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Data CommunicationData Communication
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Data CommunicationData Communication
Data communication is the exchange of
data between two devices via some form
of transmission medium .
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The effectiveness of a data
communication system depends on thethree Fundamental characteristics:
a) Delivery b) Accuracy c) Timeliness
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Delivery:-the System must deliver data to
the correct destination.
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Accuracy :-the system must deliver data
accurately.
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Timeliness:-The System must deliver
data in a timely manner.
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ComponentsComponents
A data communication system is made up
of five components
A) message b) sender c) receiver d)medium e) protocol
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Message: The message is the information
to be communicated. It can consist of text,number, pictures, sound or video.
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Sender:-The sender is the device thatsends the data message. It can be a
computer ,workstation, telephone handset,
video camera and so on.
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Receiver : The receiver is the device that
received the message. it can be acomputer, workstation ,telephone handset,
television and so on.
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Medium: The transmission medium is the
physical path by which a message travelfrom sender to receiver . It consist of
twisted pair wire, coaxial cable and radio
waves (satellite microwave).
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A protocol defines what is
communicated, how it is
communicated and when it iscommunicated.
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A protocol is a set of rules that govern
data communication .
it represents an agreement between the
communicating devices.
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NetworksNetworks
A networks is a set of devices connected
by media links.
A node can be a computer, printer or anyother device capable of sending/receiving
data generated by other nodes on the
network. The links connecting the devices
are often called communication channels.
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Network mediaNetwork media
With computer networks ,media refers to
the means used to link a networks node
together.
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Type of mediaType of media
1) wire-based media
2) wireless media
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wirewire--based mediabased media
In case of wire based media , data can be
communicate through wire.
For example pair wire( normal electricalwire), coaxial cable( this type of cable
used for cable television) etc.
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wireless mediawireless media
It use radio signals that travels through the
air for transmitting data.
For example satellites communication.
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Transmission ModeTransmission Mode
the term transmission mode is used to
define the direction of signal flow between
two linked devices.
Type transmission mode: 1) Simplex 2)
half duplex 3) full duplex.
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SimplexSimplex
In simplex mode ,the communication is
unidirectional , as on a one way direction.
Only one of the two station on a link can
transmit and other can only received.
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Half DuplexHalf Duplex
In half duplex mode ,each station can both
transmit and receive ,but not at the same
time. When one device is sending ,the
other can only receive.
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Full duplexFull duplex
In full duplex mode ,both station can
transmit and receive simultaneously.
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Types ofNetworkTypes ofNetwork
LAN (local Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
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LAN (local Area Network)LAN (local Area Network)
It is a data communication system
consisting of several devices such as
computer and printers.
this type of network contains computers
that are physically connected using
cables.
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Any network that exists within a single
building, or even a group of adjacentbuildings, is considered a LAN.
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WAN (Wide Area Network)WAN (Wide Area Network)
It is two or more LAN connected together,generally across a wide geographical
area.
For example WWW.
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MANMAN
It is a large scale network that connects
multiple LAN together.
For example ortel.
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TopologyTopology
The term topology refers to the way a
network is laid out, either physically or
logically.
Two or more devices connect to a link.
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Type of TopologyType of Topology1)1) MMesh Topology 2)Star Topology 3)Tree Topology 4)Busesh Topology 2)Star Topology 3)Tree Topology 4)Bus
Topology 5)Ring Topology 6) Hybrid TopologyTopology 5)Ring Topology 6) Hybrid Topology
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MMesh Topologyesh Topology
In a mesh topology ,every devices has a
dedicated point to point link to every other
devices.
The term dedicated means that the link
carries traffic only between the two
devices it connects.
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Mesh TopologyMesh Topology
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Advantage: 1) to eliminating the traffic
problems that can occur when links must
be shared by multiple devices. 2) It hasprivacy or security.
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Disadvantage: 1) The amount of cabling
and the number of i/o ports required. 2)More Expensive.
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Star topologyStar topology
In a star topology ,each device has a
dedicated point to point link only to a
central controller, usually called a hub.
The devices are not directly linked to each
other.
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Star topologyStar topology
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Advantage: 1) It is less expensive 2) if
one link fails other link are not fails. Disadvantage: 1) If central hub is fail the
other network will be fail.
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Ring topologyRing topology
In a ring topology ,each device has a
dedicated point to point line configuration
only with the two devices on either side of
it.
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Ring topologyRing topology
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Advantage: A signal is passed along the
ring in one direction ,from device todevice, until it reaches its destination.
Disadvantage: No hub required.
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Bus TopologyBus Topology
In bus topology ,each & every computer
are connected with a common cable.
It follow the multipoint line configuration.
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Bus topologyBus topology
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Advantage: 1) It is ease of installation.
2) if one computer will be fail othercomputer are not fail.
Disadvantage: 1) if main cable are fail
,the entire network will be fail.
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Tree TopologyTree Topology
A tree topology is a variation of a star.
Computer in a tree are linked to a central
hub that controls the traffic to the network.
Not every device plugs directly into thecentral hub.
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The majority of devices connect to a
secondary hub that is connected to thecentral hub.
The central hub in the tree is an active
hub.
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Tree TopologyTree Topology
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Advantage & disadvantage of a tree
topology are generally the same as startopology.
Good example of tree topology can be
seen in cable TV technology.
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Hybrid TopologyHybrid Topology
The combination of bus topology ,star
topology, ring topology, mesh topology,
tree topology are know as hybrid
topology.
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Hybrid TopologyHybrid Topology
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VideoconferencingVideoconferencing
It enables real-time communication over a
distance by allowing people at two or more
sites to communicate with each other by
seeing a video picture of the people at the
other sites.
Each site has one or more cameras,
microphones, loudspeakers and monitor.
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InternetInternet
Internet is an inter-connection between
several computers of different types
belonging to various networks all over the
globe.
It is a network of network.
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IntranetIntranet
An intranet resides completely within the
companys internal network and is
accessible only to people that are
members of the same company .
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ClientClient server Modelserver Model
Client-A client is a program running on the
local machine requesting service from a
server.
Server- A server is a program running on
the remote machine providing service to
the clients.
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DNS(Domain Name systemDNS(Domain Name system))
To identify an entity ,TCP/IP protocols use the IP
Address, which prefer to use names instead of
Addresses.
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FTPFTP
FTP is the standard mechanism provided by
TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to
another.
Transferring files from one computer to anotheris one of the most common tasks expected from
a networking or internetworking environment.
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HTTPHTTP
The HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access
data on the WWW. The protocol transfers data
in the form of plain text , hypertext, audio and
video. It is rapid jumps from one document to another.
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URL(uniform Resource LocatorURL(uniform Resource Locator))
A client that wants to access a document
needs an address. To facilitate the access
of documents distributed throughout the
world ,HTTP uses the concept of locators.
URL is a standard for specifying any kind
of information on the Internet.