Comp Hardware for nurses

7/27/2019 Comp Hardware for nurses

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This model of the typical digital computer is often called theVon Neumann computer.

THE VON NEUMANN COMPUTER

CPU

(Central Processing Unit)

Input

Units

Output

Units

Primary Memory


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What is an input device?

Hardware used to enter data

and instructions.


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What is an output device?

Hardware that conveys

informat ion to a user.


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An electronic device that stores, retrieves, andprocesses data, and can be programmed with

instructionsIt is a device capable of performing computations

and making logical decisions

Computers process data under the control of sets ofinstructions called computer programs

A computer is composed of hardware and software,and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations.

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?


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A personal computer is made up of

multiple physical componentsof computer hardware, upon which

can be installed an operating system and

a multitude of software to perform theoperator's desired functions.

THE PERSONAL COMPUTER


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HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

The term hardware refers to the physicalcomponents of your computer such as the system unit,

mouse, keyboard, monitor etc.

The software is the instructions that makes thecomputer work. Software is held either on your

computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD or on a diskette

(floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e. copied) from the diskinto the computers RAM (Random Access Memory),

as and when required.


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HOW COMPUTER MEMORY IS MEASURED

BitAll computers work on a binary numbering system, i.e. they process data in one's or zero's.

This 1 or 0 level of storage is called a bit.

Byte

A byte consists of eight bits.Kilobyte

A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes.

Megabyte

A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes.Gigabyte

A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 megabytes.

Terabyte

A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 gigabytes.


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HOW COMPUTER MEMORY IS MEASURED

Petabyte

1,048,576 gigabytes

Exabyte

1,073,741,824 gigabytes

Zettabyte

1,099,511,627,776 gigabytes


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MAIN PARTS OF A COMPUTER

Microprocessors -- "The brain of the computerPCs primarily use microprocessors (sometimes called the chip).

The older Intel versions include the 386, 486 ,Pentium line and now icore.

AMD sempron, athlon, phenom, fx,The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is normally an Intel orAMD (or equivalent) and it is one of the most important

components within your computer.

It determines how fast your computer will run and is measured by itsMHz speed. Thus a 600 MHz Pentium is much faster than say a 400

MHz Pentium CPU.

It is the CPU that performs all the calculations within the computer.


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The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)

Often referred to as the brain of the computer.

Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system.

The three major components of the CPU are:1.Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)

Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)

2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)

Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)

Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)

3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)

Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics including the CPU aremounted.



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Memory -- "How the processor stores and uses immediatedata

Primary storage or memory is where the data andprogram that are currently in operation or being

accessed are stored during use. It consists of electroniccircuits; extremely fast and expensive.


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RAMRandom Access Memory (Volatile)The main 'working' memory used by the computer.

When the operating system loads from disk when you first switch on the computer, it iscopied into RAM. As a rough rule, a Microsoft Windows based computer will operatefaster if you install more RAM. Data and programs stored in RAM are volatile (i.e. the

information is lost when you switch off the computer).

ROMRead Only Memory (Non-Volatile)

Read Only Memory (ROM) as the name suggests is a special type of memory chip thatholds software that can be read but not written to.

A good example is the ROM-BIOS chip, which contains read-only software.

Often network cards and video cards also contain ROM chips.


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Main Parts of a Computer

Secondary storage ormemory; Long-term, non-changeable

Magnetic Disk

Hard disks

Floppy disks

Magnetic Tape

Optical Disk

CD-ROM (just readable or readable and writeable- CD-R/CD-RW)

DVD (same as CD-ROM)

Storage Area Networks


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THE FACTORS THAT IMPACT A

COMPUTER'S PERFORMANCE

CPU speed

RAM size

Speed and capacity


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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT AND PRIMARY MEMORY*


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A CPU placed on a single miniature chip; basis of PC(personal computer)

Speed and performance factors

number of bits the computer can process at one time (word

length)Speed of the Clock

Number of bits that can be moved at one time between the

CPU, primary storage & other devices (Data Bus width )

MICROPROCESSORS


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MICROPROCESSOR EXAMPLES

Name Manufacturer Word Length Clock Speed Data Bus

Pentium 2 Intel 32 233-450 MHz* 64

Celeron Intel 32 500-2600 MHz 64

Pentium III Intel 32 500-1400 MHz 64

Pentium IV Intel 32 3.2 GHz* 64

Itanium II Intel 64 1.5 GHz 128

Opteron AMD 64 2.6 Ghz 128MHz = millions of Hertz (measure of speed)

GHz = billions of Hertz


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SEQUENTIAL AND PARALLEL PROCESSING

1 INPUT sends data to the main memor


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1. INPUT- sends data to the main memory

2. PROCESSOR- processes or manipulates data into

information. This is done through the CPU- Central

Processing Unit- this is made up of the control unit &

arithmetic/logic unit.3. MEMORY- electronic components that temporarily store

instructions waiting to be executed by the processor.

4. OUTPUT- displays or present information- is made up of

printers & display panels.5. STORAGE- stores the information for future use when not

being used in the memory.

6. COMMUNICATION DEVICES- a hardware component that

enables a computer to send (transmit) & receive data,

instructions, & information to & from one or more computers.

ex: telephone lines, cables, cellular radio networks, &

satellites. Some media is wireless- no physical lines or wires

needed.


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INPUT DEVICES

The Mouse: Used to drive Microsoft Windows

The Keyboard: The keyboard is still the commonest wayof entering information into a computer

Scanners: A scanner allows you to scan printed material

and convert it into a file format that may be used within thePC

Touch Pads: A device that lays on the desktop and

responds to pressureLight Pens: Used to allow users to point to areas on a

screen

Joysticks: Many games require a joystick for the properplaying of the game


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INPUT DEVICES

Readers (Bar code reader; Magnetic Ink CharacterRecognition device)

Other examples:

Voice recognition hardware

Digital camera


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OUTPUT DEVICES

Printers: There are many different types of printers.In large organizations laser printers are most commonly useddue to the fact that they can print very fast and give a very high

quality output.

Plotters: A plotter is an output device similar to a printer,but normally allows you to print larger images.

Speakers: Enhances the value of educational and

presentation products.Speech synthesisers: Gives you the ability to not only to

display text on a monitor but also to read the text to you


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STORAGE DEVICES

Hard Disks/ Solid State Drives

Speed:

Very fast!

The speed of a hard disk is often quoted as "average access time speed,measured in milliseconds. The smaller this number the faster the disk.

Capacity:

Enormous! Often 2 terabytes. A terabyte is equivalent to 1024 Gigabytes.

Cost:

Hard disks costs are falling rapidly and normally represent the cheapestway of storing data.


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STORAGE DEVICES

Diskettes (Floppy Disks)

Speed:

Very slow!Capacity:

Normally 1.44 Mbytes.

Cost:Very cheap.


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STORAGE DEVICES

CD-ROM Disks

Speed:

Much slower than hard disks. The original CD-ROMspeciation is given a value of 1x speed, and later, fasterCD-ROMs are quoted as a multiple of this value.

Capacity:

Around 650 Mbytes and more.

Cost:

cheap


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STORAGE DEVICES

DVD Drives

Speed:

Much faster than CD-ROM drives but not as fast as hard disks.

Capacity:

Up to 17 Gbytes.

Cost:

cheap

HE FOUR MOS


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Speed and access time

Cost / Removable versus non-removable

Capacity

Type of access

HE FOUR MOSIMPORTANT

CHARACTERISTICS

OF STORAGEDEVICES:


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Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through thestorage medium from the beginning until the designated

area is reached (as in magnetic tape).

Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and harddisks).

TYPES OF MEMORY ACCESS

CONNECTING


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Hardware needs access through some generalinput/output connection.

Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the computerfrom external devices such as keyboards.

Serial port: sends one bit at a time (115 Kbps)

Parallel port: sends 8 bits at a time

Firewire: a high speed connection (400 Mbps)

USB (universal serial bus): a high speed connection (11 Mbps)

Wireless: no cable, generally slower

CONNECTINGHARDWARE TO

THE

COMPUTER:

CONNECTING


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Peripheral device: A piece of hardware like a printer or disk drive,

that is outside the main computer.Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the

device.

Device driver: Software addition to the operating system that will

allow the computer to communicate with a particular device.

CONNECTINGHARDWARE TO

THE COMPUTER

(CONT.)


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Comp Hardware for nurses