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Communicated Emotion and Reciprocity
Disappointment versus Anger
Communicated Emotion and Reciprocity
Disappointment versus Anger
Wubben, M.J.J., De Cremer, D., and Van Dijk, E. (2009). How emotion communication guides reciprocity: Establishing
cooperation through disappointment and anger. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 987-990.
Summary by Karina Muro, Whitney Justice and Elise Sisson
Wubben, M.J.J., De Cremer, D., and Van Dijk, E. (2009). How emotion communication guides reciprocity: Establishing
cooperation through disappointment and anger. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 987-990.
Summary by Karina Muro, Whitney Justice and Elise Sisson
VideoVideo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bRjnUqzseU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bRjnUqzseU&feature=related
IntroductionIntroduction Emotions are critical in establishing and
maintaining cooperation. Anger may force cooperation by announcing
retaliation, but can also backfire, yielding mutual defection
Disappointment addresses defection without communicating retaliation
Hypothesis: Reciprocal actions will more successfully establish cooperation when one responds to defection with disappointment instead of anger.
Emotions are critical in establishing and maintaining cooperation.
Anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, but can also backfire, yielding mutual defection
Disappointment addresses defection without communicating retaliation
Hypothesis: Reciprocal actions will more successfully establish cooperation when one responds to defection with disappointment instead of anger.
Participants 97 Undergrads (22% male)
Average age = 20 yrs Participated for $5.00 or course credit Randomly assigned to disappointment, anger, or
no-emotion condition
Method Participants started with 10 coins at beginning of
every trial Told that they and their “partner” had to
simultaneously decide how many coins to donate to the other Coins kept were worth less than coins donated
Told that they or their “partner” could send emotion messages every three rounds
Afterwards, completed a questionnaire about behavioral impression of their “partner”
Participants 97 Undergrads (22% male)
Average age = 20 yrs Participated for $5.00 or course credit Randomly assigned to disappointment, anger, or
no-emotion condition
Method Participants started with 10 coins at beginning of
every trial Told that they and their “partner” had to
simultaneously decide how many coins to donate to the other Coins kept were worth less than coins donated
Told that they or their “partner” could send emotion messages every three rounds
Afterwards, completed a questionnaire about behavioral impression of their “partner”
ResultsResults Cooperation increased faster when disappointment as opposed to anger or no emotion was communicated.
People perceived their partner more positively when disappointment was communicated as opposed to anger
Disappointed partners were perceived as more forgiving than retaliatory
Angry partners were perceived as more retaliatory
Cooperation increased faster when disappointment as opposed to anger or no emotion was communicated.
People perceived their partner more positively when disappointment was communicated as opposed to anger
Disappointed partners were perceived as more forgiving than retaliatory
Angry partners were perceived as more retaliatory
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
1st Trial 2ndTrial
3rd Trial4th Trial
Disappointment
No Emotion
Anger
Fig. 1. Number of donated coins after each trial
ConclusionConclusion Anger thus risks escalation, whereas
disappointment emphasizes the possibility of obtaining better outcomes
Disappointment emphasizes potential forgiveness More likely to establish mutually beneficial
relationship Anger evoked anger
Participants also had a more negative impression of partner
Anger thus risks escalation, whereas disappointment emphasizes the possibility of obtaining better outcomes
Disappointment emphasizes potential forgiveness More likely to establish mutually beneficial
relationship Anger evoked anger
Participants also had a more negative impression of partner
Critical ReviewCritical Review
Main Points
Communicated disappointment elicited cooperation faster than anger or no emotion
Disappointment was perceived in a more positive light than anger or no emotion
Main Points
Communicated disappointment elicited cooperation faster than anger or no emotion
Disappointment was perceived in a more positive light than anger or no emotion
Objections• 80 % Particpants = 20 year old Females
• Disappointment may not always elicit cooperation faster than anger
Test QuestionsTest Questions 1. In the study by M.J.J. Wubben et al. (2009), angry partners were perceived as more
_________.a. Positiveb. Retaliatoryc. Emotionless d. Cooperative
2. Disappointed partners were perceived as more ________. a. Forgiving
b. Negativec. Angryd. Emotionless
3. _________ is likely a behavioral adaptation because it promotes cooperation by having cooperators retaliate against defectors. a. Emotion b. Mutual defection c. Reciprocity d. Antagonism
T/F: Disappointment is always more effective in inducing cooperation. T/F: Communicated anger can evoke cooperation T/F: Unconditional cooperators are vulnerable to exploitation by defectors.
1. In the study by M.J.J. Wubben et al. (2009), angry partners were perceived as more _________.
a. Positiveb. Retaliatoryc. Emotionless d. Cooperative
2. Disappointed partners were perceived as more ________. a. Forgiving
b. Negativec. Angryd. Emotionless
3. _________ is likely a behavioral adaptation because it promotes cooperation by having cooperators retaliate against defectors. a. Emotion b. Mutual defection c. Reciprocity d. Antagonism
T/F: Disappointment is always more effective in inducing cooperation. T/F: Communicated anger can evoke cooperation T/F: Unconditional cooperators are vulnerable to exploitation by defectors.
