2013- 2017

Hima Management Committee

Bani Hashem Hima Society

2013- 2017

COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HIMA BANI HASHEM

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Rangeland in Jordan ...................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 The Hima Concept ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Site Description ............................................................................................................................. 4

1.3.1 Range Site ............................................................................................................................... 7

1.3.2 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................. 7

1.3.3 Grazing and Biomass .............................................................................................................. 8

1.3.4 Socio-economics ..................................................................................................................... 9

2. Strategic planning cycle for sustainable Dryland management (SLM) .............................................. 10

2.1 Scenarios building process .......................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Problem tree ................................................................................................................................ 11

2.3 Stakeholder Analysis.................................................................................................................... 14

2.4 Shared Vision ............................................................................................................................... 15

2.4.1 Factors affecting the attainment of the vision ..................................................................... 15

2.4.2 Scenarios Possibilities ........................................................................................................... 16

2.4.3 Interventions, Activities and Initiatives ........................................................................................ 17

Ecologically Sustainable Rangeland Management ............................................................................ 17

Research and development ............................................................................................................... 17

Social issues and socio-economic initiatives ..................................................................................... 18

Outreach ............................................................................................................................................ 18

Annex 1: Monitoring indicators ............................................................................................................. 19

Annex 2: Native Vegetation Families and Scientific Names of Hima Bani Hashem during May 2012 -

2013. ...................................................................................................................................................... 21

Annex 3: Arabic Name, Scientific Name, Frequency, Abundance and Density of Hema Bani Hashem

Range Site in May 2013. ........................................................................................................................ 22

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rangeland in Jordan

The majority of the land in Jordan is characterized as arid or semiarid land. Rainfall in these

areas is below 200 mm/year (see Figure 1) and because of this; land is only marginally

suitable even for dryland agriculture. Most of this land is used for range management with

small pockets of dryland agriculture (mainly wheat and barley) and of irrigated agriculture.

The problems of water and land degradation are increasingly becoming a serious threat to

livelihoods of a large segment of households particularity poor households who rely more

greatly and directly on available natural resources for their livelihoods than other socio-

economic groups due to lack of alternative livelihood options accessible to them (Al-Serhan,

2010).

Figure1: Mean Annual Rainfall in Jordan. Source: MOE (2006).

Drylands present unique challenges for sustainable management: challenges that are not

generally well reflected in policy and development planning. A key challenge is the high

unpredictability of precipitation, which varies greatly between seasons, between years, and

between areas within any given landscape. This extreme variability has led in many places to

unique adaptations, both in terms of drylands biodiversity and in drylands livelihoods.

However, the adaptations of dryland livelihoods are often misconstrued “as backward and in

need of change”. Efforts to “modernise” dryland livelihoods by eliminating some of the more

challenging adaptive practices have led to increased poverty and environmental

degradation.

1.2 The Hima Concept

The published literature by IUCN on Al-Hima defines it as: “a traditional system of resource

tenure that has been practiced for more than 1400 years in the Arabian Peninsula. It

predates Islam, not necessarily in its existing form or after the introduction of Islam in the

Arabian Peninsula. In any case, the hima is the most widespread and longstanding

indigenous / traditional conservation institution in the Middle East, and perhaps on Earth”

The Arabic word "Hima" literally means "a protected place" or "protected area." In pre-

Islamic times, access to this place was declared forbidden by the individual or group that

owned it. Later its meaning evolved to signify a rangeland reserve, a piece of land set aside

seasonally to allow regeneration.

The Hima became so much a “Way of Life” that it was passed from generation to generation

and was practiced spontaneously and almost unconsciously and allowed the people of this

region to survive the centuries that remained absent of modern comfort- bringing tools and

technology.

In Islamic law it signifies a natural area that is set aside permanently or seasonally for the

public good, which may not be privately owned. For more than fourteen hundred years,

himas have helped conserve natural resources and biodiversity in the Arabian Peninsula and

adjacent areas. Himas have secured sustainable use of renewable natural resources by and

for the people living adjacent to them. Thus the hima has been one of the most successful

institutions integrating nature conservation with human well-being.

A hima may be established for any purpose that pertains to the common good, so it could be

managed for either conservation of biodiversity or sustainable use of natural resources. In

practice, traditional himas in Saudi Arabia have achieved both aims. In contrast with

governmental himas, traditional himas were governed according to customary management

practices. Most were managed by and for a particular village, clan or tribe. Local

communities, whether tribal or not, governed land use through consensus rather than

prescribed legislative or institutional control. They had well-established hierarchal

governance systems led by the shaykh, which ensured representation of kin-groups through

commissions, committees and councils. This allowed proper environmental management as

each group held well-defined responsibilities for rainwater runoff, grazing, etc.

1.3 Site Description

The Hima of Bani Hashem has been chosen as a pilot site by IUCN- ROWA through Securing

Rights and Restoring Land for Improved Livelihoods. The site is located in Zarqa governorate,

and about 12 Km to the northern west of Zarqa city. The pilot site is located as a part of a

forestry reserve of the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture. The pilot site is

surrounded by forestry land from two sides while the other sides are adjacent to private

farms and a mining site.

Al Hima site has an area of around 100 hectares and is located to the south of the Bani

Hashem area within a Forestry reserve which is about 1500 hectares. Based on the

desertification degree, al Hima site is considered as marginal area where the average rainfall

is about 120-220 mm/ year.

The average annual rainfall is 122.7 mm according to Khrbit Al-Samra climatic data (2005 –

2012) which is the nearest metrological station to Hima Site.

Figure 2: Annual and average annual rainfall of Khirebit Es Samra (2005 - 2012).

The aim of choosing this site is to develop an effective participatory approach management

to protect the latest green site available within Zarqa River Basin and can be restored for

grazing purposes, see map below.

Figure 3: Bani Hashem Hima Site

96.1 92.1

119.3 110 118.7

161.9

104.8

163

120.7

0

50

100

150

200

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average

Rai

nfa

ll (m

m)

Year

The total population of Bani Hashem villages is 15000 people, Most of the locals depend on

the government job for financial and health security, and few families depend on the

agriculture, the agriculture activities are mainly cultivation of the barley, soya, alfa alfa which

irrigated from Zarqa sail , the total census of the sheep and goat is about 5000 Head, and the

livestock owners suffering primarily from the high cost of feed, and the health and

management Problems.

The Hima site is a representation of the Steppe vegetation type and is located within the

Irano-Turanian bio-climatic zone. In general terms, the steppe vegetation refers to

temperate grasslands of treeless plains but in the context of Jordan, including the hima site,

steppe is the intermediary zone between the Mediterranean vegetation types and the

hyper-arid desert of the Saharo-Arabian bio-climatic zone.

Figure 4: Location and Boundaries of Bani Hashem Hima

(The site GPS coordination's are 32 07 59 N, 36 01 28 E and 558 m elevation).

The dominant aspects of desertification in this zone are the higher rates of erosion by wind

and water, the substantial accumulation of calcareous silt on the soil surface, low

germination rate of plants, low intensity of plant cover caused by overgrazing and poor

rainfall distribution. The area is also affected by soil surface crust that accelerates erosion by

water and a soil compaction problem caused by uncontrolled movement and travel of

grazing herds and vehicles. Many parts of this zone, however, have a high resilience;

indicated by the high recovery and productivity of the protected natural vegetation.

Several assessments on the flora and social activities have been carried out in the Hima site

and have provided highly valuable data to provide guidance for the future management of

the site. Below is a summary of these assessments and their major findings.

1.3.1 Range Site

Hima Bani Hashem location divided into three range sites named; Hima 1 (HBH1), Hima 2

(HBH2) and Hima 3 (HBH3) according to land topography. Natural Wadies (valley) are the

main criteria for those divisions. Those divisions may be re-arrange according to changes in

plant cover due to protection. Figure 2 shows range sites of Hima Bani Hashem location.

Those divisions will help in rangeland management organization. Sustainable productivity,

increasing stocking rate and growth of medicinal plant are the main objectives. The area was

19, 30 and 51 ha for HBH1, HBH2 and HBH3 range sites respectively.

Figure 5: Hima Bani Hashem location Range Sites.

1.3.2 Vegetation

The area stands out from its surroundings due to its relatively good vegetation coverage.

Still, the area suffers from the low number of palatable species, such as Salsola vermiculata,

whereas it is mainly dominated by unpalatable species such as Peganum harmala. A total of

36 native plant species were recorded in the site mainly concentrated in the northwestern

slope since it is the slope that receives the highest amounts of rainfall. No further

assessments on the biodiversity of the area were carried out in the hima site and so the

biodiversity value of the site is not evaluated. For more details see Vegetation study conducted by

MoA 2012for Hima Site.

Figure 5. Artemisia herba-alba

1.3.3 Grazing and Biomass

Most of the inhabitants in the vicinity of the Hima are dependent on livestock as a source of

income for their livelihoods. A study on grazing attitudes in the area have shown that 85% of

the sample studied is almost completely dependent on livestock raising as their major source

of income. Around 80% of the livestock kept by livestock owners is sheep. A study on the

grazing carrying capacity has shown that 0.7 sheep / 1dunum / 30 days. The study

recommends that livestock should only be provided access to the site after the month of

September in order to ensure the plant seed regeneration in the Hima. In total and in all the

three main villages surrounding the Hima site, there is a total of 5000 livestock animals

where almost half of them are owned by the community inhabiting the village of Al-Rhayyel,

which is the most adjacent to the Hima, whereas 1500 animals are owned in Dougara and

1000 animals are owned in the village of Abu Arraighan, which is the furthest village from

the Hima. Monitoring Study for Biomass and soil will be conducted 2013.

Grazing will be managed by allowing introducing sheep into 2 range site every year. First

year sheep will graze in HBH 1 and HBH 2, 2ed year sheep will graze in HBH 2 and HBH 3 and

in the 3ed year sheep will graze in HBH 3 and HBH 1. This type of grazing will help in range

restoration and rehabilitation (Figure 3).

Year

2013 2014 2015 2016

HBH 1

Grazing

HBH 1

No Grazing

HBH 1

Grazing

HBH 1

No Grazing

HBH 2

Grazing

HBH 2

Grazing

HBH 2

No Grazing

HBH 2

Grazing

HBH 3

No Grazing

HBH 3

Grazing

HBH 3

Grazing

HBH 3

Grazing

Figure 6: Grazing plan 2013 - 2016 of Hima Bani Hashem range site.

1.3.4 Socio-economics

Based on the Participatory Rapid Appraisal that was carried out in the area 2011, the site is

part of the Hashimiyyah District which has been identified in 2005 by the Ministry of

Planning and International Cooperation as a poverty pocket where 30% of the population

was defined as poor. 20% of the population depend on livestock as the only source of

income whereas other sources of income in the area include governmental and army jobs,

agriculture and aid. Livestock raising is considered as a supportive source of income for an

additional 15% of the population.

Most of the area inhabitants own their habitations while there is a total of 11 Bedouin tents

in the area. The level of education in the area is quite low especially among females, which is

blamed by local communities on the deteriorating financial situation.

There is one medical centre in the area. It was established in 2004 and it has been providing

its services efficiently to the residents of the area since then where an average of 300

thousand visitors come to the centre on monthly basis.

government and army jobs

55%

livestock as a supportive source

of income (in addition to jobs)

15%

livetsock as sole source of income

20%

National aid 4%

No sources of income

6%

Two major challenges for the inhabitants of the area and most specifically the livestock

owners that depend on livestock as their sole source of income, are the high prices of fodder

and the difficulties in selling their dairy products. Other challenges include the weak

veterinary services, water scarcity for livestock.

2. Strategic planning cycle for sustainable Dryland

management (SLM)

This Hima pilot site was chosen through participatory meetings with the Local community,

governors, technical staff from Ministry of Agriculture and the community had the effective

role on choosing the site after strategic exchange field visit aimed to enhance the

understanding of the conservation, restoration and sustainable management concept for

the natural restoration and their services.

The scenarios were developed in a participatory process following sequenced steps that are

systematically carried out with the partners. This process aims to identify the problems, form

a vision, develop the strategies and identify and implement the activities / projects or

initiatives. The following is a definition of some terms used in the methodology of scenario

building:

Vision: The state of the natural resources that are to be accessed in the future. The vision

should be agreed upon by all partners and stakeholders, before the development of the

strategies.

Scenarios: Description of possible future conditions based on the analysis of the current

situation and trends. The scenarios are the basis for the development of strategies and plans

that lead to achieve the vision.

Strategies: A set of activities that will lead to the implementation of the vision based on

different scenarios. These strategies must be fixed, updated according to the recent

information and developed in the light of the government’s strategies and public policies.

Plans: A continuum of decisions on the use of resources, which are possible to achieve the

vision. The plan includes a clear statement of the ways that will be used, the costs and

responsibilities, a list of activities that will be implemented and the target groups.

Local (internal) factors: These factors can be controlled and will affect the achievement of

the vision.

Non-local (external) factors: These factors cannot be controlled and will affect the

achievement of the vision.

The scenarios can be developed through implementing the following three steps: Developing a smart

vision, identifying the factors affecting the achievement of the vision, and classifying factors

according to their importance and uncertainty of occurrence. This classification is conducted using

the following four- section matrix: More important and more uncertain, more important and less

uncertain, less important and more uncertain, less important and less uncertain. Four scenarios, at

utmost, are developed based on this matrix. The strategies and activities for each scenario are

identified, taking into account other factors.

2.1 Scenarios building process

The vision, scenarios, strategies and implementation plans were developed during a series of

workshops held with the participation of representatives from the Ministry of Agriculture

and local stakeholders of the Hima.

2.2 Problem tree The problem tree was prepared as a result of the analysis of the factors affecting the different

livelihood aspects of the site through the Participatory Rapid Appraisal and a specific workshop tha

was held with the aim of identifying the real reasons of deterioration of the environmental

degradation in Bani Haeshem Hima, as well as developing a shared vision and identifying the related

data to be collected in the subsequent phase.

Through the analysis of problems tree, the Committee agreed that the main reason for the

degradation of habitats in Bani Hashem Hima is the fragmentation of ownerships and the weak

economic potential in the area. Other reasons include the pressure created on the site from external

users, the weak implementation of legislations, lack of funding, absence of alternatives to replace

grazing and weak awareness. Key factors affecting the area include the following:

Weak collective commitment of the local communities,

This is was identified as one of the major factors that would detrimentally affect the Hima’s

vision. It has to be said that this factor was identified based on previous experiences in

similar local-related matters that the community has faced and unfortunately failed to

overcome due to the lack of a unified approach that was agreed upon by the local

communities as one entity. If it persists, this would definitely hinder the vision achievement.

Pollution from quarrying activities

This is a longstanding factor that has affected the area for so long and its impacts have

influenced the area and its inhabitants in several ways. The main reason this factor is

identified here is the impact of the quarrying activities on the health of the inhabitants.

Climate instability; droughts, storms and flash floods

Although this is becoming the major global phenomenon of this age, still the factor is a

documented one in the region and meterological data has shown the fluctuations in rainfall

and temperatures over decades. Although this could be considered as an external factor but

its consequences and impacts might have an immense role in affecting the outcome of the

vision. Climate instability could lead to soil erosion, habitat degradation and loss of

vegetation, which could counteract against the progress to reach the vision even if all factors

have been neutralized and overcome.

Overgrazing and lack of grazing management

Again this is another factor that will have a detrimental impact on the site and its vegetation

cover and consequently on the livelihoods of the local communities. Of course this factor is

tightly connected to drought but there are several factors that could be managed in order to

minimize its impacts.

Drought Weak Local cooperation

and commitment

Weak communication with

governmental authorities

Air pollution

Lack of water

treatment

Insects and pests

Dust

Quarrying

activities

Infrastructure and

houses

deterioration

Asthma and

respiratory tract

infections

Pollution of water

streams

Weak sewage

treatment

Habitat

degradation

Urban

expansion

Weak

implementation of

legislations and

regulations

Lack of grazing

management

overgazing

Large number of

livestock

Rangeland

transformation to

agriculture

Lack of local

cooperatives

Scarce water

resources

High prices

of fodder

Poultry Farms

weak

environmental

management

2.3 Stakeholder Analysis Based on the PRA that was carried out in the area, the main stakeholders that influence and are

influenced by the management of rangelands in the Hima area are shown in the diagram below.

Ministry of

Agriculture Local Governor

Ministry of

Health

Local

Cooperatives

Ministry of

Enviroment

Livestock

Owners

Stakeholders of

rangeland and arid

lands management

in Bani Hashem

Hima

Stakeholder Role and responsibilities

Local Governor A major enforcing role in controlling violations against the rangeland in addition to a major leading role in providing guidance and unity for local community

Ministry of Agriculture Being the legal owner of the land, MoA will play a major role in providing the support and the legal umbrella for the implementation of the vision and the Hima as a whole

Ministry of Health

Livestock owners The major local stakeholders that are going to e the main users in the hima.

Local cooperatives Co-beneficiaries that might play a major role in maximizing the benefits of the Hima and widening the distribution of these benefits to the wider community

Ministry of Environment A supervisory body and guide.

2.4 Shared Vision Based on the problem tree analysis and the stakeholders analysis, the shared vision produced states

that by 2017, the community of Bani Hashem Hima will be committed to the implementation of

sustainable management approach for the area’s rangeland, which would be positively reflected

on the biodiversity, the environment and the socio-economics of the area and its inhabitants.

2.4.1 Factors affecting the attainment of the vision

The main factors that are going to affect the achievement of the set vision, based on the input from

the different stakeholders are:

Commitment of the community to the Hima approach

This is the most importat factor that will influence the outcome of the hima. Without this

commitment, the Hma will simply fail in achieving its set objectives.

Pollution (air and water)

This will have healt consequences on the local communities but will also influence their main

resources, namaley the natural vegetation and their livestock.

Extreme weather conditions (drought and flood)

As previously mentioned, this is a critical ‘external’ factor that would have detrimental

impact on livelihood quality, vegetation cover, health and even livestock numbers.

Excessive and uncontrolled grazing

This obviously will lead to vegetation deterioration and will consequently have a major

negative impact on the livelihoods of local communities through influencing their major

source of income, namely the livestock.

Urban and industrial expansion

This would undoubtedly affect the livelihoods quality, probably in positively through job

creation and development of services but would have major impacts on livelihood styles and

the socio-economic context of the area and could influence how the whole concept of the

hima and its vision is perceived by local communities and the stakeholders in general.

Weak implementation of legislations

Simply, this would affect the hima management an its achievements.

Weak awareness

This is a wide factor that is not restricted to local communities but to the different

stakeholders. It development would be a major influence on the rate of development and

the quality of implementation.

Weak financing and funding

This is probably attributed to the lack of awareness and training and the lack of studies for

the projects which led to the lack of productive development projects in the area.

Stakeholders have agreed that the two most significant factors that would influence the stated vision

and consequently the sustainable management and use of the Hima rangeland are the commitment

from local communities of the area of the Hima and the extreme weather conditions, specifically

drought.

2.4.2 Scenarios Possibilities

Based on the two most significant factors, four scenarios were defined, which are:

First Scenario: Strong commitment and no drought

This is the best scenario to achieve the vision, as the enhanced cooperation among the

community members, the agreement of the tribal land tenure to improve the grazing

methods, increase lands’ productivity and restore the natural plants would help reduce the

impacts of drought that might influence the area. Additionally, the increased consideration

of the society’s various categories and meeting their needs and rights regarding the fair land

use and access and natural resources would improve the economic situation for livestock

farmers as well as the sustainability of pastoral activities in our site.

Second Scenario: Strong commitment and drought

This scenario is the second in terms of the vision’s achievement, as cooperation has an

important role in improving land use and restoring original plants. The drought could

influence the rate of development and progress but still having a strong commitment of the

communities would be the major factor since droughts normally last for limited durations

and their impacts could be ‘softened’.

Third Scenario: Weak commitment and no drought

This scenario is believed to be worse than the previous two scenarios in terms of achieving

the vision. Weak commitments will have a major role in achieving the vision of the Hima.

Although, having no drought could have an immense positive impact on the livelihoods of

local communities, still the weak commitment of these local communities would weaken the

benefits that they can harvest from such preferable conditions.

Fourth Scenario: Weak commitment and drought

This scenario is the worst in achieving the vision as weak commitment of the local

communities combined with drought would lead to a disastrous situation for the area and its

inhabitants and users. In addition, this scenario limits possible implementation of projects

related to the vision that seeks to improve the economic conditions of the local community,

and particularly pastoralists.

As it can be clearly concluded, the most preferred scenario is the first scenario, through which the

vision could be fully achieved by the time set. On the other hand, it was also highlighted that the

current situation is close to the fourth scenario.

2.4.3 Interventions, Activities and Initiatives

Ecologically Sustainable Rangeland Management

1. Strengthen and assure the roles of the local management committee for the Hima

including different representatives of the community including youth and women.

2. Produce and share the management plan to all different stakeholders.

3. Implement projects to raise the efficiency of land use at the local level through enhancing

the idea of "Hima"

4. Encourage the cultivation of original natural plants in the area and environmentally

beneficial trees.

5. Encourage the authorities responsible for the land tenure to protect their lands and

modify grazing methods.

6. Provide a model for land management to ensure their continuous production and

restoration of the natural plants.

7. Produce a grazing plan, based on the findings of the different assessments that were

carried out previously.

8. Set the grazing carrying capacity of the site at 700 heads per month.

9. Design and implement a grazing monitoring programme in order to assess the status of

vegetation cover in the Hima, based on the findings and recommendations of the baseline

studies that were carried out in the Hima.

10. Carry out further and more accurate assessments of the rangeland situation in the area

and the carrying capacity of the area.

Research and development

1. Conduct ecological assessments on birds, small and large mammals and a more

comprehensive study on plants, all in the most suitable seasons.

2. Design and implement ecological monitoring programme, based on findings of previous

assessments and after applying the process of selection of indicators.

3. Link findings of results of monitoring programmes to management of site and specifically

the grazing plan and the impact of the state of vegetation on biodvieristy.

Social issues and socio-economic initiatives

1. Hold awareness programmes on sustainable use of natural resources including the

preparation and implementation of grazing plans.

2. Provide capacity building programmes on conflict resolution for local communities.

2. Selecting community leaders and training them to form a committee to follow up the

issues with the official authorities.

3. Provide capacity building for local members on water harvesting.

4. Training on writing project proposals within a training program in order to attract funding

for the area.

5. Arrange for visits to successful projects that have applied similar approaches to the hima

approach

6. Provide capacity building programmes on lobbying and advocacy.

7. Provide capacity building on the role of civil society in decision-making process and

participatory democratic processes.

8. Carry out feasibility studies to assess the potential for implementing several socio-

economic initiatives that were proposed in site assessments including airy production,

medicinal plants drying, mushroom production etc.

9. Form local cooperatives/committees to implement the different project, after obtaining

the suitable funding for such projects.

10. Implement capacity building programmes to members of the community in the areas of

traditional industries and crafts and the potential projects.

Outreach

1. Communicate with officials and decision makers to visit the area to introduce to them the

site as a model for wise management of natural resources.

2. Distribute leaflets and brochures about the project and its achievements to decision

makers and the civil society in general.

Annex 1: Monitoring indicators

Theme Indicator explanation Implementation

Range condition indicator

Decrease in vegetation cover and above ground biomass (%); To measure and assess range condition spring & summer

Alteration of key vegetation species (biodiversity; occurrence

and density)

To indicate changes in rangeland and also biodiversity spring & summer

Vegetation productivity (Bio mass study) To measure the production and status development in the range

condition

Summer

Alteration in key plant species distribution and frequency

(Plant survey);

To determine change in rangeland spring & summer

Assess the uses (forage, medicinal, fuelwood, food etc.) and

economic value of major plants in key areas

To determine how the community can benefit from the range

according to the % of the plant

spring & summer

Flora life forms (annuals, perennials) To determine the% of the life forms of plant Species and its benefits

for range grazing, plant use, etc

spring & summer

Flora biotype (shrubs, herbs: grasses, grass-like plants, forbs) To determine the% of the biotype forms of plant species, and its

benefits for range grazing, plant use, etc

spring & summer

Wildlife

Interview the community to have an idea about small

mammals, reptiles and birds commonly found in the targeted

To determine the wildlife Species present in the area in the past and

what are the species now, and the factors affecting this change, if

area. present

Theme Indicator explanation Implementation

Breeding birds To document breeding bird species and their distribution and

relevant abundance in the study area

spring

Livelihood indicators

Financial contribution of women to household income To measure the benefits and how much the women are sharing in

the income through the project.

Annually

Increase in benefits from rangeland practices (income,

number of animals, other) Stocking rate study.

To measures how much the range assists the herders from the

economic point view.

at the end project

year

Herd’s economic assessment. To measures how much the awareness and the management assists

the herders from the economic point view.

at the end project

year

Income generating project. To measure how much the income generating project affect on the

local community life.

at the end project

year

Annex 2: Native Vegetation Families and Scientific Names of Hima Bani Hashem during May 2012 - 2013.

Family Scientific Name Family Scientific Name

Papilionaceae Onobrychis squarrosa

Compositae

Koelpinia sp.

Asphodelaceae Asphodelus sp. Scorzonera judaica

Boraginaceae Heliotropium lasiocarpum Cruciferae Hirschfeldia sp.

Caryophyllaceae Velezia rigida Dipsacaceae Scabiosa sp.

Paronychia argentea Fumariaceae Fumaria sp.

Herniaria hirsuta Geraniaceae Geranium sp.

Chenopodiaceae Salsola vermiculata

Graminae

Hordeum sbontanium

Salsola jordanicola Poa sinaica

Anabasis syriaca

Labiatae

Teucrium polium

Noaea mucronata Ballota sp.

Atriplex halimus

Leguminocae

Astragalus sp.

Compositae Anthemis spp. Hippocrepis sp.

Artemisia herba-alba Retama raetam

Varthemia iphionoides

Liliaceae

Leopoldia sp.

Scolymus hispanicus Alium sp.

Atractylis cancellata Nitrariaceae Peganum harmal

Lactuca saligna Papavaraceae Papaver sp.

Achillea falcata Scrophuloriaceae Verbascum sp.

Filago desertorum Umbelliferae Eryngium sp.

Gymnarrhena micrantha

Annex 3: Arabic Name, Scientific Name, Frequency, Abundance and Density of Hema Bani Hashem

Range Site in May 2013.

Arabic Name Scientific Name Frequency Abundance Density

Poa sinaica قبا سنائي 10.8 37.3 1.490

Hershfeldia sp. 10.4 20.9 0.837

Artimisa herba sieberi 9.6 8.2 0.327 شيح

Scolymus hispanicus 8.8 7.3 0.291 دم

Hordeum sbontanium 7.6 7.0 0.280 شعير بري

Teucrium polium 9.6 4.8 0.193 جعدة

Velezia rigida 9.2 4.9 0.195

Caroxylon vermiculatum 2.4 15.7 0.627 (حمض)روثا

Paronychia argenia 7.6 3.5 0.139 رجل الحمامة

Alium sp. 4.4 4.8 0.193 بصل بري

Balcota sp. 7.6 2.8 0.112 خويخة

Geranium sp. 6.4 3.2 0.128 إبرة العجوز

Vathema iphionoides 4.4 4.5 0.178 سليمانية

Asphodelus sp. 4.8 4.0 0.160 غيصلان

Leopoldia sp. 3.2 4.6 0.185

Atractylis sp. 3.2 3.8 0.150

Scabiosa sp. 2 5.4 0.216

Noaea mucronata 2 5.2 0.208 صر

Anabasis 1.6 6.5 0.260 جلو

Eryngium creticum 3.6 2.4 0.098

Astragulus dincanthus 4 2.0 0.080

Avena sp. 0.8 10.0 0.400 شوفان

Verbascum sp. 1.6 1.3 0.050

Fumaria sp. 1.2 1.7 0.067

Retama raetam 0.8 1.5 0.060 رتم

Papaver syriaca 0.4 1.0 0.040 دحنون

Lactuca saliyna 0.4 1.0 0.040

Verbascum sp. 0.4 1.0 0.040

Atriplex halimus 0.4 1.0 0.040 ملحي قطف

Onobrychis squarrosa ضرس الشايب 0.4 1.0 0.040