COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS: AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT TO PROMOTE CLEAN GREEN ENERGY IN RURAL AGRO-ECONOMIC SOCIETIES IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY IN UTTAR AND DAKSHIN DINAJPUR DISTRICTS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Mukunda Mishra# and Dr. Md. Enarul Hoque^# Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Dr. Meghnad Saha College, W.B., India ^ Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Dr. Meghnad Saha College, W.B., India

AbstractPromotion of the energy system from traditional mode to clean technology arena in emerging countries possiblitates manifold social and economic betterment leading to the acceleration of human development process. Forest and agricultural biomass as well as crop residue conjugately provide considerable share in the daily energy source in rural Indian agro-economic societies; but these are used mostly through conventional methods and requires being updated and sophisticated. The execution of a plan towards promoting clean energy tools and techniques among these communities necessitate the beforehand confirmation whether the targeted communities are prepared towards adopting the same. Present study endeavours to examine the status of community preparedness of rural agricultural communities towards aforesaid direction.

1.0. Introduction:

Fig:1 - The history of Indias energy balance(Source: US Energy Information Administration)The ideology and parameters of analysing the efforts of development has been diversified to a greater extent and moreover the contemporary social science does not confine itself within the consideration of the process of development as a cumulative process of enhancing the physical quality of life of inhabitants; rather it tries to chalk out the strategies to promote the capabilities of the targeted community for ensuring convenient accessibility to resources, enhancing technological sophistication towards better utilization of resources and after all moulding the technical, structural and behavioural aspect of communities towards possible best suit with the targeted development plans of varying degree of temporal resolutions. In India, the rapid increase of population as well as the augmented rate of per-capita energy consumption has been causing an acute gap between the demand and supply of energy. Since 1980s and still currently India has encountered a negative balance between energy production and over all consumption. The installed capacity in India as on 31st March, 2004 is 112,058 MW including Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear and Renewables. However, there is a supply-demand gap of 8 to 10% and peak load demand of 18 to 20%. This has also accentuated by non-decentralized nature of power generation with vast area in the rural segment which are not connected by the grid for reliable and quality power (IREDA, 2003). Fig. 1 shows the gap between production and consumption of power in India. The conventional mode of power generation system based on mainly coal and petroleum has a restricted scope of increasing the production due to the limit of fossil fuel reserves. Whereas, the grid extension to incorporate newer areas under the catchment of power supply, especially since 2006-07 has been creating the new demands (Please see Table 1).

Table: 1 No. of villages electrified by the Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC) (A Govt. of India Company) 2001 11 YearNo. of villages electrified

During the yearUp to the end of the year

2001-022002-032003-042004-052005-062006-072007-082008-092009-102010-1120701227651814023338262485335337095293304942304942305064305829306010346243384505433038486408581701

(Source: 42nd Annual Report of REC, 2010-11)

Besides, a point of concern is that, after so much innovation, improvement and sophistication of the technology, the fossil fuel utilization system cannot be made functional as pollution less system. This is a cause of deep anxiety for maintaining environmental sustainability which is one of the aspired Millennium Development Goals. The overall importance of energy to sustainable development is reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). While energy was not identified as a separate MDG, it is intimately tied to the achievement of virtually all MDGs. Access to sustainable sources of clean, reliable and affordable energy has a profound impact on multiple aspects of human development (UNDP, 2011). Proper utilization of alternative source of energy is at the core of attention of both the developed and developing nations to make a mutual balance between the continuation of the process of development and the preservation of environmental quality. The inhabitants of rural India use the agricultural and forest biomass and crop residue to a significant amount to satisfy their need of daily need of energy at house hold activities. Presently, in India about 289 million of people (approximately 25 % of total population) are lack of electricity usage and mostly of them are from rural sector. More interestingly, about 836 million people (approximately 72 % of total population) rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (International Energy Agency, 2011). This biomass energy is utilized in such a traditional unsophisticated manner that a considerable portion of energy is wasted away and a significant scale of pollution is occurred. This rural energy system is required to be replaced by clean green energy production technology. The successful transformation from this traditional mode to modern refined mode is the function of mutual assemblage of dyadic interaction between the innovated tools & technology and physico- behavioural preparedness of the community under modification process. Admittedly, all of the social endeavours do not lend themselves to easy explanations which seem to be hardly irrelevant for the context of studying the typical human decision making process. In the present study effort has been made to judge the status of community preparedness in rural agro-economic societies in India to allow this technological metamorphosing for the abode purpose of human development.

2.0. Study Area:

Fig: 2 Location of the study area, i.e. Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts within the State of West BengalThe present study covers the two districts of Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur. Before 1992 the undivided districts of North Bengal, the West Dinajpur is now the Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur. Raiganj is the District Headquarter of U/Dinajpur District having the geographical location of 2603515 N latitude and 8704837 E longitude. The district covers the area of 3140 km2 and accommodates a total of 3,000,849 populations; out of which 2,638,662 of rural population. Balurghat is the District Headquarter of the district of Dakshin Dinajpur and it is located at 2501055 N latitude and 8900030 E longitude. The district covers the area of 2219 km2 and accommodates a total of 1,670,931 populations; out of which 1,434,856 of rural population (Census of India, 2011). The favourable climatic condition with sufficient precipitation, fertile alluvial tract and extensively plain landscape (except some undulated pockets) possiblitate the rural economy to be predominated by agricultural activities in these districts. Around 40% of Net District Domestic Product (at current price) of both the two districts is generated from agriculture (West Bengal State Domestic Production Report).

3.0. Objectives of the Study:

The specific areas of observation in the present study are,3.1. To assess the relevance of the effort of promoting clean energy technologies in rural India.3.2. To explore the importance of analysing the community preparedness at the targeted area.3.3. To examine the status of community preparedness in rural agricultural societies towards adopting clean energy technologies.3.4. To suggest some measures to enhance the level of community preparedness in rural India. 4.0. Data and Methods:

Primary and secondary both the two types of data has been utilized in the present study. The secondary data is mainly used to explain the generalized Indian scenario in perspective with different parameters used at the course of discussion. These data have been collected from different reports, periodicals, research articles, Govt. publications, magazines, censuses and reports of sample surveys. The primary data is collected through the interview along with a pre-set questionnaire to explore the status of community preparedness towards adapting clean energy resources and related tools & technologies. This field survey has been conducted to cover each of the 17 C.D. Blocks in the districts of Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur. 38 samples has been collected with 10 respondents within each sample i.e., a total of 380 respondents ( following the criteria that a respondent must be the principal decision maker of the household irrespective to gender, age group etc as well as agriculture is the primary occupation thereof) have been interviewed ensuring a sufficient numbers of representatives from each blocks. The questionnaire has been a non-traditional type as was the interview technique itself. After the acquaintance, each respondent have been introduced with the clean energy-tools-technology, their advantages pros & cons, estimated cost etc in his/her vernacular. Then he/ she has been questioned whether he/ she is interested in availing those energy and related tools and techniques within a year / after five years / ten years, i.e. yes or no. After inserting the answer they have been questioned about some basic information about household structure, economy and assets. Retrieving of data from these questionnaires is a very important phase of the study; which is discussed later at required place.

5.0. The Study in Details Findings and Discussion:

5.1. Clean Technology and Community Preparedness Where the Two meet?

Fig: 3 Per capita energy consumption pattern in rural and urban households in India (Source: Interim Report IR-08-009, International Institute of Applied System Analysis)Energy consumption pattern and sources of energy used in rural India has been well explored by different research works and surveys carried out in different time. These reports show a steady increase of per capita energy consumption in rural India as well as the increase of the share of biomass as the source of energy in residential usages. The per capita energy consumption by the inhabitants of rural India has reached up to 4500 MJ during 2004-05 and only biomass itself has constituted approximately 3750 MJ per capita in that particular period. The use of fossil fuels, especially coal has been drastically reducing and gradually replaced by electricity and LPG (See fig.2). Shifting trends in the patterns of residential energy mix has been assessed by examining the changes in the percentage of population using different fuels and electricity over time in the Household Consumer Expenditure Survey, carried out by NSSO (See Tab. 2). It shows these changes over the last quarter century for India. The fact that the columns dont sum to 100% provides evidence of the fact that most households use multiple fuels. The percentage of rural population using biomass like fuel wood and dung remain unchanged for last three decades; obviously the number of users of these fuels has been increasing gradually. There is a considerable change in the percentage of rural population using LPG (0% in 1983 to 12% in 2004-5) and electricity (15% in 1983 to 54% in 2004-5).Table: 2Percentage of rural population using different sources of household energy in IndiaFuelsYears

19831987-881993-941999-20002000-05

LPGCoal / CokeElectricityKeroseneFuel woodDung031595865313249689562236958853624796885212254918846

(Source: Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys, NSSO)

Most of this significant amount of fuel wood and other forest residues as well as agricultural biomass and crop residues is burnt in traditional clay furnaces that results into an incomplete combustion of those fuels leading to the release of pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, benzene, formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, aromatics and respirable particulate matters. These pollutants cause considerable damage to health, especially of women and children who are exposed to indoor pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987; Smith, 1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). Bio-fuels can also damage people's health, because they give off smoke that contains many hazardous chemicals. Studies of rural areas show that smoke levels inside dwellings often far exceed safe levels recommended by the World Health Organization (The World Bank, 2001). This conventional mode of bio mass energy resource utilization system requires to be replaced by modern techno-oriented green energy production system. The production of cleaner bio-mass energy has already been proved partially successful in India and the ceaseless effort of engineers and technicians is continuing to make the production system further efficient to reduce production cost for making the energy economical enough and worthy to be mass-use. The successful assimilation of a technological innovation or upgradation is possiblitated by their utility in one hand and the acceptance by the targeted community on the other hand.

The community preparedness in this aspect may be described as the ability of a particular community to accept or be assimilated with the updatation, upgradation, and transformation of technological circumstances leading to a varying degree of modification in socio-cultural and economic livelihood. As it is obvious for a plan to be structurally flexible enough for being befitted with the demand; then it is also a pre-execution essential to know the status of community preparedness in respect to a particular effort of modification. Neither the tools nor the technology can be superimposed to a community; rather, a smart plan targets allowing them dissolved.5.2. Present Status of Community Preparedness towards Using Clean Energy:

Fig: 4 Scatter Diagram for examining the magnitude of Block wise variation of spatial extension and peoples participation in agricultureThe study, as has targeted to examine the status of preparedness of the inhabitants of agricultural society for adopting the clean green energy, the districts of Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur have been selected for field survey. Bothe of these two districts rural economy is predominated by agriculture and allied activities as indicated by the principal share of GDP by this sector. For the purpose of examining the block level variation of spatial extension of agriculture as well as the participation of people in it, a scatter diagram has been plotted with the block wise data of percentage of net sown area to total area and percentage of population related to agriculture with total population (See Fig. 4). The scatter shows that there are insignificant variations between the blocks of these two districts in this particular aspect. This analysis allows collecting the samples randomly from 17 blocks with equal weight of the two districts.

Fig: 5 Age specific affirmative response to install clean energy tools & technology within a yearThe data collected from the field survey has revealed that male decision makers of the households are keener to accept the new technology concept and to use the clean energy than that of the females. 124 male respondents out of the total of 308 (i.e. 40.26%) have expressed installing the updated technology within one year if available. This rate of affirmative response is very low if the female respondents are concerned. Only 11 female respondents out of 72 (i.e. 15.27%) answered affirmatively. This pattern of response may be the consequence of the social status of the females in rural Indian societies. There are a very few examples that the mistress of the households become the decision makers; and even in spite of being the most aged members of the family. Some females matching the criteria who have been interviewed are mostly from tribal society; and engaged in agriculture as agricultural labourer. This may restricted the capability of remitting installation cost of the clean energy generating technology.

The data also reflects that there is age-specific variation in eagerness towards accepting updated technologies. Higher percentages of affirmative answers have been received from the lower ranges of age groups. If male respondents are concerned, there is a cent percent affirmation by the respondents of the age groups of 20-24 and 25-29 years and it goes on reducing towards the higher ranges gradually. The scenario is more or less similar for female respondents; one respondent out of one give affirmative answer in the age group of 20-24 years and there is also a decreasing trend with the increasing of age (See Table 3 and Fig. 5).

Table: 3Age specific affirmative response by male and female respondents towards Installing clean energy tools & technology within a yearAge Groups (Year)No. of Male Respondents belong to the age groupNo. of Male Respondents gives affirmative answerPercentage of affirmation in particular age groupNo. of Female Respondents belong to the age groupNo. of Female Respondents give affirmative answerPercentage of affirmation in particular age group

20-2422100.0011100.00

25-2922100.0000

30-3411654.554125.00

35-39171164.7113646.15

40-44422457.140--

45-49512141.180--

50-54672537.310--

55-59421638.100--

60-6426934.621100.00

65-6921628.576116.67

70-741815.563226.25

75-79200.00500.00

80 7114.290--

Total30812440.26721115.28

Status of educational attainment of an individual influences his/her level of thinking as well as his eagerness to utilize the resources scientifically under the updated technological environment. Agrarian society in India is characterized by the low level of education, use of hereditary gained knowledge, utilization of traditional tools and techniques. This may be one of the toughest challenges to gain focus of this society towards the use of ultra-modern tools and techniques for consuming clean energy.

Table: 4Classification of affirmative responses by Respondentsinto different Level of educational attainmentLevel of Educational attainmentNo. of Respondents within this categoryNo. of Respondents gives affirmative answersPercentage

Illiterate4149.76

Primary922325.00

Secondary/H.S.1725230.23

Graduation634571.43

Higher121191.67

Total380135

Table 4 exhibits that most of the sample respondents, i.e. decision makers posses up to secondary level of education; besides, Illiteracy has not been wiped out completely (Also see Fig 6). Only around 10% of illiterate sample respondents give affirmative response; and, the percentage of affirmative responses has been limited to 30% for respondents attaining primary to secondary level of education; whereas 45 out of 63 graduate respondents and 11 out of 12 respondents with higher educational attainment delivers their opinion affirmatively.

Fig: 6 - Relationship between educational attainment and affirmative response to possess clean technology within one year.

Fig: 7 - Cost comparison of renewable and conventional electrification technologies (Source: Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007Income is one of the important factors in motivating the people towards updated sophisticated technologies. Admittedly, demand is the function of willingness and purchasing capability. The sophisticated clean renewable energy tools and technology requires a high volume of investment during installation. Renewables struggle to compete in generation cost terms at subsidized tariff rates for grid electrification (Banerjee 2006; Nouni et al. 2007). However, where full cost of energy delivery is taken into account for serving rural areas with grid power, renewables are often cost competitive. The cost of grid extension increases the cost of electricity supply by approximately Rs1/kWh/km.. Banerjee (2006) and Deshmukh and Bilokar (2006) find that biomass gasification technologies are the least-cost electrification option (versus diesel or grid extension) at a distance from the existing grid- potentially as little as 3km. Figure 7 depicts the approximate economic viability curve of non-conventional electrification options, taking into account the cost of conventional electricity supply options. Where technologies lie below this curve, they are capable of delivering cheaper electricity (in cost Rs/kWh terms) than conventional rural electrification options (grid extension or diesel generators) (Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007).

Fig: 8 Income distribution of the respondentsThe data obtained from the field survey reveals that the respondents from the higher per capita household income shows more interest towards clean energy. Comparatively higher installation cost as well as production cost than that of the grid electrification (where available) causes least interest on clean technology for lower incoming households; where no affirmative answer found from the respondents with annual per capita household income below Rs. 20000. Most of the few affirmative answers (affirmation rate not more than 25%) received from the respondents with annual per capita household income below Rs. 100000 are from the areas of no grid connection availability; whereas the affirmation rate increases away with the augmentation of per capita annual household income (See Table: 5).

Table: 5Interests towards clean energy is a function of Income of the householdPer capita annual income range of the household of the respondentNo of respondents belong to this categoryNo of respondents responded affirmativelyPercentage of affirmation

< 100002100.00

10000 - 199993200.00

20000 - 29999391128.21

30000 - 39999471123.40

40000-49999641625.00

50000 - 99999571322.81

100000 - 149000412048.78

150000 - 199999272281.48

200000 - 299999211466.67

300000 - 399999181688.89

400000 - 49999977100.00

500000 & more6583.33

Total380135

All the above analyses have been done on the basis of the rate of affirmative answer received from the respondents with some specified socio-economic criteria; which may have explored how those factors do influence the decision making process of the inhabitant of the rural agrarian India towards assimilating the innovative technology. The social system is dynamic in nature. A very few portion of population accept the innovative ideas initially; and their successful utilization encourages the ideas to be diffused away to their neighbours. In the early stages in the diffusion of ideas there may be a certain resistance involved with it; which leads to a rather slow start to their spread. But the successful usage of those ideas lead to accelerate the diffusion process as majority would follow them. At the initial stages of adopting new technology to the society may put forth a time-lag which is not an unexpected event (Knowles and Wareing, 2004). The study reveals a bright future prospect in this direction. The rate of affirmation towards clean energy increase when the respondents have given a wider time limit (i.e. 5 or 10 years instead of 1 year). Purchasing capability is undoubtedly a strong controlling factor in this particular aspect but the psychological matters i.e. the willingness of the inhabitants cannot be ignored. All the 38 samples containing 10 respondents each has been classified into different level of affirmation rate (i.e. how many affirmative answer received out of 10). The distribution is fitted with the binomial distribution for getting generalized theoretical distribution (See Appendix Table A1 to A3 and Fig. 8).

8 (A)8 (B)

Fig: 8 Time-lag graph towards adopting clean energy technology. (A) With observed frequency; (B) With Theoretical Frequencies using Binomial Distribution

The above figures clearly indicate the behavioural pattern of the rural Indian societies towards accepting new technology ideas. When the respondents are questioned about their decision to accept the same within one year time limit, then the rate of affirmative answer becomes 35.5% only (135 affirmations out of 380 respondents). As the time limit has been increased to 5 years and 10 years, then the rate of affirmation increases to 44.2% (i.e. 167 affirmations out of 380 respondents) and 57.1% (i.e. 217 affirmations out of 380 respondents) accordingly. This increment of 22% (i.e. 35% to 57%) is truly prospective favouring the acceptability of the innovative ideas. The present figure of possible increment is indicative only; and there is fair possibility for the rate of actual increment in future to be faster than that of the observed rate at present if the incorporation of new tools and techniques succeed to bring real benefit to the early adopters. Early success stories are the key of mass popularization of the same at forthcoming periods.6.0. Conclusion:

Agriculture is the principal source of occupation in India and around three fourth of the population is related to it. The effort of development to the mass essentially directs the target towards the agro-economic societies; the development of which areas should ensure the development of the greater portion of the population. Modification of the present energy utilisation system towards a modern scientific direction is undoubtedly essential for these targeted communities. The level of education in these areas is required to be upgraded. Though the mass literacy plans and programmes has shined the scenario of rural literacy in India, but this is not beyond doubt that how far this basic level of educational attainment be helpful in the manifestation of human mind to generate positive response towards accepting innovative ideas. The rate of attaining higher education is required to be enhanced. Besides, the advantages of utilizing clean technology and related matters to be included into the curriculum so that an updated knowledge back up regarding this particular aspects is readily available to the individuals; which do influence the decision making process. As the high installation cost is one of the tough constraints then the researches on this technological aspects to be promoted with the institutional patronage for making the technology purchasable to a wider part of population. Awareness among the rural population regarding the environment quality sustenance, indoor pollution as well as personal health and hygiene etc are of considerably over-casual pattern. Arrangement of campaigning programmes and workshops with the enterprise of local government and different NGOs may be effective in this regard. The uplifted level of consciousness among the inhabitants of these targeted areas does annex extra dimension at the perceptual receptors of human minds to enable rational decision making at the situation when the choice is to be made not considering the presently prevailing circumstances, rather it is to be done based on the projected future. The targeted community is to be prepared first to ensure the high level of participation of those peoples for whom a particular action plan has been chalked out.

References

ATKINSON (Giles), Ed. Handbook of Sustainable development. 2007. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.; UK.

BANERJEE (R.). Comparison of options for distributed generation in India. 2006. Energy Policy 34(1)

CHATTOPADHYAYA (P.K.). Krishi utpadaner arthonaitik bisleshan. 1983. West Bengal State Book Board; Kolkata.

CUST (John), SINGH (Anoop) and NEUHOFF (Karsten). Rural electrification in India: Economics and institutional aspects of renewables. 2007. EPRG 0730 & CPWE 0763.

DESHMUKH and BILOLIKAR. Optimisation of rural electrification methods. 2006. Advances in Energy Research

HITOFUMI (Abe). Summary of biomass power generation in India. 2005. Japan International Cooperation Agency.

HODDER (Ruppert). Development geography. 2000.Routledge; London.

HUSAIN (Majid). Systemetic agricultural geograohy. 2005. Rawat Publication; New Delhi

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. Energy for all: Financing access for the poor, Special early excerpt of World Energy Outlook 2011. October, 2011. CECD/ IEA.

KHANDKAR (S.R.), BARNES (D.R.) and SAMAD (H.A.). Energy poverty in rural and urban India: Are the energy poor also income poor? Policy Research Working Paper 5463. 2010. World Bank.

KNOWLES (R.) and WAREING (J.). Economic and social geography. 2004. Rupa & Co.. New Delhi.

LALWANI (Mahendra) and SINGH (Mool). Conventional and renwable energy scenario of india: present and future. 2010. Published in 'Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No.6'.

LEVIN (Richard I.). Statistics for management. 2006. Pearson Education Inc; London

McKENNA(Judy) and NIXON (Jan). Energy interests - rural and urban differences in "Journal of Extension, 17(5)". September 1979. U.S.Coperative Extension System.

MEISEN (Peter) and Akin (Irem). The case of meeting the millenium development goals through acess to clean electricity. 2008. GENI.

MEISEN (Peter). and QUENEUDEC (Eleonore). Overview of renewable energy potential of India.2006. Global Energy Network Institute; San Diego.

NOUMI (M.R.), MULLICK (S.C.) and KANDPAL (T.C.). Biomass gasifier projects for decentralized power supply in India: A financial evaluation. 2007. Energy Policy 35(2).

NSSO. Consumption of some important commodities in India: 1999-2000. 2001. Govt. of India

PACHAURI (Sonali) and JIANG (Leiwan). The household energy transition in India and China - Interim Report IR-08-009. 2008. International Institute for Applied System Analysis. Laxenburg

PORTA (D D) and KEATING (Michael). Approaches and methodologies in social sciences. 2008. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge.

POTTER (Robert B). Geography of development. 2004; 2nd. Pearson Education Ltd; England.

RAJVANSHI (Anil K.). "Sustainable Development for Rural Poor", Invited talk at Solar World Congress. August 8-12, 2005. SWC. Orlando

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION CORPORATION LIMITED. Funding for growth, 42nd Annual Report. 2010-11. REC Ltd.

SHAFI (Mohammad). Agricultural geography. 2006. Pearson Education Inc; London

SHUKLA (P.R.). Biomass energy in India: transition from traditional to modern. 2010. Published in 'The Social Engineer, Vol 6., No. 2'.

SINGH (A K). Terts, measurements and research methods in behavioral sciences. 2008. Bharati Bhawan; New Delhi.

THRILLWALL (A P). Growth and development with special reference to developing economics. 2006 Palgrave Mc. Millan; New York.

UNDP & ESMAP. Access to poor to clean household fuels in India. 2003. UNDP & World Bank.

WEILDLICH (Wolfgang). Sociodynamics. 2004. Dover Publication, Inc; New York.

WORLD BANK. Addressing the electricity access gap, Background paper for World Bank Group Energy Sector Strategy. June 2010. World Bank.

WORLD BANK. Rural access to electricity: Strategy options for India -Discussion Paper. 2004. World Bank.

Appendix

Table: A1Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for one year

No. of affirmative answers out of 10 respondents of the sampleObservedFrequency

(f)

(f.x)TheoreticalFrequency(Binomial distribution)(f)

00038 x 10c0 x (0.6447)10 x (0.3553)0 = 0.5

10038 x 10c1 x (0.6447)9 x (0.3553)1 = 2.6

281638 x 10c2 x (0.6447)8 x (0.3553)2 = 6.4

3133938 x 10c3 x (0.6447)7 x (0.3553)3 = 9.5

493638 x 10c4 x (0.6447)6 x (0.3553)4 = 9.1

552538 x 10c5 x (0.6447)5 x (0.3553)5 = 6.0

621238 x 10c6 x (0.6447)4 x (0.3553)6 = 2.8

71738 x 10c7 x (0.6447)3 x (0.3553)7 = 0.9

80038 x 10c8 x (0.6447)2 x (0.3553)8 = 0.2

90038 x 10c9 x (0.6447)1 x (0.3553)9 = 0.0

100038 x 10c10 x (0.6447)0 x (0.3553)10 = 0.0

Total3813538

Table: A2Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for five years

No. of affirmative answers out of 10 respondents of the sampleObservedFrequency

(f)

(f.x)TheoreticalFrequency(Binomial distribution)(f)

00038 x 10c0 x (0.5579)10 x (0.4421)0 = 0.1

10038 x 10c1 x (0.5579)9 x (0. 4421)1 = 0.9

24838 x 10c2 x (0. 5579)8 x (0. 4421)2 = 3.1

372138 x 10c3 x (0. 5579)7 x (0. 4421)3 = 6.7

493638 x 10c4 x (0. 5579)6 x (0. 4421)4 = 9.2

563038 x 10c5 x (0. 5579)5 x (0. 4421)5 = 8.7

653038 x 10c6 x (0. 5579)4 x (0. 4421)6 = 5.8

753538 x 10c7 x (0. 5579)3 x (0. 4421)7 = 2.6

821638 x 10c8 x (0. 5579)2 x (0. 4421)8 = 0.8

90038 x 10c9 x (0. 5579)1 x (0. 4421)9 = 0.1

100038 x 10c10 x (0. 5579)0 x (0. 4421)10 = 0.0

Total3816838

Table: A3Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is given for ten years

No. of affirmative answers out of 10 respondents of the sampleObservedFrequency

(f)

(f.x)TheoreticalFrequency(Binomial distribution)(f)

00038 x 10c0 x (0.4289)10 x (0.5711)0 = 0.0

10038 x 10c1 x (0. 4289)9 x (0. 5711)1 = 0.2

20838 x 10c2 x (0. 4289)8 x (0. 5711)2 = 0.6

351538 x 10c3 x (0. 4289)7 x (0. 5711)3 = 2.3

452038 x 10c4 x (0. 4289)6 x (0. 5711)4 = 5.3

573538 x 10c5 x (0. 4289)5 x (0. 5711)5 = 8.4

6127238 x 10c6 x (0. 4289)4 x (0. 5711)6 = 9.3

732138 x 10c7 x (0. 4289)3 x (0. 5711)7 = 7.1

821638 x 10c8 x (0. 4289)2 x (0. 5711)8 = 3.5

921838 x 10c9 x (0. 4289)1 x (0. 5711)9 = 1.1

1022038 x 10c10 x (0. 4289)0 x (0. 5711)10 = 0.2

Total3821738

----x----Page | 16