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8/9/2019 Communism, Revolution, & a Free Poland
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/communism-revolution-a-free-poland 1/3
Communism, Revolution, And A Free Poland
by Karl Marx
Speech delivered in French
commemorating 2nd anniversary of Krakow Uprising
Brussels, February 22, 1848
Gentlemen:
There are striking analogies in history. The Jacobin of 1793 has become the
communist of our day. When Russia, Austria, and Prussia partitioned Poland among
themselves in 1793, the three powers relied on the Constitution of 1791 which theyhad unanimously condemned for its alleged Jacobin principles.
And what did that Polish Constitution of 1791 proclaim? Nothing but a
constitutional monarchy: legislative power in the hands of the representatives of the
country; freedom of the press; freedom of conscience; open court proceedings;
abolition of serfdom, etc. And all that was then called Jacobinism! Thus, gentlemen,
you see that history was moved forward. What was then Jacobinism has today
become liberalism, and in its most moderate form at that.
The three powers marched with history. In 1846, when they incorporated
Krakow into Austria and robbed the Poles of their last vestige of independence, they
designated as communism what had previously been called Jacobinism.
But, what did did the communism of the Krakow revolution consist of? Was it
communist because it wanted to restore the Polish nationality? One could as well say
that the war which the European Coalition waged against Napoleon was communistic
and that the Congress of Vienna [1815] was made up of crowned communists. Or
was the Krakow revolution communistic because it wanted to install a democratic
government? Nobody would accuse the millions of citizens of Bern and New York of
communistic impulses.
Communism denies the necessity of the existence of classes; it wants to
abolish all classes, all class distinctions. The Krakow revolution wanted to extirpate
only the political distinctions among classes, it wanted to give equal rights to allclasses.
So, in what respect, finally, was this Krakow revolution communistic?
Perchance because it wanted to break the chains of feudalism, to liberate
property from feudal obligations and to transform it into modern property?
If one asked French property owners, "Do you know what the Polish
democrats want? The Polish democrats want to introduce in their country the form of
property that exists among you", the French property owner would answer, "That is
very good". But if one says to the French property owner, as Guizot did, "The Poles
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want to abolish the form of property you established by your Revolution of 1789 and
which still exists among you", then they exclaim, "What! They are all revolutionists,
communists! The scoundrels should be destroyed" The abolition of corporations and
guilds, and the introduction of free competition -- this is now called communism in
Sweden. The [Paris daily] _Journal des Debats [Politiques et Litteraires]_ goes even
further: the abolition of revenues guaranteed to 200,000 voters by corrupt law as asource of income, which the _Journal_ considers rightfully acquired property, this it
calls communism. Undoubtedly the Krakow revolution wanted to abolish a certain
kind of property. But what kind of property? The kind that in the rest of Europe can
no more be abolished than the Swiss _Sonderbund_ [federation] -- because neither
one exists any more.
Nobody will deny that in Poland the political question is tied up with the
social one. For a long time they have been inseparable from each other.
Just ask the reactionaries about it! Did they fight during the Restoration
purely against political liberalism and the Voltaireanism that was necessarily dragged
along with it?
A very famous reactionary author has openly admitted that the loftiest
metaphysics of a de Maistre and a de Bonald reduces itself in the last analysis to a
money question -- and is not every money question directly a social question? The
men of the Restoration did not conceal the fact that in order to return to the policies of
the good old days one must restore the good old property, the feudal property and the
moral property. Everybody knows that fealty to the monarch is unthinkable without
tithes and socages.
Let us go back further. In 1789, the political question of human rights
absorbed in itself the social rights of free competition.
And what is it all about in England? Did the political parties there, in all
questions, from the Reform Bill [June 7, 1830] to the abolition of the Corn Laws
[June, 1846], fight for anything other than changes of property, questions of property,
social questions?
Here in Belgium itself, is the struggle between liberalism and Catholicism
anything else than a struggle between industrial capital and big landownership?
And the political questions that have been debated for 17 years, are they not at
bottom social questions?
Thus no matter what position one takes -- be it liberal or radical or
conservative -- nobody can reproach the Krakow revolution with having entangled asocial question with a political one!
The men at the head of the revolutionary movement in Krakow were most
deeply convinced that only a democratic Poland could be independent, and that a
Polish democracy was impossible without an abolition of feudal rights, without an
agrarian movement that would transform the feudally obligated peasants into modern
owners. Put Russian autocrats over Polish aristocrats; thereby you have merely
naturalized the despotism. In exactly the same way, in their war against foreign rule,
the Germans have exchanged one Napoleon for 36 Metternichs.
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If the Polish feudal lord no longer has a Russian feudal lord over him, the
Polish peasant has not a less feudal lord over him -- indeed, a free, in place of an
enslaved, lord. The political change has changed nothing in the peasant's social
position.
The Krakow revolution has set all of Europe a glorious example, because it
identified the question of nationalism with democracy and with the liberation of the
oppressed class.
Even though this revolution has been strangled with the bloody hands of paid
murderers, it now nevertheless rises gloriously and triumphantly in Switzerland and in
Italy. It finds its principles confirmed in Ireland, where O'Connell's party [the Irish
Confederation, founded January 1847] with its narrowly restricted nationalistic aims
has sunk into the grave, and the new national party is pledged above all to reform and
democracy.
Again it is Poland that has seized the initiative, and no longer a feudal Poland
but a democratic Poland; and from this point on its liberation has become a matter of
honor for all the democrats of Europe.
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