communications_theory_G11_P2.pdf

7/24/2019 communications_theory_G11_P2.pdf

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WOOUMGdNJ UUF qJA `{u q UNU qOK Ud WKuD Wu* d UNU

UU WFWOMO WF_WF_WOHM uWOzd* WF_WF_dL( X%UundJOUuud

dOBI Wu*WKuD Wu*U UdqOK Udd UNUq UNU

WUD dU Wu* u jd w WF qJA


24/154

WOzd* WF_

duU wu uD wHMuCU b UeO9 WdA 5F lOD w UUF wqJA w UL (4.28 1014 Hz)duU wu uD dL_ uCU wNM(7.51014 Hz)

w??????H??M??w???????K???????O???????

d???????C???????d?????????H?????????w???U???I???d???d?????????L?????????

400 nm

700 nm

wzd* nOD u qJA

d WU WdA 5F bd_ s UMNM& ULK nOD u_

WU vK uJ qb v dC_ uK bM WdA 5FK`{u dOuU wu* uDWU bI 5 WF qJA

Wu* u 5F

dOuU Wu* u

WU

Wu* u WdA 5F WU 5 WF qJA

WU; UuLK WMU U

u WF_ UL WOzd* WF_ b*WF_ wUF d WOHMq_ d dL( X%

L d UN dL( X% WF_U ULN% tUDU sJ ULN lOD U SqLF YO WOKOK Wd eN vL WOzd WF v dL( X% WF_ qu% q qLF dOU UM budH UN dF S WOHM u WF WMU U U_ s lA w dL( X% WF_ l vK

bK' Ud V b bK' w Ud V WKu


25/154

u??C U??O

uC UO w Wb* bu UOLJ iF wQ ULO

BrightnessuK W uD

Lux

fuK bu UI U{

Lumen suK bu UI uC ob Candela WFLAU UI U{ b

u* U w uCK wzUdNJ d_

u* U w uC dR nO sJ uC WFO s WIUdIH w UMLKJ5O 5dUE b w WKu* W u* vK uC dOH sLJ

(Photoelectric Effect)WOzu{dNJ dUE d e ] 5 w U* d UuuH s e SWOzu{ We( WKu t U idF bMYO uM s bF_ RUJ b w UdJ WU bU U* UdJ l bDBh1 uS WOU uuH s WBL* WUD XU S vK WU u v iHM WU u s dJ qIMpc holeu WuIM WOLU WD UU tUJ d d `B b s XKH dJ c

U U0 dJuWMA U s U uJO WKu* t U* w uu UB SU wMF WOzu{dNJ dUEU e WKu* t U* WOKu S jU uC WU l e WMAuCK UN{dF WO WKu* W u* WOKu

(Photovoltaic Effect)wzu{ dNJ dOQ dU U s WK dF s Yb( r dUE c wk YO uCK (p-n)Vu rOFD U VU rOFDUNd vK WOzUdN WF u bu uCK WKu dF ULKFu UOzUdN UO S d_ c 5 wzUdN qL q

VU WK uK dHM p `O{u dUOzUM b w pF d U vK ULU Vu

WOzu{dNJ dUE

P N

V

wJ UO WU wP-NWK qJA

dF e eM WIDM d S qJA w UL wJ UO WU w WKu XU

WMA U dF YOd( W qFH 5dD w bu* WOK WMA U WKu


26/154

U dF 5 w VU rOFD U* U&U UdJ Vu* rOFD U* w WOK_"UM UO dF Vu* rOFD U* U&U uH VU rOFD U* w WOK_ WMA

(Dark current)E UO Wd( c suC Uuu bDB UbMWUD S Vu VU WdAH V UuuH c s WBL*bu RUJ b UdJ iFuH UdJ s Uwze s q w (Electron hole pair)WMA U b e WdA

.

bF fHM WOK_ Wd_UO S wJ UO WU w WKu uJ WOK_ UM vK d Ue W uJ pcWKu d vK bu WOzUdN WF u S WuH w WKu XU e wJF d

qJA w UL

uC WF

wbF f

rOFD WU U

rOFD Wu U

P-NWK vK uC uI d qJA

UNM UCF UMM w WOzuC WOdJ dUMF s bbF UM - 5dUE 5U vK ULUwQ ULO

(Photo Resistor)

WOzuC WUI* UNLO VUM UND vK WDU U{ bA UF UNLO b WUI w WOzuC WUI*vK ULU p dOH sJ1 uCK UN{dF bM UNLO hUM YO U{ b l UOJUUM

WOzu{dNJ dUEUe dF qJA vKD uCK WU WKu W U s WOzuC WUI* lMBWOzuC WUI* VOdU* Ud qB uC d0 `L UH G nKG WU bU vK uCK dF* WUI* `D

.qJA w UL WOzuC WUILK WOU) qOu d JA 5ObF 5 WKu* t

qOu d

uCK WU U

WU bU

WOzuC WUI* e ?qJA WOzu{ WUI qJA WOzu{ WUI* lDI qJA


27/154

WOK)U WHK UOL0 WOKLF UIOD w dF qJA w 5* edU WOzuC WUILK eduC vK bLF* WUI* (Photo Conductor) wzuC qu* (Photo Electric Cell) WOzu{dNJ

UuO d dO_ bF(Light Dependent Resistor 'LDR')WUI* UNM lMB w U* vK UNOU bLF WHK* uC Uu* WU WOzuC WUI*c CdS uOUJ bOd U s WuMB* pK b Ud WOzuC UUI* dN s WOzuCuK q WOzuC UUI* WUMB qLF d u UM WOzd* WF_ b w WUF WUI*

ULdO Ud bOd UduCU U UL sd w UFOL dA UIOD s dO w WOzuC UUI* qLF

dc UIOD c s EU UO uA U w rJ tb uC u vK bLF* rJ WLE

od uu c tb uC u vK bLF* c WLE

Vu qOGA d YO s WUF WUI*U qUF WOzuC WUI* Q dOc UMuH dOUD_ YO s pc bI UuB UNUd

uC bU wzUdN qL qOGA rJ% 5 qJA U

WOzuC WUI* bU d qOGA w rJ qJA

b qL

WUI* WLO ]S WOU U{ b uJ UbMF b qOGA w rJK wU_ qUF uC bFuJ* WOuH e s ued bU vK wzUdNJ bN' WLO b% YO WCHM uJ WOzuC


28/154

WLOI WCHM WU( c w WOzuC WUI* uJ WOzuC WUI* WLO WU WUI* dOG* WUI* sqLF qB WU w vI c uedK UO dOu U dO WLOI iHM uJ UNOK bN' S

qd*U qB* qL(wzUdNJ bN' WLO b% WOU uJ WOzuC WUI* WLO S WCHM U{ b uJ UbM U

WOzuC WUI* WLO WU WUI* dOG* WUI* s uJ* WOuH e s ued bU vKuedK UO dOu UOU UOU uJ UNOK bN' U WLOI WOU WU( c w WOzuC WUI* uJt qB* qL( qLF pc tU l{ s dOGO qd* nK w UO dLO q WU v u c

R???????????????

s q WHO b

dOG* WUI* (R1)WU WUI* qd* l uu* wzUM

R???????????????

qLF b qL fJ sJ1 nO uC UDI bM qLF qL( oU U* w UME

uC u bM(Photo Diode)wzuC wzUM

wzuC wzUdNJ dOQ dU vK wzUM qLF WOzuC dUMF b wzuC wzUM bFWU w uu* wzUM w U* wJF d UO U vK uC qLF (Photovoltaic Effect)bM WUI hUM U Ud sJ WOU WUI t wJ UO WU w uu* wzUMU wJ UO

tOK WDU U{ b l Ud wJF d UO VUM uC uIWOdJ b w wJ UO WU w tK r wzu{ fL wzuC wzUM s UH

WUM rOC l wzuC wzUM qu wJF d UO WLO dGB dEtA E w UF wzUM qL wzuC wzUM qLFqOGA b UD_ YO s UF wzUM wzuC wzUM

b w t ed hH d wJF qOGA bN bIUqJA w UL edU WOdJ

wzuC wzUM e qJA

u wzuC wzUM eO1 U sJ WOzuC WUI* UNO b w pK UIOD wzuC wzUMK


29/154

uCU WIKF* WIOb UUOIK UUM tKF U2 wD qJA uJ uCK WU

WOzuC ued ?

WbI

tA wzuC uedK lzUA uM uCK WU ued w WOzuC ueduCK U `D b c bUI d b sJ WODI wzUM ued

YO WOzuC WOuH dUE vK bLF t UF ued qL wzuC ued qL tAuCK U( `D vK U{ b l VUM uCU bu bUI UO

UO d1 lD WU w `B E w wzuC ued l{ bM

dOG bU UO d1 uCK U( `D dF bM YU lL* 5ued UC bu UL YU lL* 5 d1 dO UO p s ZMc Wu bN bOu w wzuC dOQ b w WOzuC U* dOQ

(Source)lM* (Drain)dB* UO rJwzuC ued qJA

wzuC ued qL WO

UOzu{ ued qJA 5bN bB l uu WODI wzUM 5dUIU Ud UL YU lL* tOd vKu WODI wzUM ued qL tKL tAbM dO PbUI WI UF NPNl uC Uuu bDB uCK UN{dFU WOU WU UNJ P U* UdJ

lL* WIDM v qB eM WIDM eUc& U Ud Wu Uu UNUJ d NqJA pc WO NYU UdJ UNO

YU v lL* s d1 wzUdN UO

WOzu{ WFu

UdJ

UdJ dO U&tKL WO 5dD wzuC ued e qJA

WOzuC ued u

d W WOzuC ued


30/154

UO vK uBK U bUI w UO bOu vK U dO 5dD WOzuC ued U0XO b c bUI d WU{S d W ued UMN VUM YU lL

qJA uCK tOU w rJ s sJ1 YO ued UOUIOD w d W wzuC ued b sJ1b 5dD WOzuC ued s b jI 5d bU

bUI d bued e qJA

d W wzuC

WOzuC uM ued

WOU s UHO wzu{ ued l U ued qOu sJ1

qL tKL WO tA YO WOzuC WOU) v WU{U uM WKOusJ uCK tOU v WU{U WODI wzUM uM uedUNb bU qd ued c du UO dO WU se

qJA

lL*

YUued e qJA

WOzuC uM

WOzuC uedK WOMH UHu*

vMM qOGA UO bN bF UON bN WUF uedK UL WOzuC uedKUO V vK ued bU vK jU UF WU vK Ic lL* UO bLF UL hzUBd_ WO WOzuC ued w wU) bUI UO vK (Gain)

UO d1 U E WU wUO vL YU lL* 5 dOGsJ1 (dark Current Id) WLKEnA U w U dGB tULhzUB vMM w qJA 55 WF UMO wzuC ued

lL* UO jU UF b0 20 40 60 80

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

20.0

Supply voltage VCC

(V)

ICE

(mA)

WODI wzUM wzu{ ued hzUB) vMM qJA


31/154

LASCRwzuC udU

dOG UHL qLF UOzu{ qFH udU u wzuC udUV UJ dd9 WU w vI tOK WOzu{ WC uI d0 tUqUJU WcG qBH tUD fJFM V tKL UI tM uC

qJ

bFB

Wu jNwzuC udU e qJA wzuC udU qL WO

qJ WUJ qJA wbM wzuC udU VOd wO{uPNWKu w PVU' vK uC uIs UNMJ9 WU VJ UdJ S

U UO buO NuM v uu eHIw vI qOGA WU v udU qIM.uC bB UDI bF v WU( c

bFB

Wu

jN

bFB

Wu

jN

uCK WU WIDM

wzuC udU VOd qJA

(Solar cells)WOLA U)

dU vK WOLA WOK) qLFPhotovoltaic wzuC wzUdNJ dOQvK WOzUdN WF u bu YO EffectuCK UN{dF bM P-N WK dw wzuC wzUM WOzuC WOK) tAUND WU w tM nK VOdvK dOJ `D qLF YO dOJ dWOU d b d WOLA WOK) qF

qJA dE uCK

UdJ UO

uH UO

UuuwzUdN qL

NWI

PWIWKu

WOL WOK w lDI qJA

qu UH l q s p bb duD qd0 WOLA WOK) d bIw uJKO WOK v mK uOMOK WOK) v_ qd* w XU w tO

WUG qu UH UNO qB

e qJAWOzuC WOK)

q UNK_ XFM w UIOD ULN sd w WOLA U) WOL hKnUN eN UU WU( WOUMB UL_U WOzUdNJ WUDU eN' be

b* WUDK bBL ULNOU qJA w UL WOzUM oUM* w U eN


32/154

bN wDF WOLAWOK)U UUO WOK) bN UL b WOLA WOKKWOK) `D WU vK UO WLO bLF 5 w Uu 5 U UOzUdNq r 5uKD* UO bN' vK uBK UND q WDU U{ bqu d bN vK uBK wu vK qu UUD w UL UU9 U)wzUM qL E w WOLA WOK) qLF d UO vK uBK u vK

qJA w UL WOdJ b w UN ed UFU b qJA

WOLA WUDU qLF

dFA fL bNK bBL WOd b v WOLA U) b.WOLA WUDU qLF UEM wbMB jD* qJA 5 uCK

bN UL b WOLA WOKK

WIdD U) q r UUO WOK)5uKD* UO bN' vK uB( sLCwu vK qu UUD w UL UU9vK qu b bN vK uBK

b UO vK uBK u

UM* UOU qLF qL

ACUM* UOU WcGDCdU* UOU WcG

UUD

WOL U u

DC - ACb fUsU

UO WU

WOzUdN WU v WOLA WUD qu% vK qLF UEM jD qJA

(Optocouplers)wzuC jd

dG uC bU iF ULNCF 5 u dBM UL wzuC eF wzuC jd b sJ1 YO WOzUdNJ d* u; qL dO b v p tA wzUdNJ eF WUL( UNO ud dO dOG b qOGA WOu w 5HK d qLF rJK

wzUdN qK s rJ w UF{u wzu{ fL wzu{ ued uCK bBL LEDwzu{ u U b

wzuC ued qOGA v wzuC ub qOGA R YO rFu% w wzUdNJ eF w oKG* jd b YO wzuC jd u iF qJA 5nAJ fL U lODI eU( UH l jd b UL WOzUdNJ FH* w u*

Wd( nA Wd* dUM w UJF b UL `OUHL e U_uB( s sJ9 wzuC uedU wzuC wzUM Z UNO - WKUJ dzb b c du

qJA w UL Xu s d v qB b wzUdN e vK


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1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

fbB

oKG wzu{ e

fbB

UH l wzu{ ef

bB

wUJF

VKr

WKUJ* wzuC eF UJ iF qJA wzuC eF u iF qJA

wzuC jd eO s

dUF UOuH s WUL( ZOC u iOH

WdA dO WO{ UIM 5 jd

WOzuC UOdJ vK UIOD

wzuC qOFH

p vK UL uC b dOG od s U qOFH WOKL w wzuC ued bRelayl qB ued bUI UO rJO wzuC ued b - U U* qJA w

(Dark Activated)E WU w qOGA qOGAK 5U vK qB wzuC ued lu U qJA w UL (Light Activated)U{ WU w qOGA qJA w UL

+VCC

+VCC

E WU w qOGA qJA WzU{ WU w qOGA qJA


34/154

qOGA dU rJU wzuC ued b sJ1 ULqJA w UL pc wzu{ udU b sJ1 Relay

udU b qJARelay? rJU wzuC

UI

WOzu{ d* UI b wzuC ued b sJ1UU UNO b w RemotecontrolbF s rJ UIOD wUNO b qJA 5 Infra Red dL( X% WF_

ued rC l WOzu{ Wu nUJ wzu{ uedUOI

Wd UOIL wzu{ ued b WOHO qJA 5`L VI tO d b YO b b

b v VI d U* uC R q d d uC d0b b Wd dF b v b qB* wzuC uedwKJ b

+VCC

Vout

wzuC ued qJAUI w wLd bF v

Wd UOIL wzuC ued qJA

7 Segment DisplaysWOLd dF UU

eN_ iF pc UOI eN s bbF w wL dRL WOLd dF UU b

wzUM Q ULK b vK wzUM q WU{S rJ sJ1 uCK tU UOzUM WOUL s uJ WOzUdNJdF UU UM w Ub UuO d u dL_ uK wzUdN bN bB l UOzUM lOL qOu S tOK qJA w wQ UL WLd td UOzUMq1 uN (d. p)wzUMK WMU U 9v 0s U_ WOI WMU cJ WOUL rd dNEO Uu bI

WdAF WU)


35/154

5IdD dF UU UM sJ1

(Common Anode Displays)dA* bFB* WKOu

(Anodes) bUB* lOL UUA c wbB* Wu* dD l Wuu UOzUMK

bN'

`zdA WOU dF b qOu qJ

`zdA WOU d b qJ

V WKOu c w wzUM WU{(a, b, c, d, e, f, g,wzUMU U) jN* qOuqJA w UL Xu dH UbI US d. p)

Vu* bN' bB0 WKOu c j bM (2v, 20 mA) bu* UHu Ud VqJA w UL jN* l WUI WU{ V tOK

cN d WU WUI* WLO uJ tOKq UUILK UU& bu* rOI s WLOI

470

(Common Cathode Displays)dA* jN* WKOu

l Wuu UOzUMK (Cathodes)jUN* lOL UUA c wbBLK dH U bN VU dD

U) bFB* qOu V WKOu c w wzUM WU{U 5F c_ l Vu* bN' bB0 (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,d.p)wzUMU

qJA w UL UOzUMK WUL( WUI

WUL( WUI qOu qJ`zdA d b l


36/154

WOdJ U??L?C*

UNd US rJ s UMMJL w WOdJ _ t vK wdJ rCL dF sJLU U qbL U hzUB lOL rEF vK dL U u YO UNKb U od s

bI bN UO YO s u qbL U s d dL U uJ

rCqbL U dL U

bI ULKJ UNb dOJ v U UMS wzu od s WOJK U U LWOJK U UNFDI sJL w WUL

bI rC

wzuN

UOzu UNU dL U

qOFH vK U dO b dOG qL w dI s UB WOuB U b d ULuB UL wUU WUL qOFH s UNMJL Wb UNLOC eK c WUL

AMPLIFIER

SPEAKER

q???

GedU t ed rCL VJ tKb rCL d sO WM dF

b?????????????????????


37/154

G

Pi

Vi

Ii

P0

V0

I0

pc P0bIL b dL U P

ibIL b qbL U XU qJA w

Gp= p

0

pi

rCLK bI V S

UO V S I0

bIL UO dL U IibIL UO qbL U XU

Gi=I0Ii

rCLK

bN V S V0 bIL bN dL U Vi bIL bN qbL U U

Gi

=V0

Vi rCLK U???

UbI WUL qOFH W U XU 0.5UNb qO s WUM U XU WUL qOGA rCL V V 5

q??????(

u bIK WMU rCL V S pc 5td U 0.5rCL qb U

Gp=

G0

Gi

=5

0.5= 10

Wued U??LC*UNL s UM b v ued rCLK nMB

(Class A ) A n??M r??C

UMU qbL U l UNKJ UNBzUB w dL U oUD ULCL s nMB c wwU qJA w UL qbL U U s d U dL U U uJ YO U

c _ rCL b WcGL bI v dL b sO WM UN vK rCL UH dFWKOK uJ tUH S Xu WKO qLF rCL


38/154

UO WCHM UH rCL c UH U UMMJL pcUIOD w UU b ULCL s uM c _ WuI UNMJ

WO_ rOC qd w UHJU rN w

(Class AB) ABn???M r???C

qbL U s s 51% - 99%s tb UL rCL c qLFUL qJA w UL

bF r UN XuA b dL U qJA s kc dL U s e qbL U qJA w tNUA

c lDI WU w ued u s Z uAK dFdHVCC

IN

R1

R2

VEE

Q1

OUT

ABnM rC

Vcc

IN

R1

R2

VEE

Q1

OUT

AnM rC

nM ULC s qC UNUH QABnM UC ULuB ULC w b U uA UNMJ A

(Class B) Bn??M r???C

qbL U s s 50%bL ULCL s uM c qLFqbL U VuL VU sOze b dL tS pc

WDO BnM rC `{u U qJA`L s lAL bUI vIK UO k qJA se S pc Wu qbL U ULU UO dL uedKdOOG l rCL d vK dNE qbL U s jI VU

tUA nM UH nF{ UF UNUH Q ULCL c ULU w UIOD w uM c b U s nB qLF

UO WOU UHJ qbL U nB rOC v

VCC

IN

R1

R2

VEE

Q1

OUT

VBB

BnM rC


39/154

(Class C) CnM rC

U s s 50 s q WOM bL UMUL s uM c qLFs q UO dL `L YO UL qJA w UL qbL

w qbL U d e UO c lD r ULMO nBN r pc lDI b s q w ued qLF WU cUbM lDI b v ued c UB w qbL U s e

qOuU ued b

+VCC

C2

C L

Tr

R

qbL

dL

CnM rC

rEF lD WU w vI t_ WOUF UHJU ued c ULU uA qUIL w sJ WUD N w du wUU XuUI w bU sO l rCL c qu b dO qJA

U eN w WOzUNM qdL w b udL db rCL Wud

U??OKLF ULC

XU UOMOF_ w WOU WOLUF d Operational Amplifiers UOKLF UC dNWUM w Xb YO qUJ q{UH dD lL q WOU UOKLFU UOI w UNHOb UOKLF ULC dF UOKLF ULCL XOL cN Xu p w uuL VOu

741 WOdJ WUd UOKLF ULC u dN s WKUJL dzb u dNw qJAU UL UOKLF rCL ed

WU WcG

WuL WcG

d

fU qb

fU dO qb

+VCC

-VCC

V0

UOKLF rC

t pc fU dO qb fU qb sOKb UOKLF rCL S qJAU `{ u ULULb sdL bN bBL tcG s b UOKLF rC qLF wJ WcGK b d


40/154

qu -15V 15V? tcG sJL L VccedU t ed VU d +VccedU t ed VuU qJA w UL sdL bN bB sOUD

WcGv

WU

WcG

v

WuL

15 -15

-+ -+

WUD15

Xu

WUD15

Xu

741U UOKLF rC* Typical WOKLF hzUB)

be b d 200.000 v qB b WOU bN dOJ W dO fUF qbL v WKb UO WLO dI YO 2Ms be b dO qbL WFUL

dHB v fUF

75UdI U b dOG dL WFUL UdI 2V? UNM qI UU VCC VCCv qB sJL dL bN

UOKLF rC* Ideal WOU* hzUB)

WUN U U dOJ W t

fUF dO fUF sOKbL w UO S pc

WUN U U b dO qbL WFUL dH UdH U dL WFUL

VCCs qI VCCs be sJL dL bN Vp = Vn fUF dO qbL bN U fUF qbL bN

wU qJA w UL WcG d v U UOKLF rCL ed sJL


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Vn

Vp

V0

WcG d b UOKLF rC

(Comparator)U?????I*

s bNU WLOI dF dO d bN WLOI dF bN WUIL UIL UOKLF rC bdFL bN WLO XU d sbN sO U U sOKbL s sbN WUI u UIL

UOU UUI vL UIL S dH U WLOI Ideal Comparator wU??* U??I*

WcG WLO s qI +VCCWuL WcG WLO s be sJL dL WLO S UIU Ud UL200.000uJ UF w b WOU UOKLF rC dOJ qUF WLOVCCWU

fUF qbL bM bN fUF dO qbL bM bN dOJ W dL bM bN

Vp

- Vn

=V0

GOLVO= GOL( Vp- Vn)

U W s d v rCL w qB V0 wIOI UOKLF rC hzUB sWcG bN WLO s q U tLO uJ c VsatU bN UbM dL bN vL (Saturation)

2VUI ULWU c w dOJ W WLO V0WLO iuF

V

p- V

nGOL

-Vsat

GOL

+Vsat

Vp- V

n200,000-13

200,000

13

(Vp- V

n)-65 v +65 v


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VuL U WIDM

VU U WIDM

(Vp- V

n)

-65 v+65 v

V

-Vsat

(~13V)

+Vsat

(~13V)

WOD WIDML

wIOI UOKLF rCL hzUB vMM

WUN U U dOJ W S wUL rCL WU w

Vp- V

nGOL

-Vsat

GOL

+Vsat

GOL= sJ

Vp- V

n-Vsat

+VsatV

p- V

n= 0V

p= V

n hzUB vMM qOL sJL t ZM wUL UOKLF rC hzUB b qL Vp= VnWUFL

wU qJA w UL wUL UILK

-Vsat

+Vsat

V0

(Vp- Vn)

wUL UILK hzUB vMM


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dL U `B Vn fUF qbL bN s d Vp fUF dO qbL bN U pcVsatUbI tu

WU dL U `BVn

fUF qbL bN s dGVp

fUF dO qbL bN U VsatUbI

U???

WOO U qbL U XU dL U r w qJA w

Vn

V0+

-

Vp

V0

T2

TT

q??????(

dO qbL vK bN WLO `B pc Wu bN WLO uJ t2

T0 sO U dH w

UbI Wu dL vK WUM U uJ pc fUF qbL vK bN WLO s d fUF+Vsat

qbL vK bN WLO s d B pc WU bN WLO uJ t 0uJ UbM t sLC +13v

w dL WLO uJ wJ Vd= Vi- 2S Vs= 2vU wVd> 0Vi - 2 > 0Vi> 2v +Vsat

dL WLO `B wJ Vd= Vi- 2S Vs= 2vWLO dHM V0= -VsatS Vd< 0uJ UbM Vd< 0Vi - 2 < 0Vi < 2

uJ V-Vsat

? WUV0< +Vsat UbM Vi> 2v V0< -Vsat UbM Vi< 2v

wU dO UIL UOKLF rC bU 2VbI XU bN bBL WOO U WUI `{u qJA

dL bN qbL bN

Vsat

+Vsat

t (s)

(V)

2v

XU bN bBL WOO U WUI


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INVERTING AMPLIFIER fUF rC*gain rOC qUFL rJ r UOKLF rCL WdFL Ub b u fUF rCL

WFd WOJF WcGU vL U w rCLK fUF qbL dL sO WUI q od sU UHU uJ WLCL U bN _ fUF rCLU wL (negative Speedball)WU

UNLOC dL

Vn

VinVp

RiIi

Ip

In

Rf If

Vout

fUF rCL

WcG sOQ r 0vv fUF dO qbL qu YO fU rCL WOU_ b qJA sOUL fUF qbL v dL bN s UMOF e bOF w (Rf)WFd WcG WUI od s WF

wQ U wKOGA wUL rCL hzUB s S UIU UdfUF dO fUF sOKbL w UL WOzUdNJ UO S pc b WOU qbL WFUL

dH U wUL rCL WU w WU sOKbL vK bN WLO

(Ri) WUI* w U* UO

Ii= RiVi- VnIi= Ri

Vi

(If) WOJF WcG UO

If= RfV0- Vn

(Vp= 0)fUF dO qbL bN Vn= 0 (Vn= Vp= 0)fUF dO qbL bN U fUF qbL bN UL

If= RfV0


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Ii= Ip- If UO lu WdE u Ip= 0Ip= - If sJ

=Rf

-V0Ri

Vi=Ri

-RfVi

V0

GiedU t ed fUF rCLK gain dOJ qUF w ViV0 WUFL s

=Ri

-RfGi

U???

UbN U fJ l UF{ dA bIL WOO U dOJ W WOJF WcG WUI V

U qJA w UL rCL bUq?????(=

Ri

-RfVi

V0=Gi WIU UFL V

=Ri

-Rf=Gi -10 -10 =25

-Rf-10 = -250 k-Rf = 250 kRf

qJA w UL b `B pc

V0

Vin

Rf= 250 k

Ri= 25 k

Ri? WUI WOU uJ RfWLO S wU dOJ qUF vK uBK t UL s k

(Non Inverting Amplifier)fUF dO rC*u UL fUF dO rCL b qbL U qUL bN WLC U vK uBKqL U qJA sOKUL dL qbL UU uJ qbL U fJF tS r s `{

uM c qOu WId


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Vi

Rf

Ri

RL

IfIi

fUF dO rCL

dO qbL vKVi

qbL bN oOD r fU dO UOKL rCL WOU_ b qJA sOqbL bN U UNUA dL bN uJ pc UOKLF rCL fUFfUF dO rCL dOJ qUF uJ

=Vi

V0Gn = +Ri

Rf1

U???

UbN vK WEUL l UF{ 5bIL WOO U dOJ WOdJ rLB UB wM qLF W WOdJ b rL 50k UNM q WLO UUI l wKOGA rC bU

pq?????(

=Gn +Ri

Rf1 dOJ qUF WUF bU

Gn= 5S R UODF s

= 5+Ri

Rf1Gn = 5 = 4RiRf 4Ri= Rf

WFd WcG WUIL WLO vK uBK u wu vK UUIL qOu sOu G lODsOKJA w UL Rf = 4RiqbL WLO UF{ WF U


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25 kvK uBK u vK sOUI qOu uI 50 K

50 K

= +

Ri

1

50

1

50

1=

Ri

1

50

22Ri= 50 Ri= 25

100 KvK uBK wu vK sOUI qOu uI 50 K 50 K

Rf= 50 + 50 = 100 K

U qJA w UL wzUNM qOu r pc

50 K

50 K

50 K 50 KRi

Rf

Vi

V0

qH_ w UL qJA UB r

Ri= 25 K

Rf= 100 K

V0

Vi

+Ri

Rf1Gn= +1001Gn= 25

Gn= 4 + 1 = 5 pc


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Voltage Follwer b??N' lUUNO r fUF dO rCL s WU WU u bN lU

dL q od s 100%WM WU WF WcG vK uB

WcG WUI WLO `B wUU fUF qbL l dUw qJA w UL dH U RfWOJF

Vi

Vp

Vn

V0

bN lU

+Ri

Rf1Gn= +01Gn= = 1Ri

WUN U UU sJL uu dO Rik=

Vi

V01Gn= V0= Vi

bB sO jdK U b bN lU wL pc qbL bN l U dL bN

b dOG td WFUL b WOU tKb WFUL _ p dOG WFUL qL l WOU WFUL WMJL WFUL d_ WU uJ YO wUL bN UO UN qbL tb sJL UL qO vKFU bO b vK guA r wJ

Adderl?????U??'rU w WFzUA WLNL Ub s w U lU fUF rCL b sJL

lU dJ `{u w qJA UB

Ri1

V0

Ri2

Ri3

Rf

Vi1

Vi2

Vi3

lUUdC fUF qbL vK WuuL UBL uLL UU UOKLF rC d bN kWO WUFLU p qOL sJL t U dOJ qUFL

Ri1

-RfVi1V0= +

Ri2

-RfVi2 +

Ri3

-RfVi3

V0= G1Vi1+ G2Vi2+ G3Vi3

Ri3

-RfG3=

Ri2

-RfG2=

Ri1

-RfG1= YO


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U???

U qJAK dL bN bI V

Vi1 = 10vV0

Vi1 = 0.5v

10 k

20 k

100 k

q??????(

S oU uUI bU

Ri1

-RfVi1V0= + Ri2

-RfVi2

10

-10010V0= +

20

-1000.5

-10.0 - 2.5V0= V0= -12.5 v

V0= G1Vi1+ G2Vi2WUFL b lOD

Subtractor U??????Dpc WFzUA Ub s u U lU fUF rCL b S UIU Ud ULUD dJ `{u w qJA UD u fUF rCLK WFzUA WdFL Ub s

R1V1

V0

V2 R2

R3

R4

U??D

UU uJO UOKLF rC d bN S WU UNK UUIL WLO XU qJA wV0= (V1 - V2)

udU UDK dL bN WLO `{u WO WUFL sOOKb sOU d qU


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U???

U qJA w V2WLO V

Ri= 100kV1= 15v

V0

V2

R2= 100k

R2= 100k

Ri= 100k

q??????(

WIU UD WUF bU U u qJAV0= (V1- V2)

10 = (15 V2)

10 = 15 - V2

V2= 5v

Differentiator q???{UH*qbL vK WuuL U vMML qO US uI YO WO{Ud q{UH WOKLF q{UHL uI

UL nJL qbL WUI bU sJ fUF rCL b WNUA w q{UHL fUFw qJA

V0

Vi

Rf

Ci

V0 = - Rfcidvidt

wQ UL V0q{UHL d WLO YOv_ WIAL vL WO{U WOKL w vMML qO qL dvi

dt YO


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U???

dL vK WUM U qJ r qJAU `{u u UL qb bBLK U

V0

Vi

Rf

Ci

Vi

tT2

T

q??????(

bI s dF XU r u q{UH ZU S sOF OL rOI j s U qb bB U OL

Vi

tT2

T

V0

Vi

Rf

Ci

T2

T

V0

qJA w UL WFd Wu v WKL tuL qu w q{UHL b sJL pc

dH wWU WLO uJ WUM U S pc Uu UU WKb U qO uJ T

2 V 0

WUWu WLO uJ WUM U S pc UU UU WKb U qO uJ T V > T

2

WUYO UIU UNd r w UOKLF rC UIOD s dOG fO q{UHL S UL s `{ u ULU qJ vK kU WO{U WOKL w UNK{UHL uI t_ WOKb U qJ dOG uI t

dL vK bb U ZM


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Integratorq????U??J*WO{Ud qUJ WOKLF qUJ rC uI

U vMML X WUL US uI YO

w qUJL fUF qbL vK WKbWUIL sU qb sJ q{UHL b WNUAUL qJA w u UL nJL

Vi V0

Ri

Cf

qUJL

wK UL V0qUJL d WLO uJ

Vi(t).dtV0 =-1

Ricf

U cN vML X WUL qL Vi(t)U qUJ w Vi(t).dt YO

U???

qUJ ZU qJ b qJAU `{u u UL qb bB U

V0

Vi Ri

Cf

T2

T

Vi

q??????(

j s U uJ qUJL d ZU S qJA w UL XU r s U qb bB U qJA w UL sOF OL rOI

Vi

V0Vi

Ri

Cf

T2

Tt

T2

T

WOJ WOKL w qUJ WOKL qJAU `{u u UL se l UOD e vMML X WUL _q{UHK


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bM VWUD bN v CluL sA YO SUHL oKG UbM cc b qJA wWO WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bu tu wOUMG U QAM LnKL luL dH SUHL `

WUF WOD WMA sAO hUML mdH UO wOUMGL UL QAM UIWOO Wu UuJ cc w UO dL WO_ WODIU nKL mdH c luL b r

w qJA w UL WKLC

WKLC WOO Wu VUML Xu w cc b WUD qOu r WKLC dO WKu Wu vK uBKOFF lDI wU sO qIM ued q wdJ UH pc b sJ Ub UHL oK ` r

WFd WcG bU UHL ` S rJ r YO Saturation

lAwK UL WUM WOO WuL d U sJL

f0 =1

2 LC

(Phase Shift Oscillator)WuD W cc

WOzuAF UdJ Wd s ZM c noise guA u s UNOK uB r WOzb WOuHWCHML WOuH c WOO d q vK UdI u WOuH c b w WbL UUIL wW w w Feed back net work WcGL b v qb dL vK dNE UNLOC rWuD W uJ cc d u b d bM WLO vK b c vK WOuH _ Wus dOF sJL dK WLOI c bM jI WO positive feedback network WuL WcG b

Af =A

1 - AWFU b w VJ bI

WuD W w VJ bI rCL w VJ bI A

UNu bM Ucc qOJA r wUU b s d A VJ bI uJ ccL qOGA bMr wUU b v qBO A VJ bIL pc qI rCL w VJ bI qI VUM b v

WOK Wu W vK uB r V WccK dA c oOI r wJ WU Uc vK uB


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Filters U?????????d*

lML ULMO Ud dLU WMOF d U `L WOdJ dz s U UdL ddL UU b UB rU w dO WOL UdLK dL s d d U

guA U UU uJ b w d_ U lM UN udL U

ddL V Ud* u r

Low pass filter iHML UDM d `d

high pass filter wUF UDM d `d band pass filter UDM d `d

UNOUF V UdL rOI sJLPassive FilterWKU UdL Active Filters WUFH UdL

rJ YO UHK UUO UHJ UUI s U WKU UdL uJ WKU UdL1s UdL c w VJ be UNO udL d UO w UHJL UUIL rO

passive low pass filteriHM* UDM dd9 `d

vK d WHK U WuL XK d u dL u WCHML d d `dWOUF d U dLL uN p w UL WCHML`d `dL c wL c b c d w dNE WCHML d d `d UM sJL iHML ddL

UL qJA w UL nJ WUI bU qU

Vin Vout

R

C

iHML UDM ddL `d

b?????????????????????


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W???UFH U??d*udL d dL `d vK uBK 1s t be qU `dL S d r UL

UOKLF rC b WU V U rC dL s UNO udL dOG d lML UNO

p w(Active low pass filter)UFH iHM* UDM d `d

bU UF WCHM d d `d UM sJL WU{S sJ qU WCML d d d

UL qJA w UL UOKLF rC bU V

Rf

Ri

R

Vi

C

V0

UFH iHML UDM ddL `d

fC= 12 RC

lDI d WUF uJ

1 +

RfRi U t

(Active High pass filter)UFH lHd* UDM d `d

UM sJL UOKLF rC bU V WU{SwK UL sJ WOUF d d `d

Rf

Ri

R

Vi

CV0

UFH WFHdL d ddL `d

fClDI d WUF uJ

1 + RfRi U t fC= 12 RC(Active Band pass filter)UFH UDM d `d

rN wu vK iHM UD d `dL u wU UD d `d s U `dL cd b iHML UDM d `d fC1_ lDI d b wUF d `d YO VOd

wQ UL `dL c uJ fC2wU lDI

Rf1Ri1

R1

Vi1C1

Rf2

Ri2

R2

V0

C2

UFH UDM d ddL `d


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b???????????????u

U???O???d??????J???W??????O??????L??????d??????


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b YO _ WIdD UNM dOF sJ1 UNMO1 vK lI w WUK WMUnF{ U WU qJ wUU b j vK UNKO9 sJ1 U _ s

164 163 162 161 160

U65536 4096 256 16 1

WdAF b_ q u u dAF UEM w UL s b r s dA U UEM uJ b qb FEDCBA d( w WU{U

ABCDEF

101112131415

WHK* b WLE w WdAF b_ qO9 WOHO 5 b wK ULO

dAF UEM w rdwzUM UEMwUL UEMdA U UEM

ABCDEF


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U????????????WOIDM* Uu bU wU d r

F = AB + C + D

q????????????????(

F

A

B

C

D

U????????????WOU dzbK VUM* d V

F

A

B

C

FA

B

CD

F

A

B

C

q????????????????(

F=A. (B + C) qJ F = AB + CD qJ

F = A +B + CB + A B C qJ


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K

J

Q

Q

CLK

Q

Q

CLK

D

UUDM l WU WC b qJA

tU vK UDM qb qb vK b c dOOG qIM WC UD r qb* c sWLO v vLE WLO s WKb WCM UNU WLO w dOG b UbM UDMK dOOG qFH tU WC

qJA w UL fJF UO

Wu* WU(1

0

WU WU(1

0

Wu* WU( b qJA WU WU( b qJA

v vLEF WLOI s dOOG b bM UDM VO bI s uM c w WU WU( bI tU vK dOOG b( UR WU WCM UOb WLOI

v UOb WLOI s dOOG b bM UDM VO bI s uM c w Wu* WU( bI tU vK dOOG b( UR WU WCM vLEF WLOI

b WU WU( b 5 eOOLK UUDM w WCM qb l b w ud q1 qJAWu* WU(

CLK CLK CLK

UDMK Wu* WU( b qb e qJA UDMK WU WU( b qb e qJA


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INb qb OUT0,OUT1,OUT2,OUT3 U l UN U* bF UO q1 qJA.4-Output Multiplexer r b c vDF A,BUO UD s UNKLF rJ r

U oDM* q9 WU UU U* bF UO w INqb* WcG UML t dcU db'

eOd p b dB u b

d*U*

UO uD

BA

OUTO00OUTO110

OUTO201

OUTO311

A

B

INOut

0

Out1

Out2

Out3

uB b U* bF UO qJA


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WM UNbU w Y b FMUu Y UE duD r Uq s WOJd_ bL Uu w WMb w WKIML nuNK Wb qOGA r U w

bu WOK UE b XUAT&TWdbF dN U Bell LabsWd tdJ u bF uOK nU UE dN U w

WHK WLE biF q s duD Y s uM dA t XF{ bF GSMUE dN U

WO_ UdAwU( dBF w uD

l v rUF U lOL w WOL UA Ud UB WLE b s WU UB bFdBF UKD Vu uD XU WU UB WOuO UMUO w qIM* nUN WLE u

UB WLE w dOJ uD v U2 dO qJA w VU( tO uD c Yb(b???? v?? W??b??O?? b???? s?? u?????? u?? w??U??( dBF ?? u??D???? c?? `???? d??? s??sJ wLd UEM v wKUL UEM s rI* u% UL WOdJ b v r WOJOUJOdNJ

ATM SDH ISDN q WLE_ s bbF dN YO bOu uD u fO cWOuO UMUO s e X dO qJA Xd WJ dA td uU( UJ uD UL

d_ bF WOUMB UL_ WOzUCH UD; b wueHK UI WLE dA UL

uOK) nUN r dG v w WKUJ* dzb uD GSMUNM WuOK) WLE_ UA bF

UdO WAP GPRS GPS SMSdOBI qzUd q Udu w Ub) UYU qO' CDMAONEqGSM D-AMPS AMPS WLE XK Wb WLE dN UL

WO{_ UD; s b WOUMB UL_ b U UNM q UuKF* u nK qI vK be* VKD

UIOuL ubOH UUO uB

Uud uB uN p sJ UB WLE qUJ u tu v uNH u??% B-ISDN ISDN UE uN b WLE uD

UJA UuKF* qI uNH v UBUJ ?? UuKF* qI UUO W qJA q1

UB

ubOu

UuUUO u

vIOu

qJ


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10-6nm

10-5nm

10-4nm

10-3nm

10-2nm

10-1nm

1 nm

10 nm

10 nm

100 nm

103nm

10 m

100 m

1000 m

10 mm10 cm

100 cm

10m

100 m

1000 m

10 km

100 km

1 Mm

10 Mm

100 Mm

1 A

1 m

1 mm

1 cm

1 m

1 km

Radio

Microwave

Far Infrared

Near Infrared

Visible Light

Ultraviolet

X-Rays

Gamma-Rays

Violet

Indigo

Blue

Green

Yellow

Orange

Red

UHF

VHF

HF

MF

LF

Audio

UVIS EUV - 55.8-118nm

UVIS FUV - 110-190nm

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

nm=nanometer, A=angstrom, m=micrometer, mm=millimeter,

cm=centimeter, m=meter, km=kilometer, Mm=Megameter


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(Modulation)5LC uNH

WUM uJ WOuB UU WHKL UuKFL UB s WUM U rEF WuLL UU vL UuKFL qL w U c qOL uI pc qUM ju d qIMK(Carrier)WKU UU vL WHKL qIM jzU d qIMK WUM u d U vK

(Modulation)sOLCU WOKLF c dFUF WKU U u dOOG UNDu r w WOKLF pK t vK sOLC ndF lOD pc

sLCL b dF WOdJ bU WOKLF c r WuLL U dOG

sLCL

WKU U

WuL U

WMLC U

WLEM U d U UNQ WKU U ULdz bU U c bOu r U UU WOO UU

UIU UNM e W r w UcL UNKbF sJL w WOO U hzUB r s

uDUd u sOLC WOKL

U

se

uD

wQ UL UO{U U c qOL sJL

C (t) = Ac Cos (2 fc t + )

WKU WuL u w WKU WuL d w fc WKU WuL U uAc YOWO sOLC u b vK qB hzUB c b qbF s

dOG UF WKU WuL U dOOG s U u (AM "Amplitude Modulation") U sOLC U sOLC U vb bb U ZM UuKFL U WuLL U

dOG UF WKU WuL d dOOG s U u (FM Frequency Modulation) d sOLC d sOLC U vb bb U ZM UuKFL U WuLL U

U dOG UF WKU WuL u dOOG s U u (PM "Phase Modulation" )uD sOLC

uD sOLC U vb bb U ZM UuKFL U WuLL


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dOJ WKU U sOLC nA w b w U sOLC nA dz b qL U qJA. (Large Carrier Amplitude Modulation Detector)dOJ WKU U sOLC nUJ b c dF

WUI wzUM s uJ b S k u ULU s WuL e_ ddL uI wzUMU lu

U WU e_ d lML sO w UNHA dLmdH sA b UuI ULNS luL WUILX Ue p UO WOU WUIL WLO uJ Ud bN vK uBK p luL WM mdHqLF UL WuLL U dOG tA WIdD dOGlML wUU WKU U WMU dB b luL

UMd b uJ pc dL v U c djI WuLL U

WuL; UWMLC* U C R

dOJ WKU U sOLC nA

(Frequency Modulation: FM)d 5LC WuLL U dOG UF WKU U d dOOG UN s r w WOKLF pK u d sOLCU u WOKLF s ZUM uJ pc UU WKU U U vK WEUL l UuKFL Uc b WuLL WKU U s u (Frequency Modulated Signal)Ud WMLC

ULdO UHK UcL WLE w sOLC s uM

YO vc(t)=Vccos(2fct) w WKU U XU WKU U vB_ U u Vc

WKU U d u fc YO vm(t)=Vmcos(2fmt) w WuLL U XU

WKU( U

WuL; U

Ud WMLC* U

WKU U vB_ Uu Vm

WKU U d u fm

UL qJA w UL d sOLC WOKL ZU S

hUM hUM WuLL U U Ue e WKU U d qJA s kVuL vB_ U bM sJL U d Ud WMLCL U d uJ YO WuLL U U

WuLL U


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jO sLCL c qL `{u w qJAUuKFL U

VCO

WMLC UWd

(Frequency Modulation Demodulation)d 5LC nA

X uL U WKUJL dzb UUM bI d sOLC nAJ bb d bd sOLC nAJ IL UM w b WKUJL dzb

nU b r s UU dOG v d dOG qu od s d sOLC nA U rqJA Ud WMLCL U s WuLL U wUU dOG pK nAJ U sOLC

d sOLC nA WO `{u U

`d wU sLC

WMLC UUd

WMLC UUOU UuKF* U

(Frequency Division Multiplexing)d rOI bU bF* U

u U c S qbF b dU WOuB UNU Y WO UDL s b dtH Xu w WO UM s d Y sJLL s uJ sK c tH UDM qGA d UNHO _ qb

s UH p b qI UM vK U b U (Multiplexing)bFL U b

r YO UNKI dL U d UDM s dOJ d U uJ w qIM UMI d UDM WFUOU UUDM c s UD q uJ YO UNM dG UUD b v WKUM UMIK d UDM rOIseL qIM w d rOI b U WOI l UNKb b WuKDL U qIM qIMlML bU WHK d qu u WOuB U sOLC od s p U bFLWuKDL WDL U UO dOOGK qU wUD d `d qLF UI UN w qb

d rOI bU bFL U qL b `{u U qJA

Vm1(t)

Vm2(t)

Vm3(t)

ddL `diHM UD

ddL `diHM UD

ddL `diHM UD

ddL `dUD

ddL `dUD

ddL `dUD

fC1

fC2

fCn

1 2 3

fC1 fC2 fC3


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Documents

communications_theory_G11_P2.pdf