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Common travel diseases. Minus malaria and dengue. Guess that disease!. Patient presents with abdominal pain and a fever. Patient is a sheep farmer. O/E – hepatomegaly , jaundice. Remembering Murphy’s punch test wrong, you decide to punch the liver. Why is this a horrendous idea?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Common travel diseasesMinus malaria and dengue
Guess that
disease!
Patient presents with abdominal pain and a fever.
Patient is a sheep farmer. O/E – hepatomegaly, jaundice. Remembering Murphy’s punch test
wrong, you decide to punch the liver. Why is this a horrendous idea?
Patient complains of fever. . As well as these little things. Diarrhoea – blood, mucus. Urination is now painful and is a strange
colour. Recently been swimming in malawi. Diagnosis – eggs in urine or faeces Mangement – praziquantel, molluscides
Patient comes in with an ulcer on his foot.
What else may they have? Splenomegaly, pancytopenia. Why?
Epidemiology Affects 3-5 million per year, 100,000-130,000 deaths,
mainly developing world Symptoms
Asymptomatic, severe diarrhoea with rice water stools (watery flecks of mucus), no blood, vomiting, abdominal cramping
Pathogenesis Attaches and colonises small intestine – releases a toxin
which leads to increased chloride secretion and decreased sodium absorption
Prevention Antibiotic prophylaxis, vaccine (only some strains)
Treatment Fluid management, antimicrobidal therapy, zinc
supplemenation Disease
Cholera
Epidemiology Africa, South America, Asia 16-33 mill per year, 216,000 deaths
Symptoms Encephalitic – hydrophobia, aerophobia, pharyndeal spasms, hyperactivity Paralytic – quadriparesis, sphincter involvement, cerebral involvement late Non-classical – neuropathic pain, motor/sensory deficits, choreiform
movements, cranial nerve palsies etc.. Pathogenesis
Virus deposited in wound, travels form the periphery to the dorsal root ganglia then to the brain.
Prefentially localise in the brain stem, thalamus, basal ganglia, spinal cord, then from neural pathways to other organs
Prevention Don’t get bitten, pre-exposure prohphylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis
Treatment With one exception, no patient who has been exposed and has not been
vaccinated has survived. Incubation period ranges several days to a year
Disease Rabies
Epidemiology Equatorial Africa, northern parts of South America
Symptoms Subclinical Abortive, nonspecific febrile illness without jaundice Fever, jaundice, renal failure, hemorrhage
Pathogenesis Single stranded RNA virus, transferred via mosquito. Replication begins at site of innoculation spreads through lymphatics –
monocytes, macrophages preferred. Liver – Councilman bodies, apoptosis – midzone of liver Renal – eosinophilic degeneration, fatty change of renal tubular
epithelium without inflammation Late phase – circulatory shock – cytokine dysregulation Symptoms 3-6 days after bite
Prevention Vaccination (not < 9 months), don’t get bitten
Treatment No specific anti-viral. Symptomatic treatment.
Disease Yellow fever
Epidemiology Mexico, Nepal, Indian, Pakistan, South-East Asia,
Latin America, Middle East, Central Africa Symptoms
Abdominal cramps, frequent diarrhoea with loose, watery bowel motions, possible vomiting
Pathogenesis Shigella, campylobater, Ecoli, salmonella infection Usually mild, lasts 2 to 3 days. Rare for over 5 days.
Prevention If you can’t peel it, boil it or cook it don’t eat it.
Treatment Hydration, antimotility agents, antibiotic, hospital
Disease Traveller’s diarrhoea
Epidemiology Especially – Nepal, Mongolia, Vietnam, parts of
Africa and Asia Symptoms
Fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, rash Pathogenesis
Sepsis – meininges is first, infected fluid then passes into the spinal cord causing the other systems
Prevention Antimicrobial prophylaxis,
Treatment Appropriate antibiotic, shock management,
glucocorticoids, sepsis treatment Disease
Meningococcal infection
Epidemiology Africa, South America, Asia 16-33 mill per year, 216,000 deaths
Symptoms Abdominal pain, fever, chills, constitutional symptoms,
hepatosplenomegaly Pathogenesis
Salmonella typhi (only human reservoir) In small intestines access submucoa via M-cell, or direct
penetration into the epithelial cel Proliferate – hyertrophy, immune response, later on necrosis. Able
to spread via blood and lymphatics Eventually resides in monocyte or tissue macrophages in liver,
spleen, bone marrow Prevention
Vaccine Treatment
Fluid management, antimicrobidal therapy Disease
Typhoid
Epidemiology Asia 50,000 cases per year
Symptoms Acute encephalitis (headache, fever, confusion ,drowsiness,
fatigue) Fever, diarrhoea, rigors, headahce, vomitng, weakness,
mental status changes, neurological defects Pathogenesis
Enzootic cycle, mosquitos, pigs, wading birds That is all I got…
Prevention Vaccine
Treatment Control ICP, maintenance of cerebral perfusion seizure
control, no good anti-viral agent Disease
Japanese B encephalitis