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TheCommunistRevolutioninChina
NationalismandPropaganda
Warlordsinthe1920s
• 1916– 1928=China’scentralgovernmentfracturedandvariouswarlordsruleddifferentsectionsofChina
Chinain1924
TheNationalistParty
• 1928=TheNationalistPartygainedcontrolofChinaandreestablishedaunifiedcentralgovernment
• UndertheleadershipofChian Kai-shek=amilitaryofficer
• HeledtheNationalistPartyuntil1949
TheNationalistParty• Promotedmoderndevelopment– Railroads,banking,airlineservices,etc.
• Problem#1:Impactsoftheseachievementsonlyinthecitiesàruralareas(wheremostofthepopulationlived)werestillpoor.
• Problem#2:LefttheNationalistPartywithalimitedbaseofsupport– Urbanelites;rurallandlords;Westernpowersweretheonlysupporters.Didnothavethesupportofthepeasants.
TheNationalistParty• ConstantlyfacedoppositionfromthenewlydevelopedChineseCommunistParty(CCP)– Foundedin1921– Grewenormouslyoverthenext28years
– FoundacharismaticleaderinMaoZedong
MaoZedongasayoungrevolutionary
TheNationalistParty
• 1927=NationalistPartychasedtheCCPoutofChina’scities– CCPdevelopedanewstrategy=appealtoChina’speasantsforsupport
ChineseCommunistParty• Slowlygainedtherespectandsupportofthepeasantsby:– UsingguerrillawarfaretacticsagainsttheNationalistParty
– Experimentingwithlandreforminareasundercommunistcontrol
– Effortstoempowerwomen– CreationofacommunistmilitaryforcetoprotectagainstNationalistPartyattacks
ChineseCommunistParty• CCPgainedanenormousamountofsupportduringJapan’sbrutalinvasionofChina– NationalistPartylostcontrolovermostofChinaandwasforcedtoretreattotheinteriorofthecountry
– NationalistPartyseemedmoreconcernedwitheliminatingtheCCPthanfightingJapan.ThepeoplefelttheirgovernmentwasnotprotectingthemagainsttheJapaneseJapaneseInvasionofChina,1937
ChineseCommunistParty• CCP,withitscommunist-ledPeople’sLiberationArmy,foughttheJapanesevigorously
• OfferedsecuritytomanyChinesefacedwithJapaneseatrocities
• CCPmembershipgrewfrom40,000in1937to1.2millionin1945
ThePeople’sLiberationArmy(late-1940s)
ChineseCommunistParty• TheCCPgainedevenmoresupportbydoingthefollowinginareasitcontrolled:– Reducedrents,taxes,andinterestratesforpeasants
– Taughtliteracytoadults– Mobilizedwomenforthestruggle
– Encouragedpeasantstofightbackagainsttheirlandlords
ChineseCommunistParty
• In1949,4yearsafterWWII,theCCPswepttovictoryovertheNationalistParty– MostoftheNationalistParty’sleadersfledtoTaiwan
– NewleaderofcommunistChina=MaoZedong
BuildingSocialisminChinaandtheSovietUnion
BuildingSocialism• CommunistgovernmentinChinabecametotalitarian:– Otherpoliticalpartiesforbidden
– Governmentcontrolledalmosttheentireeconomy(Socialism)
– Governmentensuredthatthearts,educationandmediaconformedtoapprovedwaysofthinking
– Organizationsforwomen,workers,students,andprofessionalgroupsoperatedunderpartycontrol
CommunistFeminism
• TheCCPtookstepstoliberateandmobilizetheirwomen
• State-directedwomen’sinitiatives
CommunistFeminisminChina• TheMarriageLawof1950inChinaimplemented:– Freechoiceinmarriage– Relativelyeasydivorce– Theendofconcubinesandchildmarriages
– Permissionforwidowstoremarry– Equalpropertyrightsformenandwomen
• Chinesewomenalsobecamemoreinvolvedinindustrialproduction(factorywork)
CommunistFeminism• Problemsforwomen:– Stillexpectedtotakecareofthechildrenandthehouseworkà nowhadthedoubleburdenofthatPLUSpaidemployment
– Womenappearedonlyveryrarelyinthetoppoliticalleadership
– Communistfeminismdidnotcontinueandfadedwithinadecadeofitsbeginningineachcountry
SocialismintheCountryside• 1st stageofsocialisminthecountryside=involvedtakingoverlandlords’estatesandredistributingthatlandequallyamongthepeasants
• 2nd stageofsocialisminthecountryside=collectivizationofagriculture– Designedtocompletelyendprivateproperty
CollectivizationinChina• “GreatLeapForward”inthelate-1950s=anefforttomobilizeChina’spopulationforrapiddevelopment.– Created“people’scommunes”– Designedtomovetowardamorefullycommunistsocietywithmoresocialequalityandcollectiveliving
– Massivefaminecausedbyadministrativechaosandbadweatherkilled20-55millionChinesebetween1959and1962
Somecommuneshadupto2,000households
CommunismandIndustrialDevelopment• Chinarealizedthatitneededtoadvanceindustrially.Theydidthiswith:– Aseriesoffive-yearplans=broughtallagriculturalandindustrialproductionundergovernmentcontrol
– Stateownershipofproperty(Thegovernmentownedallprivateproperty)
– Priority=heavyindustry
Pros&ConsofIndustrialDevelopment
Pros• Increasedliteracyrates
• Moreeducationalopportunities
• Moresocialmobility
Cons• Rapidurbanization• Exploitationofthecountrysidetoprovideresourcesforindustriesinthecities
• GrowthofaneliteclasswithmoreprivilegesthanthecommonChinesecitizen.
ResponsestotheseSocialOutcomes:MaoZedong
• DidNOT accepttheseoutcomesà continuouslystrovetocombatthese“cons”ofindustrialization
• Triedtopreservethe“revolutionaryspirit”ofChina
• Mid-1960s=launchedtheGreatCulturalRevolution– Designedtocombatthecapitalistelementsthathad“infiltrated”China
TheCulturalRevolution(1966-1976)• Acampaignagainstthe“FourOlds”=oldthoughts,oldculture,oldhabits,andoldcustoms
• Message=revolutionandrebellionisgood
• Wantedtoput“intellectuals”intheirplace– Manyschoolswereshutdown.Intellectualswereseenasenemiesofcommunism
• Wantedtoestablishamoreequitablesociety– Broughthealthcare,education,andruralindustrializationtothecountryside
TheSearchforEnemies• MaoZedongwasconvincedthatmanywithintheCommunistPartyhadbeen“seduced”bycapitalistvalues– CalledforrebellionagainstCommunistPartyitself
– RedGuards=studentsandotheryoungpeoplethatfoughtforMao’scause
– RedGuardsattacked“enemies”whohadpoisonedtheCommunistParty(governmentofficials,teachers,intellectuals,theirparents,etc…)
HowdidMaomaintaincontrol?
• Maowasamasterofpropaganda.
• Whatispropaganda?– Informationormaterialspreadtoadvanceacause.
• Howdoespropagandawork?
ToolsofPropaganda:Mao’sRedBook
• PublishedbytheGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinafrom1964-1976
• RequirementforeveryChinesecitizentoown,read,andcarryitatalltimes.
• ContainedpagesandpagesofquotesfromMaoZe Donghimself.
Chinese“enemies”accusedofgoingagainstChairmanMaoandhismovement.
Dazibaos- Propagandapostershungaroundthenecksoronthehomesoftheaccusedpublicly
shamingandexposingthem.
DoNow
• GotomyWEBSITEanddownloadthedocumenttitled“CulturalRevolutionDocuments”