COMMUNICATION ASSESSMENT FILE

TITLE:

NOTICES AND CIRCULARS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MS. LEKHA RANI SINGH KANIKA GARG

DEPARTMENT: AICC B.TECH- 3IT-1

A2305309055

ASET

AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH

INTRODUCTION

NOTICES:

Notice is the legal concept in which a party is made aware of a legal

process affecting their rights, obligations or duties. There are several types of

notice: public notice (or legal notice), actual notice, constructive notice

and implied notice.

At common law, notice is the fundamental principle in service of process. In this

case, the service of process puts the defendant "on notice" of

the allegations contained within a criminal defendant to be notified of the charges

and their grounds.

If a court bases personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state or foreign defendant on

a long-arm statute, the court must carefully select a means of notifying the

defendant to comply with the notice requirement of due process. Sometimes this

is done by serving agents of the defendant located within the state. Because out-

of-state defendants can't always be located easily, some state or local laws may

allow for selication. An example of this would be printing a notice of the lawsuit in

a newspaper published where the defendant is believed to reside. Because the

failure of a defendant to appear in court results in a default judgment against him,

such measures must be sufficiently calculated to notice to the defendant to

satisfy due process. give actual.

In the core case setting forth constitutional notice requirements, the U.S.

Supreme Court held that notice must be "reasonably calculated, under all the

circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and

afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Moreover, defendants

must be notified by the "best practical means" available.

CIRCULARS:

A circular (or called a flyer, handbill or leaflet) is a single page

leaflet advertising a nightclub, event, service, or other activity. Flyers are typically

used by individuals or businesses to promote their products or services. They are

a form of mass marketing or small scale, community communication. The verb

"flyering" or "fliering" has evolved as a colloquial expression meaning "to put up

flyers".

Circulars, along with postcards, pamphlets and small posters, are forms of

communication for people who want to engage the public but do not have the

money or desire to advertise over the internet, in telephone directories,

or classified or display advertising in newspapers  or other periodicals. As

marketing became more direct in the late 1980s and 1990s, flyers evolved  and

currently there are many formats to be found. Some examples are:

A4 (roughly letterhead size)

A5 (roughly half letterhead size)

DL (compslip size)

A6 (postcard size)

CC (credit card size)

Circulars are inexpensive to produce and are regarded as a very effective form of

direct marketing.  Their widespread use intensified with the spread of desktop

publishing systems. In recent years, the production of flyers through traditional

printing services has been supplanted by Internet services; customers may send

designs and receive final products by mail.

TYPES OF NOTICES

Public notices(or legal notices)

Actual notices

Constructive notices

Implied notices

PUBLIC NOTICES:

Public notice is a notice given to the public regarding certain types of legal

proceedings.

By government

Public notices are issued by a government agency or legislative body in

certain rulemaking or lawmaking proceeding.

It is a requirement in most jurisdictions, in order to allow members of the public to

make their opinions on proposals known before a rule or law is made.

For local government, public notice is often given by those seeking a liquor

license, a rezoning or variance, or other minor approval which must be granted

by a city council, county commission, or board of supervisors .

By private individuals or companies

Parties to some legal proceedings, such as foreclosures, probate,

and estate actions are sometimes required to publish public notices.

In communications

Public notices are sometimes required when seeking a new broadcast

license from a national broadcasting authority, or a change to modification to an

existing license.

U.S. broadcast stations are required to give public notice on the air that they are

seeking a license renewal from the U.S. Federal Communications

Commission (FCC), or that they are ending analog TV service early during

the digital television transition in the United States . Records of these public

notices must often be kept in a station's public file.

Method of notice

One method of notice is publication in a local newspaper. Public notice can also

be given in other ways, including radio, television, and on the Internet. Some

governments required publication in a newspaper, though there have been

attempts among some politicians to eliminate the expense of publication by

switching to electronic forms of notification.

CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICES:

Constructive notice is a legal fiction used in the law of both common law and civil

law systems to signify that a person or entity is legally presumed to have

knowledge of something, even if they have no actual knowledge of it.

Intellectual property

For example, one benefit of registering a trademark with the federal government

of the United States is that the registration gives nationwide constructive notice

that the trademark is owned by the registrant. Therefore, if another entity uses

the mark, they will be treated as though they knew their use of it was a trademark

infringement, even if they had no actual knowledge of the registration, or the

registrant's use of the mark.

Real property

One of the most common examples of constructive notice is in the operation of

the real estate recording laws. One of the purposes of these is to impart

constructive notice of the contents of documents affecting the title that are

recorded in the recorder's offices in the jurisdictions where the real estate lies.

In tort

Constructive notice in the American legal system can be used to impose liability

for negligence in tort actions against landholder defendants. When there is no

actual notice to a defendant of a hazardous condition, there may nevertheless be

constructive notice. If the defendant would have been aware of the condition by

being reasonably attentive, the defendant has constructive notice.

Service of process

Another common example of constructive notice is found in the law of civil

procedure. Where a plaintiff files a lawsuit, but is unable to effect service of

process on the defendant because the defendant is in hiding, or their

whereabouts are unknown, most states permit the plaintiff to give constructive

notice by either posting an announcement of the suit on property known to be

owned by the defendant, or by publishing the notice in a local newspaper. Even if

the defendant never sees the notice (or, at least, if it can not be proven that the

defendant saw it), the court will go forward with the case as though the defendant

was fully aware of the proceedings. In such a case, however, the defendant can

later challenge the jurisdiction of the court to hear the case, at which time the

plaintiff usually has to prove that he tried to effect service of process by other

means, and was unable to do so. A "lis pendens" notice is a document filed in the

public records which, according to the laws of many states, provides constructive

notice of pending litigation which could affect title to the property.

Various forms of constructive notice have been challenged in the United States

Supreme Court as violating due process. While the Court has generally upheld

such practices, there have been some exceptions to this in which the court has

held that notice must be reasonably calculated to reach known parties to a

proceeding.

ACTUAL NOTICES:

Actual notice is a law term, used most frequently in civil procedure. It is notice

(usually to a defendant in a civil proceeding) delivered in such a way as to give

legally sufficient assurance that actual knowledge of the matter has been

conveyed to the recipient. Personal service, that is, physically handing something

to an individual, is usually considered the least-disputable method of giving

actual notice.

Actual notice may be contrasted with constructive notice, which is a way of giving

notice that may not immediately bring the matter to the attention of the individual

that is intended to receive the notice. Constructive notice includes, among other

methods, service on an agent or family member, service by posting (on the front

door), and service by publication (as in a newspaper).

FORMAT OF NOTICE

Date:

Place:

Body: What, where, when, how, how

Name: (Official seal)

(Designation)

And the above should be enclosed in a box.

TYPES OF CIRCULARS

Academics

Administration

Accounts

Training

Pay Commision

Admission

Events

Miscellaneous