judges, at least10 years

For MTC judges, atleast 5 years

Justices of theSupreme Court are

usually appointed

from those holding

high judicial office

either in the English

Court of Appeal or in

the equivalent courts

in Scotland or

Northern Ireland. Must

have held a Supreme

Court qualification for

at least 15 years

Lord Justices ofAppeal must have a

seven year high Court

Qualification or be an

existing High Court

Judge

High Court Judgesmust have had the

right to practice in the

High Court for at least

seven years or been aCircuit Judge for at

None Applicants for thConstitutional Co

must be a lawye

at least 15 years

Applicants for thSupreme Arbitra

Court and Supre

Court must be a

lawyer for at leas

years


36/48

d.Others

least two years

Circuit Judges musteither have had rights

of audience in the

Crown or County

Court for at least

seven years or have

been a Recorder Recorder must have

practised as a barrister

for at least seven years

District Judges musthave a five year

general qualification

as either a barrister or

a solicitor.

To become aSupreme Court

justice, the applicant

must be a person of

proven competence,integrity, probity and

independence.

Each nomineeundergoes

confirmation hearings

conducted by the

Senate Judiciary

Committee

No specificrequirements havebeen set by the


37/48

Constitution, but

members of the

Congress and the

Department of Justice

have set their own

informal criteria Makes clear that hewill at all times uphold

the free democratic

order within the

meaning of the

Grundgesetz (Basic

Law)

Mastery of requisitesocial skills

Law graduates musttake the First State

Examination

Successful applicantsundergo a state-

sponsored 30-monthtraining

Students take theSecond State

Examination. Rankings

in this examination will

serve as the basis for

students applications

in a particular Land

Civil servants withappropriate

qualifications andProfessors are also

qualified

Law practitioners forat least 8 years may

take a competitive

examination and

short training

organized by the

Ecole Nationale de laMagistrature (JudicialTraining School)

Legal Education


38/48

3. Term of Officea. Limitation They hold office

during good

behavior until they

reach the age of

seventy (70) years or

become

incapacitated to

discharge the duties

of their office.

They serve no fixedterm they serve until

their death, retirement,

or conviction by the

Senate and they can

only be removed

through impeachment

by the House of

Representatives and

conviction in the

Senate.

Judges may beappointed on

probation, for a

specified term, or for

life, depending on the

provisions of federal

and state law

All judges serve life, except for

members of the

Constitutional Co

who serve for 12

year terms

The Courts


1. Supreme Court Supreme Court of thePhilippines

The highest court inthe land and court

of final appeal

Supreme Court of the

United States

Highest court in theland and court of final

appeal

The Supreme Court

Highest court in theland and court of final

appeal

NOTE: These courts are

the five Federal Courts

set forth in the German

Basic Law

Bundesgerichtshof

(Federal Court of

Justice)

Court of last resort inall matters of criminal

and private law

Cour de cassation

(Court of Cassation)

Court of finalappeal for civil and

criminal matters

The Supreme Court

the Russian Federat

Court of lastresort in Russian

administrative

law, civil

law and criminal

cases


39/48

Deals with casesinvolving the

constitutionality of a

treaty, international

or executive

agreement, or law,

which shall be heard

by the Supreme

Court en banc, and

all other cases which

under the rules of

court.

Review, revise,reverse, modify, or

affirm on appeal or

certiorari as the law

or the Rules of court

may provide, final

judgments andorders of lower

courts

Deals with matterspertaining to the

federal government,

disputes between

states, and

interpretation of the

United States

Constitution.

Can declare legislationor executive action

made at any level of

the government as

unconstitutional,

nullifying the law andcreating precedent for

future law and

decisions.

Concentrates on casesof the greatest public

and constitutional

importance

Hears appeals onarguable points of law

of general public

importance

Bundesverfassungsgerich

t(Federal Constitutional

Court)

Hears cases ofconstitutional

violation filed before

the Court

Violations of electionlaws may be brought

before the court by

political institution or

any involved voter.

Bundesfinanzhof

(Federal Fiscal Court)

Predominantlyadjudicates in legal

remedy procedures

upon the legality of

assessments of taxes

and duties,

furthermore about

child allowance,

investment allowanceand certain concerns

regarding the

Challenging ofindividual acts of

Federal

Assemblyanddecrees of

thePresident ofRussiaand

theGovernmentRussia

Challenging ofdelegated legisla

of governmenta

agencies

Termination ofpolitical parties a

all-RussianNGOChallenging of

actions ofCentraElectoral

Commission of

Russiawhen

organizingpresi

ial elections,Stat

Dumaelections

orreferendum


40/48

professional law for

tax consultants.

Bundessozialgericht

(Federal Social Court)

Secure legal uni-formity and thedevelopment of the

law Exercise jurisdiction

over statutory

insurance systems

which comprise

pension, accident,

health,

unemployment, and

long-term care insur-

ance; state

compensation for

damage to health,

namely compensation

for members of the

armed forces and the

victims of violence;

child raising

allowance, matters

involving welfare

benefits

Bundesarbeitsgericht

(Federal Labor Court) Labour Courts do not


41/48

only resolve disputes

between employees

and employers over

employment rights,

but also similar

disputes arising from

contractual

relationships of

development aid

workers, volunteers

and disabled persons

working in sheltered

workshops.

2. AppellateCourts

Court of Appeals

Reviews thedecisions and orders

of the Regional Trial

Courts nationwide,

Court of TaxAppeals, as well as

the awards,

judgments, final

orders or resolutions

of, or authorized by

21 Quasi-Judicial

Agencies

Court of Appeals

Decides appeals fromthe district courtswithin its federal

judicial circuit, and in

some instances fromother designated

federal courts

and administrative

agencies

Serves as the finalarbiter on most federal

cases.

Court of Appeal

Composed of two

divisions:

The Civil Division,which hears

appeals from: The three

divisions of

the High

Court

(Chancery,

Queen's

Bench and

Family

Division)

From theCounty Courts

acrossEngland and

Wales,

NOTE: The Supreme

Courts act as appellate

courts at the same time

Cour d'appel

The Court is dividedinto a number of

divisions or courts:

social security,

business, generalcivil, and criminal.

This is the only

court that requires

the intervention of

a solicitor or case

attorney (avou) toprepare and

manage your case

and to act as an

intermediary

between the

barrister and theappellant or

appellee.

NOTE: The Supreme

Court act as an appe

court at the same tim


42/48

From certainTribunals such

as the

Employment

Appeal

Tribunal, the

Immigration

Appeal

Tribunal, the

Lands Tribunal

and the Social

Security

Commissioner

s.

The CriminalDivision, which

hears appeals from

the Crown Court.

3. ConstitutionalCourt

The Supreme Court decides on matters related to the

Constitution

Contrary to popular belief,

no British Constitution

exists not because it is

unwritten but because it is

composed of several

documents, statutes, court

judgments and treatises.

Bundesverfassungsgerich

t(Federal Constitutional

Court)

Hears cases ofconstitutional

violation filed before

the Court

Violations of electionlaws may be brought

before the court bypolitical institution or

any involved voter.

Counseil

Constitutionnel

(Constitutional

Council)

Rule on whetherproposed statutes

conform with the

Constitution, after

they have been

voted by Parliamentand before they are

signed into law by

Constitutional Cou

the Russian Federat

Protect theConstitution (in

Russian

constitutional law

this function is

known as

"constitutional

control" or"constitutional

supervision") and


43/48

the President of the

Republic

Individual citizensparty to a trial or

lawsuit can also ask

for the Council to

review whether the

law applied in the

case is

constitutional.

deal with a few k

of disputes wher

has original

jurisdiction

4. Economic Court Court of Tax Appeals Decides on cases

related to the

National Internal

Revenue Code and

Tariff and Customs

Code and those

involving local and

real property taxes

N/A N/A Bundesfinanzhof

(Federal Fiscal Court)

Predominantlyadjudicates in legal

remedy procedures

upon the legality of

assessments of taxes

and duties,

furthermore about

child allowance,

investment allowanceand certain concerns

regarding the

professional law for

tax consultants.

Cours de Comptes

(Court of Auditors)

Conducts financialand

legislative audits of

most public

institutions and

some private

institutions,

including the

centralGovernment,

national public

corporations, social

security agencies,

and public services

Supreme Arbitratio

(Commercial) Cour

Superior judicialbody for the

resolution of

economic disput

and other cases

examined by

arbitration court

exercises judicia

supervision overtheir activity in th

procedural form

envisaged by law

and issues

explanations on

matters of judici

practice

5. Labor Court N/A N/A Employment Tribunal Hears cases related to

unfair dismissal,

redundancy

paymentsandemployment

Bundesarbeitsgericht

(Federal Labor Court)

Labour Courts do notonly resolve disputes

between employeesand employers over

employment rights,

Conseil de

Prud'hommes

(Industrial Tribunal)

First-instancelabour court whoseunique feature is its

strictly joint

N/A


44/48

discrimination but also similar

disputes arising from

contractual

relationships of

development aid

workers, volunteers

and disabled persons

working in sheltered

workshops.

composition, with

half of its members

(judges) elected by

employees and half

by employers.

It has exclusivecompetence for

dealing with

individual disputes

arising from the

contract of

employment.

6. Social Court N/A Bundessozialgericht(Federal Social Court)

Secure legal uni-formity and the

development of the

law Exercise jurisdiction

over statutory

insurance systemswhich comprise

pension, accident,

health,

unemployment, and

long-term care insur-

ance; state

compensation for

damage to health,

namely compensation

for members of the

armed forces and the

victims of violence;child raising

allowance, matters

N/A


45/48

involving welfare

benefits

7. Anti-CorruptionCourt

Sandiganbayan

Exercises jurisdictionover criminal and

civil cases involving

graft and corrupt

practices and such

other offenses

committed by public

officers and

employees, including

those in

government-owned

or controlled

corporations, in

relation to their

office as may be

determined by law.

N/A


46/48


47/48

13.http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/FRANCE/INDUSTRIALTRIBUNAL-FR.htm14.http://www.helpwithlawexams.co.uk/thejudiciary.html15.http://www.infoplease.com/world/leaders/france.html16.http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/DRiG.pdf17.http://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/18.http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/rcj-rolls-building/court-of-appeal19.www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/10000865.doc20.http://www.llrx.com/features/russia.htm21.http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/22.http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/what-the-lords-do/23.http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/what-the-commons-does/24.http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/hoflbpmembership.pdf25.http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/holwork.pdf26.http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.html27.http://www.russianlawonline.com/content/legislative-process28.http://www.russiavotes.org/duma/duma_electoral_system.php29.http://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asp30.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm#gov31.

http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.html32.www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdf

33.http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/GBR_CA_CIV.html34.http://www.uscourts.gov/Common/FAQS.aspx35.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister#Powers_and_constraints36.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_France37.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France38.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_France39.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Government40.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germany41.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany42.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia43.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senate
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/FRANCE/INDUSTRIALTRIBUNAL-FR.htmhttp://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/FRANCE/INDUSTRIALTRIBUNAL-FR.htmhttp://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/FRANCE/INDUSTRIALTRIBUNAL-FR.htmhttp://www.helpwithlawexams.co.uk/thejudiciary.htmlhttp://www.helpwithlawexams.co.uk/thejudiciary.htmlhttp://www.helpwithlawexams.co.uk/thejudiciary.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/leaders/france.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/leaders/france.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/leaders/france.htmlhttp://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/DRiG.pdfhttp://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/DRiG.pdfhttp://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/DRiG.pdfhttp://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/http://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/http://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/rcj-rolls-building/court-of-appealhttp://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/rcj-rolls-building/court-of-appealhttp://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/rcj-rolls-building/court-of-appealhttp://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/10000865.dochttp://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/10000865.dochttp://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/10000865.dochttp://www.llrx.com/features/russia.htmhttp://www.llrx.com/features/russia.htmhttp://www.llrx.com/features/russia.htmhttp://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/what-the-lords-do/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/what-the-lords-do/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/what-the-lords-do/http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/what-the-commons-does/http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/what-the-commons-does/http://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/what-the-commons-does/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/hoflbpmembership.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/hoflbpmembership.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/hoflbpmembership.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/holwork.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/holwork.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/holwork.pdfhttp://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.htmlhttp://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.htmlhttp://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.htmlhttp://www.russianlawonline.com/content/legislative-processhttp://www.russianlawonline.com/content/legislative-processhttp://www.russianlawonline.com/content/legislative-processhttp://www.russiavotes.org/duma/duma_electoral_system.phphttp://www.russiavotes.org/duma/duma_electoral_system.phphttp://www.russiavotes.org/duma/duma_electoral_system.phphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asphttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm#govhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm#govhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm#govhttp://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.htmlhttp://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.htmlhttp://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdfhttp://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdfhttp://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdfhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/GBR_CA_CIV.htmlhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/GBR_CA_CIV.htmlhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/GBR_CA_CIV.htmlhttp://www.uscourts.gov/Common/FAQS.aspxhttp://www.uscourts.gov/Common/FAQS.aspxhttp://www.uscourts.gov/Common/FAQS.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister#Powers_and_constraintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister#Powers_and_constraintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister#Powers_and_constraintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Prime_Minister#Powers_and_constraintshttp://www.uscourts.gov/Common/FAQS.aspxhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/GBR_CA_CIV.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/francophone/principles_en.pdfhttp://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/role-of-the-supreme-court.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm#govhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asphttp://www.russiavotes.org/duma/duma_electoral_system.phphttp://www.russianlawonline.com/content/legislative-processhttp://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.htmlhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/holwork.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-information-office/hoflbpmembership.pdfhttp://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/what-the-commons-does/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/what-the-lords-do/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/http://www.llrx.com/features/russia.htmhttp://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/10000865.dochttp://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/rcj-rolls-building/court-of-appealhttp://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/DRiG.pdfhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/leaders/france.htmlhttp://www.helpwithlawexams.co.uk/thejudiciary.htmlhttp://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/FRANCE/INDUSTRIALTRIBUNAL-FR.htm


48/48

44.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France#Legislation_adoption_procedures45.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France46.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France#Court_of_Appeal47.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom48.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_term_limits#Europe49.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France50.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany#Duties_and_functions51.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France52.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia53.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom54.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_supreme_court55.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma56.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne57.http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:French_government.png58.http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080227033714AAgd27P
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France#Legislation_adoption_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France#Legislation_adoption_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France#Legislation_adoption_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France#Court_of_Appealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France#Court_of_Appealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France#Court_of_Appealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_term_limits#Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_term_limits#Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_term_limits#Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany#Duties_and_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany#Duties_and_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany#Duties_and_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_supreme_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_supreme_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_supreme_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_thronehttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:French_government.pnghttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:French_government.pnghttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:French_government.pnghttp://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080227033714AAgd27Phttp://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080227033714AAgd27Phttp://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080227033714AAgd27Phttp://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080227033714AAgd27Phttp://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:French_government.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_thronehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_supreme_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany#Duties_and_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_term_limits#Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France#Court_of_Appealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France#Legislation_adoption_procedures

Documents

Comparative Analysis of the Governments of PH, US, Germany, FR, RU, and UK