Children & Language| Boyson-Bardies (2001) & Cook (1997)

Arguments for Innate Capacity Boyson-Bardies, 2001 & Cook, 1997

L1 AcquisitionBehaviorismTabula RasaHabit FormationPractice makes perfectEnvironmentClassical ConditioningOperant Conditioning

InnatistBiologiy and MindPrinciples and Parameters

EvidencePoverty of Stimulus (Chomsky, 1957)Expressive Varriety (Jackendoff, 1994)Genetic Hypothesis (Pinker, 1994)Critical Period Hypothesis (lenenberg, 1967)Rule-governedness (MAQ 1970s)

CognitivistEnvironmentEgocentric SpeechEchoaliaDelayed RepetitionMonologuesCollective Monlogues

Socialized SpeechAbstract and Concretelanguage playVariety of Speech Acts

SocioculturalEnvironment and BiologyOntogenesisbiological comes under control of culturalInternalization and ZPDexternal speech (part to whole)internal speech (whole to part)

3 Days

prefer mother's

voice

1 month

Distinguish SpeechSounds

2 months

Touch|sightrecognition

3 months

turn-taking

5 months

words|mouth recognition, resulting in early acquisition of labials

12 months

attention

15 months

pointing towards a distant

object

1 year

10 words

2 years

300 words

Innate gestures

Critical Period

Decreolization|

Depignization

Sound Distinguishing

Baby Talk

Simplified, intoned

Stuctures

Cross-Cultural

Repetition of

sentences

New Words at

end of sentences

OverlappingCalqueing

Bilingual Aphasiacs(Obler & Gjerlow, 2006)

Differentiated Appropriate diff. Syn. and

Phon. constructions(Genesee, 2001)

UnitaryIntra

utterancecode-mixingPhonology

(Obler & Gjerlow, 2006)

Reasons for Code-

SwitchingHoffman

(1991)

not acquired

unavailable

exposure to

mixed input

more complex

Cultural backgrounds

Age

Characteristics Bilingual Speech

Hoffman (1991)

Interference

BorrowingCode-

Switching

A Brief History of Language Policy in the United States

17th century historical acceptance of bilingualism 18th century battle for a national language: German vs. English Language choices = democracy Language uniformity = political harmony No language policy Noah Webster and the standardization of English 19th century increase of English dominance due to checked emigration and War of 1812 1830s tides turn; but still no uniform language policy 19th century goal of linguistic assimilation/cultural tolerance Late 19th century decline of Bilingual Education due to Anti-Catholic sentiment Enactment and repeal of English only Coercive assimilation English language requirement of 1906 Ideological link between Americanization and English Case studies: Puerto Rico, the Phillipenes Roosevelt and language as a loyalty issue Language restrictionism: Germany and WWI: Meyer vs, Nebraska Eradication of bilingual instruction by the 1930s From polyglot to monolingual in one generation Bilingualism and Native Americans Flip flop of bil. Edu. For NA 1848 treaty of guad. Prom of lang rights to Spanish speakers Use of language power to divest people of their land California Biligualism: 1848 Span-Eng 1979: English Gold Rush English Gestapos: Texas criminal offense to teach in L1 Cultural Deprivation theory and class bias Rise of ESL in 1930s Coral Way and the rebirth of Bilingual Education

Bilingual Education

For

Threshold Hypothesis (Cummins, 1979)Cognitive and Language skills transfer

ComprehensibilityL1 knowledge makes L2 knowledge more comprehensible (Krashen, 1981)

Additive Bilingualism (Bartolome, 1998)makes learning environment more comfortable, enhances self-esteem and shows L1 is a resource

ResearchMetaanalyses reveal BE > English Only (Krashen, 2005) --> ELL parents who refused bilingual education showed decreases in reading by grade 5 (Thomas & Collier, 2003)GEO report (1980s)Conclusive, positive effects for TBE

Builds cognitive and academic development (Collier, 1992

Against

Time on Task & Method (Porter, 1990)more time on english, the more the gainsBilingual education has flawed methodology

Fear thesis (HayakawaBilignual education will divide us along linguistic lines

Baker and De Kanter ReportResearch favors Immersion programs

INPUTInput Hypothesis

Krashen, 1982Noticing Hypothesis-CR

Schmidt, 2001Processing Instruction

Van Patten, 2002

INTERACTIONInteraction Hypothesis (Long, 1996)

Negotiation of Meaning|Form Corrective Feedback

Panova and Lyster (2002)

OUPUTOutput Hypothesis

(Swain, 1995)Noticing/triggering functionHypothesis-testing function

Meta-linguistic function

Private Speech|Ofject RegulationLantolf, 2006

Language Play& Broner, 2001

Second Language

AcquisitionInput, Output

and Interaction

Cognitive L2

Theories

Processability &Teachibility Hypothesis

(Piennemann, 1984)

ConnectionismCorpus Linguistics

Usage-BasedEmergentist(Ellis, 2006)

ACTDelacrative |Procedural Knowledge

Learning Strategies(Andersen, 1982)

The Noticing Hypothesis (Schmidt,

2001)

Information ProcessingMind is limited-capactity

processorSTM-LTM

Automaticity(McLaughlin, 1987)

Input Hypothesis(Krashen,

1981)

Input Hypothesis

(i+1)

Monitor Hypothesis

Over, Optimal,

Under

Affective Filter

Hypothesis

Learning vs. AcquisitionHypothesis

Morpheme Acquisition Hypothesis

Jim Cummins

Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis, Cummins, 1981

BICS

Understandable grammarEffective conversational vocabularySocial conventionsLexical phrasesGambits

CALP

Reading and Writing fluencyKnowledge of writing and reading genres4 skill strategiesStudy skillsSchool skills

L1Academic Skills

L2Academic Skills

Communicative Competence

Joos (1967)

Discourse Styles

Searle (1969)Speech

Acts

Halliday (1970)

Functions

Hymes (1972)

CC

Sauvignon (1972)

CC

Wilkins (1972)

Notional

Van Ek and

Alexander (1975)

Notional Functional

Canale and Swain

(1980)CC

CLT

PrinciplesCommunication|Meaning|Task|

MaterialsAuthentic|Dialogues|Multi-Modal

ActivitiesGaps|Tasks|Roleplays|Games|Communication Exercises

RolesTeacher: Facilitator|Participant|Needs Analyst|Counselor|Group ManagerStudent: Negotiator|Effective Communicatory

Canale and Swain,

1980)

Strategic Competence

Sociolinguistic Competence

Discourse Competence

Grammatical Competence

Criticismsof CC

Interactional(Kramsch,

1986)

Technological(Kenning,

2006)

Intercultural(Byram &

Corbett, 2010)

Strategic(Oxford and

Cohen, 1992)

Intonation(Chun, 1986)

History of Methods and Approaches

Gram

mar

Tra

nsla

tion

1890

The

Dire

ct M

etho

d 19

00s

Audi

olin

gual

Met

hod

(195

0s)

Com

mun

ity La

ngua

ge

lear

ning

19

72Su

gges

tope

dia

1970

s

The

Sile

nt W

ayGa

ttegn

o19

70s

The

Natu

ral

Appr

oach

(Ter

rel &

Kra

shen

, 19

80s)

Com

mun

icativ

e

Lang

uage

Lea

rnin

g

(La

Forg

e, 1

971s

)

TPR

(Ash

er, 1

987)

Scen

ario

-Bas

ed

Lear

ning

(Di P

ietr

o, 1

987)

Lexic

al A

ppro

ach

(Lew

is, 1

997)

Task

-Bas

ed Le

arni

ng

(Ske

han,

199

8)

Cont

ent-B

ased

Inst

ructi

onEc

hava

rria

and

Gra

ves,

2000

s)

Audiolingual

1950sBehaviorismDialoguesmemorizationmimicryMinimal GrammarContextualized GrammarNo L1ReinforcementMistake-free productionComputer LabSubstitution Exercises

The Natural Approach

1980sCognitvismComprehension-basedpre-early-extended production phasesBuild BICSi+1silent periodTPRgamesskits

Community Language Learning

1970sHumanismEstablish interpersonal group trust in L1Heavy use of L1 to understand L2TranslationCounselor-centered

Sheltered-InstructionEchevarria and Graves (2007)

SIOP Echevarria, Vogt & Short, (2000)

Groupwork (Cohen, 1994)

Time-on-Task Scaffolding Strategies Hands-on

materialVocabulary

reviewLanguage Objectives

Feedback Interaction PacingHigher Order

Thinking Schools

Groupwork Background Knowledge

PracticeNative-

Language Support

Clear Explanation

Content Objectives

Links to Past learning Review

Adjusting Oral Discourse(Pritzos, 1992)

1. Control sentence rate, complexity and length

2. Avoid idioms3. High frequency vocabulary4. Full referents5. Pauses, Intonation and Stress

to emphasize KEYWORDS6. Repetition of vocabulary7. Direct questions8. Clear, concise instructions

Elements of an Instructional Conversation (Goldenberg, 1992)

1. Thematic Focus2. Background|Schema 3. Direct teaching4. Promotion of complex

language5. Elicitation of reasons6. Open-ended questions7. Responding to students8. Connected Discourse9. Challenging, Non-threatening

atmosphere10. General participation, self-

selected turns

Whatdelegation of

authority

Conceptual Task

InterdependentMembers

Why?Promotes HOTS

Group is greater than sum of its

parts

Cross-ethnic Cooperation &

less competitivism

Improves Oral Language

Proficiency

Improves Time-on-Task

How?Status

Roles

Training

Group Arrangement

Language Learning Strategies(Oxford, 1991)

MemoryassociationsTPRMulti-modal

CognitivepracticeAnalyzing and Reasoning

CompensationCommunication strategies

Metacognitiveorganizingarrangingplanning

SocialNegotiating Meaning

AffectiveEncouragingRelaxing

CALLA Strategic Model(Chamot & O'Malley, 1994)

TheoryInformation ProcessingSchema TheoryConstuctivismSociocultural

PreparationGoalsReflection

PresentationNamingModelingImportanceDemonstration

PracticeChallenging tasksReciprocal teachingProblem solving

EvaluationDiscussionChecklistsLogsQuestionnairesInterviews

ExpansionTransfer

Interlanguage(Selinker, 1972)

Corder, 1967 | Idiosyncratic dialect

Nemser, 1971 | Approximative System

Systematic

Morpheme Acquisition Studies

Brown, 1973| L1 child

de Villiers and de Villiers, 1973 | L1 child

Dulay and Burt, 1973 | L2 child

Larsen-Freeman, 1975| L2 adult

Transfer and FossilizationLado, 1957 | Contrastive Analysis

Wardhaugh, 1970 | Strong: Predicting | Weak: Analysis

Selinker, 1972 |Transfer & FossilizationLong, 2003 | Stabilization

Eckman, 1978 | MDHKellerman, 1977 | Perceived Transferrability

Variable

Competence and Performance

Chomsky, 1960s | Idealized speakerLabov, 1970 | Language in Use

Social Context and StyleTarone, 1979 |The Continuum Paradigm:

Contextual Variability

Linguistic Context and Task-Type

Skehan, 2003 Gatbonton, 1978 | Linguistic Context and

Phonological variability

AffectiveLong and Porter, 1985 |audience effect

Kellerman, 1985 | U-Shaped LearningYoung, 1987 | Multiple factors for variability

Heisenberg, 1927 | Uncertainty Principle

Critical Pedagogy (McClaren, 1989)

TheoryDialectics

ContradictionQuestioning

Dynamic

Knowledge(Bartolome, 1998;

Freire, 1998; hooks; 1994; Cummins

Socially contructedDependent on culture and context

Why and How?Mind in society

Legitimation of realityDirective vs. Productive

Technical |Practical|Emancipatory

Culture

POWERPractices|Ideologies|Values

Dominant|Subordinate|

SubCultureCultural Capital

Maintenance of dominance through social consensusUnknowing participation

Active structuring of lower class culture and experience

Hegemony

Ideology

Production and representation of values and belief

+ -Reification (trans. as perm.)

Dominant|Oppositional

Dominant Discourse

(Bakhtin, 1950s)Hidden

Curriculum & Cultural Politics

Education

Sociolinguistics623

Subject Theorists &Dates

Languages, Dialects, & Varieties

Wardhaugh (2010); Gumperz (1982); Bell (1976)

Pidgins & Creoles Wardhaugh (2010); Bickerton (1977, 1981); Siegel (1999)

Speech Communities Labov (1972); Hymes (1974); Saville-Troike (1996); Platt &Platt (1975)

Language Variation Labov (1966); Trudgill (1974); Shuy et al (1968); Gumperz (1958)

Solidarity & Politeness

Holmes (1998); Tannen (1990s)Brown & Ford (1961)

GenderEthnography of Communication

Hymes (1974); Halliday (1973)

Theories and Principles of Language Teaching605

Subject Theorists &Dates

Subject Theorists &Dates

Styles & Strategies Guiora et al (1972); Oxford (1990); Cohen (1998)

Personality Factors Bloom (1964); Gardner & Lambert (1972, 1985); Myers (1962); Horwitz, Horwitz & Cope (1986)

Age & Acquisition Lenneberg (1967) Sociocultural Factors Schumann (1976); Acton (1979); Lakoff (2004); Whorf (1956)

First Language Acquisition

Skinner (1957); Vygotsky (1987?); Chomsky (1957); Piaget (1955); Anderson (1983, 1985); McLaughlin (1987, 1990); Chamot & O’Malley (1990)

Communicative Competence

Hymes (1972); Cummins (1980); Gumperz (1972); Canale & Swain (1980); Savignon (1998); Halliday (1973); Van Ek & Alexander (1975); Wilkins (1976); Krashen (1981, 1985)

Human Learning Skinner (1957); Ausubel (1964); Rogers (1951?); Freire (1970); Gardner (1999);

Cross-Linguistic Influence & Learner Language

Slinker (1972); Corder (1967);