Community Based Solid Waste Mgmt Through Ppp in Bangladesh

7/27/2019 Community Based Solid Waste Mgmt Through Ppp in Bangladesh

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Community Based SolidWaste Management ThroughPublic-Private-Community

Partnerships: Experience ofWaste Concern inBangladesh

by

Iftekhar Enayetullah

Director. Waste Concern

Q. S. I. Hashmi

Deputy Director, Dept. of Environment

3R Asia Conference

Tokyo, Japan

October 30 to November 1, 2006

www.wasteconcern.org


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Presentation Outline

Presentation Outline

I. Urbanization in Bangladesh

II. Solid Waste Management Situation in Bangladesh

III. Problems of Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas of

Bangladesh

IV. Approach Followed by Waste Concern to Solve theProblems

V. How Solid Waste is Converted into Resource ThroughPublic- Private-Community Partnerships (PPCP)

VI. Impact of the PPCP Model

VII. Lessons Learnt


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WWR BangladeshHoldingsLtd.

Estbd. 2005

WWR BangladeshHoldingsLtd.

Estbd. 2005

Waste Concern

ConsultantsEst. 2000

Waste Concern

Baraka AgroProducts Ltd.

Est. 2006

WWR Bio Ltd.

(JV)Est. 2005

Matuail Power

Ltd. (JV)Est. 2005

Waste Concern Group

Waste Concern Group

For Profit

Fields of Activity:9 Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery9 Clinical & Hazardous Waste Management9 Policy on Waste Management9 Climate Change & Clean Development Mechanism9 Industrial Pollution Control9 EMS & ISO 14001

9 Organic Farming9 Ecological Sanitation9 Renewable Energy

web: www.wasteconcern.org

Brief Introduction of Waste Concern In 1995, Waste Concern, a national research organization was established in Bangladesh.

In 2005, Waste Concern Group was formed as a Social Business Enterprise (SBE)

comprising of a number of special purpose companies. Our main objective is to promote the idea ofconverting waste into resource.

Waste Concern

Est. 1995

Not for Profi t

(Research Org)


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Urbanization in Bangladesh

3.2723.39288084772001

-40.00784400002025*

5.4320.15208722041991

10.6315.54135359631981

6.628.7862736021974

3.755.1926407261961

1.694.3318197731951

Average AnnualGrowth Rate (%)

Percent of UrbanPopulation

Total UrbanPopulation

Year

18055857330082004

15333479521791991

Dhaka CityCorporation Area

DhakaMega City

Bangladesh

Urban

Urban Population Density/Sq.Km.Year

* source: UMP, Asia News, Summer, 1999


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Total Waste Generation in Urban Areas of Bangladesh in 2005

13,332.8915,826.0410,839.7536,042,06732,765,516522-Total

1,700.652,018.661,382.649,217,6128,379,6472180.15Other Urban

Centers

4,678.405,553.223,803.5815,214,30613,831,1872980.25Pourashavas

142.76169.46116.07386,896351,72410.3Sylhet

134.38159.51109.25437,009397,28110.25Barisal

321.26381.34261.19967,365879,42210.27Khulna

172.83205.15140.51468,378425,79810.3Rajshahi

1,548.091,837.571,258.612,622,0982,383,72510.48Chittagong

4,634.525,501.143,767.916,728,4046,116,73110.56Dhaka

Wetseason

Dry season

AverageTWG

(Ton/day)

TWG*** (Ton/day)Population**

(2005)Total

Population(2005)

No. ofCity/Town

*WGR(kg/cap/day)

City/Town

*WGR= Waste Generation Rate,** Including 10% increase for floating population,***TWG= Total Waste Generation, which increases 46% in wet season from dry seasonSource: 1 JICA (2004), 2 Chittagong City Corporation, 3 Field Survey, 4 Sinha (2000), 5 FieldSurvey, 6 Sylhet City Corporation, 7, 8 Field Survey

Average per capita urban waste generation rate is estimated as 0.41kg/capita/day.


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Fig 1: Average Physical Composition of Urban Solid Waste

67.65%

9.73%

5.10%

0.26%

1.13%

4.20%

2.50%

0.64%

8.79%

Food & Vegetable

Paper Products

Plastic, Leather, Rubber

Metals

Glass and ceramic

Wood/ Grass/ Leaves

Rags, Textile, Jute

Medicine/ Chemical

Rocks, Dirt & Misc


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Waste Collection Efficiency in Different Areas

70.00

56.67

47.7044.30

76.47

54 52

42.00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Khulna Barisal Sylhet Pourashava Other Urban

Center

City/Tow n


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GLASSALUMINIUM PLASTIC

RECYCLING INDUSTRIES IN DHAKA CITY

120,000 urban poor from the informal sector are involved in the recyclingtrade chain of Dhaka city

15% of the total generated waste in Dhaka (mainly inorganic ) which amounts

475 tonnes/day are recycled daily.

PAPER BONES POLYTHENE


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Informal Recycling of Inorganic Solid Waste andSavings through Recycling (in 2005)

10,705.5(15.29 million US $)-52213,332.89Total

1,627.504.002181,700.65Other Urban

Center

8,862.523.892984,678.40Pourashava

3.444.231142.76Sylhet

5.145.421134.38Barisal

6.946.001321.26Khulna

1.006.71172.83Rajshahi

28.9612.4511,548.09Chittagong

170.0015.0014,634.52Dhaka

Savings throughrecycling per year,

(Tk. million)

% ofInorganic

Waste

Recycling**

No. ofCity/To

wn

TWG*(Ton/day)

City/Town

1 US $ = BDT 70


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-0.60***47,00078.44 million2025

US $ 482****0.41**13,33032.76 million2005

US $ 2200.31*649320.8 million1991

Per Capita

GDP

Per Capita

WasteGenerationRatein urban

areasKg/cap/day

Total Urban

WasteGeneration(Ton/day)

Urban

Population

Year

* World Bank, 1998, *** Waste Concern, 2005, *** UMP, 1999, **** GOB, 2006

Relationship of GDP & Population with Waste Generation


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84.37

5.68

1.83

1.74

6.38

78.87

4.29

4.57

4.1

8.17

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Food waste(orgnic)

Paper/cardboard

Texti les

Plastics

Glass/metal/construction

1992 2005

Comparative Analysis of Composition of Waste Dhaka City Between1992 & 2005

Source: Ahmed, 1992 and Waste Concern 2005


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7

10.43

28.13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1992-2004 1992-2005 2004-2005

Growth in PlasticWaste (%)

Growth of Plastic Waste in DCC area

4.13.21.74% of Plastic in

DCC waste

2005***2004**1992*

(%)

Comparison

* BUET/World Bank**JICA, 2004*** Waste Concern, 2005


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WASTE GENERATION IS RAPIDLY INCREASING


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MAJOR PORTION OF THE WASTE IS ORGANIC

Low lying areas drains and canals are clogged with waste


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Low-lying areas, drains and canals are clogged with waste

Low lying areas drains and canals are clogged with waste


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Low-lying areas, drains and canals are clogged with waste

Unsanitary Crude Dumping Practice


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Mymensingh Town



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y p g


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Landfill Volume Requirement per Year for Urban SolidWaste Disposal

273.21140.99-13,332.89Total

34.8518.12521,700.65Urban Center

95.8752.1754.424,678.40Pourashava

2.932.2476.47142.76Sylhet

2.751.2244.30134.38Barisal

6.583.1447.70321.26Khulna

3.542.0156.67172.83Rajshahi

31.7222.2170.001,548.09Chittagong

94.9739.8942.004,634.52Dhaka

With 100%collectionefficiency

With existingcollectionefficiency

Landfill area required with 4m depth,acre per year

WasteCollectionRate, %

TWG*(Ton/day)

City / Town

*TWG = Total Waste Generation


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Fig 8: Projection of Future Landfill Requirement

0

200

400600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2005 2025 2030 2050

Year

4md

eep

landfilla

rea,

a

cre

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140160

Population,million

withoutcomposting

50%composting

75%composting

Population


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Green House Gas Emission Potential of Urban Solid Waste

2.1913,332.89Total

0.281,700.65Other Urban Center

0.774,678.40Pourashava

0.02142.76Sylhet

0.02134.38Barisal

0.05321.26Khulna

0.03172.83Rajshahi

0.251,548.09Chittagong

0.764,634.52Dhaka

GHG emission potential,

million ton CO2e / year

TWG*, (Ton/day)City/Town


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MATUAIL

WASTE DISPOSALSITE

90% FILLED

Dhaka City Map Showing theonly official dumpsite(unsanitary) of the city which

will be filled-up within a year.

Demographic Profile of DhakaMega CityIn terms of population Dhaka was the 11th biggestcity in the year 2000 and will be the 4th largest cityin world in 2015

Total Population : 11.3 million ( 2004) Administrative Area : 1353 Sq. Km Population Growth Rate :4.33% (1991-2001) GDP (Per Capita) : US $ 500

Negative Impacts of Unmanaged Waste


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LEACHATEPolluting

Ground& Surface Water

VERMINSSpreading more than

40 Diseases

METHANE GAS

Bad Odor &Green House

gas

PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


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ORGANIC WASTE IS LEFT UNUTILIZED

SHORTAGE OF LAND FOR WASTE DISPOSAL

LACK OF AWARNESS AMONG CITIZENS

INADEQUATE WASTE COLLECTION

LACK OF SOURCE SEPARATION

LACK OF PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS

POLLUTING SURFACE AND GROUND WATER

EMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS

WASTE GENERATION RAPIDLY INCREASING

CITY AUTHORITY CANNOT COPE WITH THE SITUATION

SOIL CONDITION OF BANGLADESH


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45%

17%

1%

17%

Very low (


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`Waste is merely raw material in the

wrong place,(Talbot, 1920). Eighty six years ago, Fedrick A. Talbotin his book, Millions from Waste wrote this line.


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ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH

PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREASDUE TO UNMANAGED WASTE

ORGANIC MATTER DEPLETIONIN THE SOIL OF RURAL AREAS

ADDRESSING TWOMAJOR PROBLMS

Converting Organic Waste Into Compost Using CommunityBased Decentralized Approach Integrated with House to HouseWaste Collection

Use of Compost/Enriched Compost in Agriculture

SOLUTION

Conventional End-of-Pipe Solution of Solid Waste Management


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Marketing ofCompost

Promotion ofOrganicFarming

Training,Awareness RaisingPromotion of 4Rs

House to HouseWaste Collection

Decentralized CompostingCommunity Scale/ City Scale

Approach of Waste Concern Based on 3R PrincipleLessrequirement forDisposal Site

C ti M th d U d b


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Composting Methods Used byWaste Concern

Composting Methods Used byWaste Concern

Barrel TypeComposting

Box TypeCompost

Aerator TypeComposting

Major Advantage Using Waste Concerns Methods are:

Simple, affordable, labor intensive, low cost

Suitable to our socio-economic and climatic condit ion


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Community Based Composting

Community Based Urban Solid Waste Management in Dhaka (component 3.3.2)Implementing Agency: Ministry of Environment & ForestSub-Implementing Agency: Waste ConcernSupported by: UNDP

Different Steps of Composting Process


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Collection

Collection

Screening

Sorting

Piling

Composting

Maturing andCompost

Marketing

Bagging

Sawdust

Cowdung/ Bokashi

Water

Screening residue

Water

For a 3 ton/day capacity plant

6 Workers for Collection waste (mainly

men)

10 workers for Composting Process(mainly women)

Daily House-to-house Collection

1430 households

Capacity of Rickshaw Van= 1.18 m3

Composting



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Composting

Box Method

Use of additives foroptimizing Process

Roof CoveredConcrete Slab

Bamboo Aerator/perforated brick box

Low cost technique

Labor intensive

Collection

Screening

Sorting

Piling

Composting

Maturing andCompost

Marketing

Bagging

Sawdust

Cowdung/ Bokashi

Water

Screening residue

Water



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Composting

Aerator Method

Box Method

Collection

Screening

Sorting

Piling

Composting

Maturing andCompost

Marketing

Bagging

Sawdust

Cowdung/ Bokashi

Water

Screening residue

Water



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Composting

TEMPARATURE CONTROL

Thermophilic Phase (40-70o

C)Takes 27 daysMesophilic Phase & Maturation (20-40o C)11 + 15 days-Temperature is monitored and records are

kept to assess the trends

Collection

Screening

Sorting

Piling

Composting

Maturing andCompost

Marketing

Bagging

Sawdust

Cowdung/ Bokashi

Water

Screening residue

Water

Survival Time (in days) of Pathogen by DifferentTreatment Method


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Treatment Method

20 days20 days20 days20 daysWaste Stabilization Pond

Retention time >20days

7 days7 days7 days7 daysThermophilic Composting50-600C

Manymonths

30 days60 days60 daysComposting (anaerobic) septictank/ pit latrine

Manymonths

10 days175 days90 daysNight soil, faeces at 20-30 C

HelminthsProtozoaVirusBacteriaTypes of Treatment

Source: IDA (1990)


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Screening and Bagging



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BAGGING

40 kg bags

Collection

Screening

Sorting

Piling

Composting

Maturing andCompost

Marketing

Bagging

Sawdust

Cowdung/ Bokashi

Water

Screening residue

Water

Marketing

IMPACT OF THE PROJECT


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1 ton

Organic Waste

www.wasteconcern.org AGAUSAN WORSHOP 21, 2005// Gersau, Switzerland

1/4 tonCompost

Composting

MARKETING OF COMPOST BY PRIVATE SECTOR


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FERTILIZER COMPANY

-Grinding-Enriching-Screening-Distribution through ownretail channels-Directly to Farmers andnurseries

-Own use for demonstrationplot Compost (8mm) Enriched & Granular Compost (4mm)

Innovation..

Marketing of nutrient enriched compost ( compostblended with fertilizers)

Using Exist ing Country-wide Marketing Network


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Existing Storage and Formulation Facility of ALPHA AgroLtd. at Gazipur, Dhaka

ALPHA Agro

DistributorsDistributors Distributors Distributors

RetailersRetailers Retailers Retailers Retailers

Farmers Farmers FarmersFarmers Farmers

DEPOTS DEPOTSDEPOTS8x

Trucks 10-12 tons

3-4 Vans (2-3 ton capacity)partly used for retailers too

50-60 X per

depot

100-150 X perDistributor

PARTNERSHIP MODEL OF COMMUNITY BASED COMPOSTING UNDER SEMP


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Communities

MAP Agro andAlpha Agro Ltd.

Waste Concern

(WC)

DCC & PWD

MoEF

Providing Seed

MoneyCoordinating theProgram

Communitiesparticipate in door-to-door waste collectionprogram & contribute

towards its cost. Alsothey produce compost& sell to private sector

PUBLIC PRIVATE COMMUNITY

ProvidingLand andotherlogistics

WC ensuresthe qualityof compost

WC Provides technical

support and facilitationfor communi ty basedSWM and composting

Fertilizercompanies buyall thecompost

UNDP

Municipalities



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Communit ies are Cleaner andHealthier Communit ies are Partic ipatingand Have Ownership of The Project Saves Money and Landfi ll Area

for Local Authorit ies Promotes Sustainable Farming

BEFORE Intervention AFTER Intervention

Beneficiary from the project in38 replication in 20 towns ofBangladesh:

Total Beneficiary:

60,000

(directly from Waste Concerns project)2,72,500(from replications by others)

Excluding Farmers

GENERATES EMPLOYMENT FOR THE URBAN POOR



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GENERATES EMPLOYMENT FOR THE URBAN POOR

Helping the destitute and hardcore people for new employment

Integrates informal labor for the production of compost

Reduce the number of waste pickers near the dustbins & landfill sites

16,000 new employment can be created for the urban poor of Dhaka City and 90,000 for country

Cost Recovery/ Sustainability of Community Based Model


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The project is f inancially viable

Fixed cost of 3 ton capacity plant is US $ 8800

Operational cost per year is US $ 10200 Per year income from the project is US $ 14,800

70% is the income from sale proceeds of compost

30% is the income from charges for house-to-house waste

collection

Pay back period of the investment is 23 months

Barrel Type Composting


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40% of the urban population of Dhaka city is

below poverty level and 50% of these poor residein slums and squatter settlements.

Introduction of `Barrel Type composting system Build awareness, provide training and create income opportunities

from compost for the slum dwellers

Using Public-Private-


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Significantly Reduced Littering of Waste

Improved the solid waste and health problems of the slum

Barrel Type Composting in the Slums

Using Public PrivateCommunity Partnership

Approach being replicatedin several slums of Dhakaand other communitiesoutside Dhaka city

Salient Feature of the Project


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One green barrel (for organic waste) is provided for a group of 5-6 Nos. of

households and placed on a raised base with concrete ring.

Specially designed 200 liter bottomless perforated steel/ plastic barrel witha lid used for this system.

Semi Aerobic Composting Technique is followed in Barrel System. Withinthree months time period compost is produced.

Yellow barrels used for disposal of inorganic waste.

The households sharing the income from sale proceeds of the compost.

Cost of a compost barrel is around US $ 20

Compost worth between US $ 10-11 can be produced each year

Cost recovery 23 months

PROFITS FOR ALL STAKEHOLDERS CAN BE A KEY TOSUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES


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NGO

COMMUNITYPRIVATESECTOR

PUBLICSECTOR

LINKED IN A CLOSED

BENEFIT LOOP

PROBLEMS

9W t P ll tiCollected by Municipalities

Public Sector: No Partnership55% Collected 55% Disposed


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9Water Pollution9Spread of Disease Vectors9Green House Gas Emission9Odor Pollution9More Land Required for Landfill

Cost Per Ton : US $ 6 to US $ 30

WasteCollected by Municipalities

Dumped in

CrudeDump Site

Existing PracticeConventional end-of-pipe solution (based on

collection-transportation-disposal)

Land Required:273 acre/ year

45% remainsuncollected

Community Bin

70%-80%Composted

6%Recyclables

14%Non-compostable

GHG Reduced

Agriculture

CER

Local market

Landfilled

Marketing of compost &recyclable done by private

companies

Price of Compost: US$ 45/ ton

Composting Plantssmall-medium-large

100% Collected

House-to-house

waste collection method

86% Recycled

Community paying forthe house-to-housecollection

Community involved withthe activity

Municipalities are saving

cost of managing waste.

Govt./ Public AgenciesProviding land Privatesector purchasing land

Operated byCommunity/NGOs/ PrivateSector

Full cost recovery

Decentralized Approach: Based on Partnerships

Waste

Growth Over Time and Barrier Faced Lack of technology Land for composting provided by Government Land and waste


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Partnershipagreementsigned between

public-privatesector-community toimplement theproject

1999

With supportfrom MoEF,UNDP, Waste

Concern underSEMP selectedto replicate themodel in 5 (five)communities ofDhaka City

1998

Regional UrbanDevelopmentOffice (RUDO)-

South Asiasupports toincrease thecapacity of theproject and tofurther test themodel

1997

Replicationof the modelin Dhaka,

Khulna &Sylhet cities.

2000

WasteConcernstarts pilot

communitybasedresourcerecoveryproject inDhaka

1995

Lack of finance

Lack of awareness

Lack of partnership

small and medium scale

ReplicationPartnershipDemonstration

Policy change

Majority Grant from GoB & External Agenciesfor Piloting and some private investments

Large scale

2006

700 Tons/ day

capacity

Decentralizedlarge scaleCompostingproject underCDM located insuitable locationsof Dhaka city

Scaling-up

Land and wastecollection by privatesector

2005

38 replicationsof this modelin more than

20 cities/towns ofBangladesh

Regionalreplication inother Asian

countries(Vietnam, SriLanka).

Replication in 20 cities and Towns of Bangladesh


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Rangamati,Chittagong Hill Tract

Patuakhali

Barisal

Jessore



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Replication in Rural Areas of Bangladesh


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Recycling Training Center (RTC), Dhaka


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To promote idea ofconverting waste into resource

A regional recycling training center has been established with the supportfrom UNDP under the Sustainable Environment Management Program (SEMP)for Technology Demonstration and Hands-on training.

Regional Recycling Training Center, Dhaka


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This training center consists:

TRAINING CENCER: For 30 part icipants/batch

TECHOLOGY DEMONSTRATION:

8 (eight) tons capacity composting plant

Waste Water Treatment

Eco-toilet

Rain water harvesting

Energy efficiency

Training Room Facility

Compost Enrichment Facili ty

A Handbook on Decentralized Composting hasbeen developed to help others to carryout waste toresource activ ities. This handbook joint ly preparedby Waste Concern and SANDEC with the supportfrom UNDP, SDC under SEMP

Reducing GreenHouse Gas

Internationalreplication in Sri

Global Impact


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House Gas

Complying with theMDG

Attracting ForeignDirect Investment

(FDI)

Lanka, Vietnam,

Reducingpoverty by

creating jobsfor

urban poor

Reducing SolidWaste

Management

cost ofmunicipalities

Enhances foodsecurity,promotes

organic farming

ReducingGreen House Gas

Reduce healthhazards and

improvesenvironment

Promoting PublicPrivate andCommunity

Partnerships

Improves thequality of life of

the city

38 Replication in20 towns ofBangladesh

Raises publicawareness onSolid Waste

Management andrecycling

IMPACTOF THE

PROJECT

National Governmentincludes the model

in the policy (PRSP)

Local Impact

3R Principal for Solid Waste Reflected in the National and LocalGovernment Policies and Plan

POLICY National Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation, 1998

A di t thi li th t h ll t k f li f t h ibl d


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According to this policy the government shall take measures for recycling of waste as much as possible and useorganic waste materials for compost and bio-gas production;

Draft National Urban Policy- 2006CDM and Recycling has been emphasized in this policy

RULES Lead Acid Battery Recycling and Management Rules, 2006: Under this rules collection and recycling has been

improved. This rules is based on a detail study carried out by Waste Concern on 2005 under SEMP. Draft National Solid Waste Management Handling Rules, 2005: 3R principal has been used. This rule has been

prepared by Waste Concern under SEMP.

STRATEGY Poverty Reduct ion Strategy Paper (PRSP) 2005: Here EMS has been promoted. To improve the solid waste

management situation, special focus is given to segregation of waste at source along with the promotion of recycle,reduce and reuse of industrial and other solid waste etc.

National Sanitation Strategy 2005: Its goal is to achieve 100% sanitation coverage by 2010. Here emphasis on

resource recovery and recycling has been given as top priority to improve urban sanitation situation instead ofdisposal.

ACTION PLAN Dhaka Environment Management Plant 2005

Waste recycling has been promoted, less land filling encouraged, EMS promoted among industries. National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) (1995):

This is a plan of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB), prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)in consultation with people from all walks of life. Waste Concern is promoting 3R, under the SustainableEnvironment Management Programme (SEMP) of NEMAP.

Solid Waste Management Action Plan for Eight Secondary Towns in Bangladesh (2005): Under theSecondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection (Phase-2) Project of Local Government Engineering Department,GoB. This strategy is based on based on 4 R principle i.e. reduce, reuse, recycle and recover of the waste.

DECLARATION Dhaka Declaration 2004 on Waste Management by SAARC countries during 1012 October 2004. SAARC

countries agree to encourage NGOs and private companies to establish community based composting, segregationof waste at source, separate collection and resource recovery from wastes with particular focus on composting.

Solid Waste Management and Sanitation in Eight Secondary TownsSolid Waste Management and Sanitation in Eight Secondary Townsin Bangladesh (2005)in Bangladesh (2005)


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Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection (Phase-2) ProjectLocal Government Engineering Department, GoB

Strategy for Solid Waste Management The present solid waste management practice being followed is based on the

end-of-pipe approach, i.e. collect-transport-dispose. This approach is neithersustainable nor cost-effective.

The strategy for solid waste management is based on 4 R's principle i.e.reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery of the waste.

Main objectives of this strategy is:

Prioritizing waste avoidance over recycling and recycling over the other formsof environmentally sound disposal methods;

Reuse non-avoidable waste as far as possible; Maintain the content of hazardous substances in waste at the lowest possible

level;

Guarantee an environmentally sound waste collection, transportation,resource recovery and disposal system; and Promotion of Public-Private-Community Partnerships in solid waste

management

Documents

Community Based Solid Waste Mgmt Through Ppp in Bangladesh