Common Name: · PDF fileCommon Name: Genesis ... Genesis explains how sin began and corrupted man ... and opened the way to God by giving up his life as the final sacrifice in our

Common Name: Genesis

Testament: Old

When Written: 1445-1400 B.C. Late Bronze Age

Where Written: Egypt and Canaan

Why Written: Demonstrates God's Sovereignty and the Love God has for His creation.

Key Idea: The Beginnings and Ancestors of Israel's Faith

Key Verse: "And I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you in their

generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and your descendants after you." (Genesis 17:7)

Key People:

Adam, Eve, Cain, Abel, Noah, Abraham, Lot, Hagar, Ishmael, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, Laban, Rachel, Esau,

Joseph

Who Wrote the Book:

Several Old Testament and New Testament books name Moses as the author as well as Jewish tradition.

Intended Audience:

Children of Israel would later become the nation of Israel.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Genesis is the Middle East. Everything starts in ancient Mesopotamia and progresses from

there. The history recounted in Genesis stretches from Ur of the Chaldeans in what became ancient Babylon down

the Sinai Peninsula, through Palestine and into Egypt. If we were to name the three most prominent geographical

areas for the setting of Genesis it would include Mesopotamia, the Promised Land and Egypt.

Book Overview:

Genesis tells the story of God's purpose and plan for his creation. Genesis means beginning or origin and it explains

how everything started. As Genesis unfolds it gives us the record of the beginning of the world, human history, the

family unit, of civilization and of salvation. We see how God created the universe, how people, plants and animals

were created and placed in a perfect environment. Genesis explains how sin began and corrupted man and his world.

This book tells us how God began to unfold His plan of redemption for mankind. Genesis explains the beginning of

languages, arts and customs.

Genesis also discusses the emergence of other nations and the development of the Hebrew people and how the

nation of Israel was born starting with Abraham, then Isaac and Jacob. The book ends with the life of Joseph and his

family in Egypt where they grow in to a great people group. This is where the book of Exodus begins with the birth

of Israel as a nation. This book also explains pre and post flood conditions of mankind and the earth. The Book of

Genesis was written by Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, which is supported by both Biblical and extra biblical

evidence, along with Jewish and Christian history.

Common Name: Exodus

Testament: Old


Where Written: Egypt and Canaan

Why Written: Provide guidance for living a healthy life and to show God's faithfulness to His covenant and His

people.

Key Idea: Deliverance, Birth and Redemption

Key Verse: And God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM." And He said, "Thus you shall say to the children of Israel, 'I

AM has sent me to you.' " (Exodus 3:14)

Key People:

Moses, Joshua, Jethro, Miriam, Pharaoh, Aaron, Zipporah

Who Wrote the Book:

Old Testament scripture and Jewish tradition confirm Moses as the author.

Intended Audience:


Setting:

The setting for the story of Exodus is the southern portion of the Middle East, the northern portion of Egypt which

leads into the Sinai Peninsula and the southern part of Palestine. We see the stories of Moses dealing with the new

nation of Israel in the area of the Red Sea bordering modern day Jordan and Saudi Arabia.

Book Overview:

The Book of Exodus or the "Going Out", deals with the birth of Israel and their becoming a nation, while in Egypt the

family of Abraham grew into a mighty people after Joseph had brought his father, brothers and kin into the land of

Goshen. Four hundred years had passed since Joseph moved his family to Egypt and settled them in the fertile land

of Goshen between the Mediterranean and Red seas. These descendants of Abraham had now grown to over two

million strong and Egypt had a new pharaoh who did not know the Hebrews. Because the Hebrew's were foreigners,

their numbers became all the more frightening to the new Pharaoh. He became afraid that they were becoming

stronger than the Egyptian people. Pharaoh wanting to keep from upsetting his balance of power decided to make

them slaves. In what Pharaoh meant for harm God used for good as He raised up Moses to lead His people out of

the land of Egypt and back into the land of Canaan where they became the nation of Israel. We see God setting his

people apart from the other nations of the earth, while raising Moses up as a leader to take his people out of Egypt.

We need to keep in mind that when Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt he was near eighty years old, he was not

the young man so often pictured in movies and stories of today. It's in the Book of Exodus we see the famous stories

of the ten devastating plagues God sent upon Pharaoh and his people to humble Egypt and set his people free and

the story of the Ten Commandments along with God's plan for the Tabernacle and the renewing God's relationship

with his people. The story of Exodus ends with Joshua taking the mantle of leadership from Moses and leading the

nation of Israel across the Jordan River and into the land of Canaan.

Common Name: Leviticus Testament: Old


Where Written: Sinai and Canaan

Why Written: Instruction to the nation of Israel living under God's covenant.

Key Idea: Learning to walk with a Holy God

Key Verse: "Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, for I am the Lord your God. And you shall keep My

statutes, and perform them: I am the Lord who sanctifies you." (Leviticus 20:7-8)

Key People:

Moses, Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithmamar

Who Wrote the Book:

The concluding verse of the book identifies Moses as the author.

Intended Audience:

Nation of Israel as a whole; however specifically to the Levites and Priests.

Setting:

The setting for the Book of Leviticus is the foot of Mount Sinai, near the coast of the Red Sea. In this barren

landscape God is teaching His chosen people (nation of Israel) about Holy living and how to follow Him. The time

period is during the wilderness wonderings. The Book of Leviticus sets forth all of the laws and rituals required by the

Priests and Levites. The Levites were responsible for the care and maintenance of the Tabernacle.

Book Overview:

The name of the book was taken from the tribe of Levi; it was this tribe that God had chosen those responsible for

fulfilling the duties of the priesthood. The Book of Leviticus or Priesthood became the handbook or better yet the

book of rules for the priest to follow in the administration of their duties. The book gives the specific instructions for

animal and crop sacrifices, regulations regarding the nation's life in general. The rituals of sacrifice, festivals, special

days and special years are described Along with regulations for religious objects and ceremonies. The message of

Leviticus is the holiness of God. How can unholy people approach a holy God? The answer first sin must be dealt

with. Thus the opening chapters of Leviticus give detailed instructions for offering sacrifices, which were the active

symbols of repentance and obedience. Whether bulls, grain, goats, or sheep, the sacrificial offerings had to be

perfect, with no defects or bruises pictures of the ultimate sacrifice to come, Jesus, the Lamb of God. Jesus has come

and opened the way to God by giving up his life as the final sacrifice in our place. True worship and oneness with

God begin as we confess our sin and accept Christ as the only one who can redeem us from sin and help us

approach God.

Common Name: Numbers

Testament: Old


Where Written: Outside of Canaan's Borders

Why Written: As a reminder to Israel and us what we loose when we are in rebellion against God and His will for

us.

Key Idea: Developing Faith and Learning Obedience

Key Verse: "The Lord bless you and keep you; The Lord make His face shine upon you, And be gracious to you; The

Lord lift up His countenance upon you, And give you peace." (Numbers 6:24-26)

Key People:Moses, Aaron, Miriam, Joshua, Caleb, Korah, Balaam

Who Wrote the Book: Written in the final year of Moses' life, both Old and New Testament as well as Jewish

tradition refer to Moses as the author.

Intended Audience:


Setting:

Numbers takes place in the southern portion of Sinai Peninsula in the surrounding desert and region including the

lands south and east of Canaan, on up toward the borders of Edom. This journey places the nation of Israel not on

the Westside of Palestine near the Mediterranean Sea but instead on the east side of the Jordan River as they move

from Sinai into the area of Southern Palestine, Edom and Moab. Here all those men capable of going to war twenty

years of age and older numbered.

Book Overview:

As the Book of Numbers begins we see the nation of Israel was encamped at the foot of Mount Sinai. The people had

received God's laws and were preparing to move. A census was taken to determine the number of men fit for military

service. Next, the people were set apart for God. God was making the people; both spiritually and physically, ready

to receive their inheritance. But then the complaining began. First, the people complained about the food. Next, it

was over Moses' authority. God punished some people but spared the nation because of Moses' prayers. The nation

then arrived at Kadesh, and spies were sent into Canaan to assess its strength. Ten returned with fearful stories of

giants. Only Caleb and Joshua encouraged them to "go at once to take the land" (13:30). The minority report fell on

deaf ears full of the ominous message of the majority. Because of their unbelief, God declared that the present

generation would not live to see the Promised Land. Thus the "wanderings" began. During these wilderness

wanderings there was a continuous pattern of grumbling, defiance, discipline, and death. How much better it would

have been to have trusted God and entered his land! Then the terrible waiting began waiting for the old generation

to die off and waiting to see if the new generation could faithfully obey God. The Book of Numbers has two basic

sections these include the census which occurs in chapters one through four of the first generation of Hebrews who

left Egypt, the second section deals with the numbering of the second generation of Hebrews who will actually move

into the Holy Land.

Common Name: Deuteronomy

Testament: Old


Where Written: Plains of Moab

Why Written: A reminder to God's chosen people Israel, of what He expects from them.

Key Idea: Walking in Love

Key Verse: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart,

with all your soul, and with all your strength." (Deuteronomy 6:4-5)

Key People: Moses, Joshua, King Og, King, Sihon, Twelve Spies,

Who Wrote the Book: The book itself testifies that Moses is the author.

Intended Audience: Nation of Israel as a reminder of what God had done for them.

Setting:

Deuteronomy takes place on the east side of the Jordan River within site of Canaan and the Promised Land the

Israelites are encamped in the area of Moab just east of the Jordan River. Moses has been forbidden by God to enter

the Promise Land and it will fall to Joshua to lead the people west across the river and into the land of Palestine of

Canaan. Deuteronomy recaps the historical accounts of the first four Books of the Bible.

Book Overview:

The Book of Deuteronomy covers a series of sermons or speeches given by Moses to the people of Israel while

encamped on the edge of Canaan. It provides a recap for the people of Israel of how God brought them out of Egypt

and delivered them from their enemies, while providing for their needs in the desert wilderness. Moses calls Israel to

remember who God is and what he has done. Lacking faith, the old generation had wandered for 40 years and died

in the wilderness. They left Egypt behind, but never knew the Promised Land. Then on the east bank of the Jordan

River, Moses prepared the sons and daughters of that faithless generation to possess the land. After a brief history

lesson emphasizing God's great acts on behalf of his people, Moses reviewed the law. Then he restated the covenant

God's contract with his people. Moses then hands leadership over to Joshua the next generation who will lead God's

people into the promise land. Moses concludes his exhortations to the people with a description and a renewal of the

covenant between God and His people Israel. Moses instructs the Levites to recite the curses for those who reject

God's Law; they do so while positioned on the barren hillside on Mount Ebal. Moses next has the Levites position

themselves on the lush green hillside of Mount Gerizim and recites the rich blessings for those who accept in their

hearts and follow God's law. After this Moses then challenges the people to renew their commitment to God and His

Laws.

Common Name: Joshua

Testament: Old


Where Written: Canaan

Why Written: To encourage and strengthen the people to be faithful and courageous in serving the Lord.

Key Idea: Choices of a Nation

Key Verse: "Only be strong and very courageous, that you may observe to do according to all the law which Moses

My servant commanded you; do not turn from it to the right hand or to the left, that you may prosper wherever you

go." (Joshua 1:7)

Key People: Joshua, Two Spies, Rahab, Achan, Phinehas, Eleazar

Who Wrote the Book: The book itself does not name author Jewish tradition states Joshua who is most likely

given eye witness accounts. Some suggest Eleazar or his sons wrote final section.


Setting:

The Book of Joshua takes place in the Promised Land (Canaan), which is present day Israel including parts of Jordan

and Syria. The Israelites have moved up from the southern portion of Palestine, through the region of Moab and are

now crossing from the east side of the Jordan River into modern day Israel. As the nation of Israel follows the Lord

they will inherit and control what is today most of Palestine.

Book Overview:

The Israelites wondered in the desert for 40 years as they were lead by Moses. Israel had journeyed a circuitous

route through the wilderness; but not because they were following their leader. Instead they wandered because of

their failing faith; they had refused to obey God and to conquer Canaan. So God made them to wonder the desert

until the generation that refused to follow God all died out, then the next generation, God would allow to enter the

Promise Land. The Book of Joshua picks up with the new generation as they ready themselves to cross the Jordan

River and possess the land. Having distinguished himself as a man of faith and courage, Joshua was chosen by God

to be Moses' successor. The Book of Joshua records Joshua's leadership of the people of God as they finish their

march and conquer the Promised Land. We read about Joshua leading his people into the promise land, they fight

several battles as they begin to take possession of the land. However the people of Israel never fully take possession

of all that was promised them by God, instead the settle for less, not trusting in God; they fail to do all He had told

them to do. What we see evident within the Book of Joshua is the power and sovereignty of God. It is through faith

and obedience the Israelites conquer Canaan, as we read the story of battle after battle we see that the Israelites

never used the same tactic twice, instead each battle is different with the victory belonging to God. When they are

obedient they win and when they disobey they loose.

Common Name: Judges

Testament: Old

When Written: 1086-1004 B.C. Early Iron Age


Why Written: Reminder of the importance of faithfulness to the Lord and the consequences of sin personally and

nationally.

Key Idea: Compromise and Failure

Key Verse: "In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes." (Judges

21:25)

Key People: Deborah, Gideon, Samson, Othniel, Ehud, Abimelech, Delilah, Barak, Jotham, Shamgar

Who Wrote the Book: No author named; however Jewish tradition states Samuel wrote the book, also details

given including period before a king strongly suggest Samuel as author.


Setting:

The Book of Judges takes place in the land of Canaan later called Israel. The Israelites with God's help have

conquered the wicked nations which inhabited the land; however they failed to drive them out completely as the Lord

commanded. During the process the Israelites compromised and they disobeyed the word of God. They intermarried

and began to follow the ways of the nations they conquered. The setting for the book of Judges takes place in

through out the land of Palestine include modern day Israel, Syria and Jordan.

Book Overview:

The Book of Judges covers a period of approximately three hundred to four hundred years following the conquest of

the Canaanites. During this time leaders called Judges, who through the direction of God deliver the people from

their enemies and turn Gods people away from their sin and rule Israel through the direction of God. It's important to

note at this time Israel does not have a King over them instead God is their king and He speaks to His people

through men who will later collectively be known as Judges. The Judges were raised up by God which means they

did not come from a specific social class or family, and God would raise different people up at different times. Judges

is a book about heroes' twelve men and women who delivered Israel from its oppressors. These judges were not

perfect; in fact, they included an assassin, a sexually promiscuous man, and a person who broke all the laws of

hospitality. But they were all submissive to God, and God used them.

Common Name: Ruth

Testament: Old

When Written: 1046-1035 B.C. Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age


Why Written: As a demonstration of faitfulness, loyalty and love toward God and those who follow Him.

Key Idea: Picture of the Kinsman Redeemer

Key Verse: "But Ruth said: 'Entreat me not to leave you, Or to turn back from following after you; For wherever you

go, I will go; And wherever you lodge, I will lodge; Your people shall be my people, And your God, my God.'" (Ruth

1:16)

Key People: Ruth, Naomi, Boaz, Elimelech, Mahlon, Chilion, Orpah

Who Wrote the Book: Jewish tradition states Samuel wrote Ruth; however no scripture or external testimony

credit Samuel.


Setting:

The Book of Ruth reflects a time in Israel's history when people lived for the themselves, and did not follow after God

or His ways. The story of Ruth takes place in modern day Palestine, in the area surrounding the dead sea, near the

ancients cities of Jericho, Heshbon, Dibon, and Bethlehem in the countries of Judah of Moab.

Book Overview:

The Book of Ruth shows another side to the chaotic times when Judges ruled Israel, Ruth is a love story, that takes

place during the turbulent period of the Book of Judges. This is the story of Ruth a heathen girl from Moab, who

decided to stay with her mother-in-law Naomi after tragedy has struck their household. Ruth married one of the sons

of Elimelech and his wife Naomi; however Elimelech and both of his sons had died in Moab. Naomi then instructs her

daughters-in-law to leave and return to their mother's house because they can still have a life. Ruth, young woman

who still had the prospect of marriage to another man, had decided to return with Naomi to Bethlehem, rather then

leave her mother in law Ruth put her faith in God and did not want to return to the ways of her people. God then

rewarded Ruth with a husband Boaz; and Naomi was rewarded with a grandchild. This would become the family line

from which one of the greatest Kings of Israel would come.

Common Name: 1st Samuel

Testament: Old


Where Written: Israel and Judah

Why Written: Records the history of Israel and her first king.

Key Idea: Establishment of Israel's Kingdom

Key Verse: "Then Samuel said: 'Has the Lord as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, As in obeying the

voice of the Lord? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, And to heed than the fat of rams.'" (1st Samuel 15:22)

Key People: Eli, Hannah, Samuel, Saul, Jonathan, David, Abigail

Who Wrote the Book: Jewish tradition credits Samuel, Nathan or Gad; however Samuel's death is recorded in the

first book, also Nathan and Gad were prophets during David's reign and could not have been alive at the time of it's

writing to see the split of the kingdoms and the history recorded. The author is considered anonymous.


Setting:

The First Book of Samuel takes place in the land of modern day Israel in the area west of the Dead Sea. Along the

border of the Mediterranean Sea in the land of Canaan the Philistines rose to power and were in constant battle with

the Kings of Israel. Some of the key cities include Jerusalem, Ziklag, Mizpah, Shiloh and Gilgal.

Book Overview:

Originally in the Hebrew Scripture the first and second books of Samuel were just one book called the "Book of

Samuel", around 150 BC when the Hebrew Scripture was translated to Greek the Book of Samuel and Book of Kings

where brought together to form one continuous story of the Kingdoms of Israel. This one continuous story was then

divided in to four sections which became First, Second, Third and Fourth Kingdoms, these were later recombined into

first and second Samuel and first and second Kings. The first book of Samuel tells the story of Saul the first King of

Israel and David his successor and Samuel the last Judge of Israel. The name Samuel (Shmuwel in Hebrew) means

"heard by God" Samuel was a boy who was given to God by his mother, Hannah who had been barren and promised

God to dedicate her child to God's service. Samuel was destined to become one of the greatest leaders in the Old

Testament; he was a judge, a prophet, and a priest. God communicated directly to the prophets and they, in turn,

spoke to the people and God was the true King of Israel. Then Israel had sinned greatly by asking God for a king,

they no longer wanted to follow God's rule but instead wanted a king like the nations around them. God gave them

Saul and told them has long as their King follows and obeys God, his kingdom would reign forever. Samuel anointed

Saul with oil to be the first king of Israel. Saul was tall, handsome and brave; he was everything mankind looks for in

the outward appearance; however only God can see the hearts of man and Saul proved to be a dreadful spiritual

leader. He forsook God's directives and ignored the counsel of Samuel. Saul let the pride of life take over and Saul

forgot God. God then chose a new king; he was an unknown, the youngest son of a man named Jesse. His name

was David. Though David certainly had his shortcomings he was a man's after God's own heart and God used him

mightily to lead the nation into one of its greatest periods in ancient history.

Common Name: 2nd Samuel

Testament: Old


Where Written: Israel and Judah

Why Written: Records the history and of Israel and king David.

Key Idea: Establishment of Israel's Kingdom

Key Verse: "And I have been with you wherever you have gone, and have cut off all your enemies from before you,

and have made you a great name, like the name of the great men who are on the earth." (2nd Samuel 7:9)

Key People: Eli, Hannah, Samuel, Saul, Jonathan, David, Abigail

Who Wrote the Book:

Jewish tradition credits Samuel, Nathan or God; however Samuel's death is recorded in the first book, also Nathan

and Gad were prophets during David's reign and could not have been alive at the time of it's writing to see the split

of the kingdoms and the history recorded. The author is considered anonymous.


Setting:

The Second Book of Samuel takes place in modern day Palestine, through the ancient areas of Philistia, Canaan,

Ammon which are all modern day Israel, Jordan and Syria. Some of the actions take place in Jerusalem, Gath,

Hebron, Raba and Helam. We see the fall of Israel's first king Saul and the rise of it's greatest earthly king David.

Book Overview:

The Second Book of Samuel covers approximately forty years, which is, the bulk of David's reign over the nation of

Israel. The Second Book of Samuel covers the period from the death of Saul to the end of David's reign. Second

Samuel pretty much narrates David's reign as King and in some detail and explains how David was anointed King of

Israel after God took the kingdom away from Saul who refused to follow the Lord. It shows how David took the

thrown under opposition and the troubles David's family had as a result of David's sin. This book also shows how

even after sinning David would turn his heart again toward God and repent. David was truly close to God and he was

called the man after God's own heart (1Sam.13:14). David wrote many of the Psalms and was also a musician. After

capturing the Jebusite fortress called Jerusalem, David made it his capital city and the geographical base for his

empire as he began to free the surrounding countryside from the control of the Canaanites and Philistines. David's

kingdom eventually stretched from the borders of Egypt in the south to the Euphrates River in the north.

Common Name: 1st Kings

Testament: Old


Where Written: Babylon (During Jewish exile)

Why Written: As a reminder of the results of sin on our lives and nationally as a country.

Key Idea: Destruction of Israel's Kingdom

Key Verse: "Therefore give to Your servant an understanding heart to judge Your people, that I may discern

between good and evil..." (1st Kings 3:9a)

Key People: David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Jeroboam, Elijah, Elisha, Ahab, Jezebel, Asa, Ahaziah, Jehoshaphat

Who Wrote the Book:

Jeremiah is proposed by Jewish tradition; however Jeremiah never went to Babylon and the second book records

events there. Mostly likely the two books were written by Jeremiah and another unknown prophet since the books

have been written from a prophets perspective.


Setting:

The setting for the Book of 1st Kings is the land of Palestine and the great nation of Israel which is now a divided

kingdom. After the reign of Solomon, King David's son the kingdom divided both geographically and spiritually. With

the northern kingdom stretching from Samaria to Damascus and the southern kingdom stretching from Jerusalem to

Edom. This area covers modern day Israel, Jordan and Syria. First Kings covers the Assyrian exile of the northern

kingdom Israel.

Book Overview:

Originally in the Hebrew Scripture the first and second Kings were just one book then, around 150 BC when the

Hebrew Scripture was translated to Greek the Book of Samuel and Book of Kings where brought together to form

one continuous story of the Kingdoms of Israel. This one continuous story was then divided in to four sections which

became First, Second, Third and Fourth Kingdoms, these were later recombined into first and second Samuel and

first and second Kings. The First Book of Kings begins with the death of David and beginning of Solomon's reign, the

wisest man who ever lived and covers a period of approximately 350 years beginning with the end David's reign after

his death, and the beginning of King Solomon's rein his son and successor. As Solomon came to power, David

charged him to obey God's laws and to “follow all his ways” (2Sam 2:3). God told Solomon in a dream to ask what

God shall give him and when Solomon spoke he humbly asked for wisdom (2Sam 3:9). As a result, Solomon's reign

began with great success, including the construction of the Temple, his greatest achievement. This book gives a

description of Solomon and his wisdom and his kingdom. Also covers the construction of the first Temple in

Jerusalem, and the splitting of the kingdom to Israel in the north and Judah to the south. The book ends with the

Elijah's victory over the prophets of the false God Baal.

Common Name: 2nd Kings

Testament: Old



Why Written: Shows the God's love toward us as we follow Him in faithfulness.

Key Idea: Destruction of Israel's Kingdom

Key Verse: "Then Hezekiah prayed before the Lord, and said: 'O Lord God of Israel, the One who dwells between

the cherubim, You are God, You alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth. You have made heaven and earth.'" (2nd

Kings 19:15)

Key People: David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Jeroboam, Elijah, Elisha, Ahab, Jezebel, Asa, Ahaziah, Jehoshaphat

Who Wrote the Book: Jeremiah is proposed by Jewish tradition; however Jeremiah never went to Babylon and the

second book records events there. Mostly likely the two books were written by Jeremiah and another unknown

prophet since the books have been written from a prophets perspective.


Setting:

The setting for the Book of Second Kings is the land of Palestine and the great nation of Israel which is now a divided

kingdom. After the reign of Solomon, King David's son the kingdom divided both geographically and spiritually. With


Edom. This area covers modern day Israel, Jordan and Syria. Second Kings covers the southern kingdom of Judah up

till the time of the Babylonian exile.

Book Overview:

Originally in the Hebrew Scripture first and second Kings were just one book then, around 150 BC when the Hebrew

Scripture was translated to Greek the Book of Samuel as well as the Book of Kings where brought together to form

one continuous story of the Kingdoms of Israel. The Greek translation of the Hebrew scripture was called the

Septuagint LXX which was the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament. The books of First and Second Kings

were called the Third and Fourth Book of Kingdoms. The books of 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, and 1 Kings provide the

necessary backdrop of historical events which preceded 2 Kings. And 2 Kings picks up where 1 Kings left off, at the

end of Ahaziah's reign. The book of 2 Kings covers a period of 250 years approximately, a time period during which

Israel suffers national tragedies, the first is when northern kingdom of Israel is destroyed in 772 BC by the Assyrians

and second the in 586 BC when the southern kingdom of Judah was destroyed by the Babylonians. This book covers

some detail of the reigning kings of the time with spiritual significance given to their actions. Throughout this period

both good and bad kings ruled the land, which saw both prosperity and ruin. During this period God is sending

prophets to warn and direct Israel and her kings in order to warn them of coming trouble in order for the people to

repent and turn again toward God.

Common Name: 1st Chronicles

Testament: Old

When Written: 450-425 B.C. Persian Period

Where Written: Judah

Why Written: As encouragement to the remnant left in Israel.

Key Idea: Responsibility of Obeying Gods Covenant

Key Verse: "And Jabez called on the God of Israel saying, 'Oh, that You would bless me indeed, and enlarge my

territory, that Your hand would be with me, and that You would keep me from evil, that I may not cause pain" So

God granted him what he requested.'" (1st Chronicles 4:10)

Key People: David, Solomon, Samuel, Joab, Abishai, Asahel

Who Wrote the Book: Jewish tradition states Ezra wrote Chronicles and there is no internal scriptural evidence or

external testimony to conclude otherwise.


Setting:

The setting for the First Book of Chronicles is the land of Palestine and the great nation of Israel the book covers the

reign of King David and ends with the anointing of Solomon as David's heir to the throne. During the Book of First

Chronicles Israel is a united kingdom and as the book ends Solomon is transitioning into power as the new king of

Israel.

Book Overview:

1st and 2nd Chronicles was written from a priest's point of view, beginning with the genealogies of king David's

family, and tribe of Levite which oversaw the priestly duties, from there Chronicles follows with the death of Saul,

and David's ascension to the thrown, with emphasis given the nations spiritual affairs and ending with Solomon being

anointed king over Israel. Like the Book of Samuel and the Book of Kings Chronicles was originally written as one

book and then after the Greek translation was completed eventually became two books. In 1st Chronicles details of

the religion of Judah are given for historical perspective. In 1st Chronicles the northern kingdom is virtually ignored,

David's triumphs not his sins are recalled and the Temple is given great prominence as the vital center of national

life. First Chronicles begins with Adam, and for nine chapters, the writer gives us a "Who's Who" of Israel's history

with special emphasis on David's royal line. The rest of the book tells the story of David the great man of God,

Israel's king who served God and laid out the plans for the construction and worship in the Temple. First Chronicles is

an invaluable supplement to 2nd Samuel and a strong reminder of the necessity for tracing our roots and thus

rediscovering our spiritual foundation. As you read 1st Chronicles trace your own godly heritage, thank God for your

spiritual forefathers, and recommit yourself to passing on God's truth to the next generation.

Common Name: 2nd Chronicles

Testament: Old



Why Written: Demonstration of the God's blessing as a result of our faithfulness to the Lord.

Key Idea: Responsibility of Obeying Gods Covenant

Key Verse: "But as for us, the Lord is our God, and we have not forsaken Him..." (2nd Chronicles 13:10a)

Key People: David, Solomon, Samuel, Joab, Abishai, Asahel

Who Wrote the Book: Jewish tradition states Ezra wrote Chronicles and there is no internal scriptural evidence or

external testimony to conclude otherwise.


Setting:

The setting is the land of Palestine and the great nation of Israel we will watch as the united powerful kingdom of

Israel under Solomon after his death becomes a divided kingdom, divided both geographically and spiritually, with


Edom. This are covers modern day Israel, Jordan and Syria. The book covers the fall, Babylonian exile and the return

from exile.

Book Overview:

2nd Chronicles continues with the history of Judah that begun in 1st Chronicles and deals with the glory Solomon's

kingdom emphasizing the Temple and it's importance. This book covers briefly the remaining history of Judah with

special attention paid to the religious affairs of the nation. Hezekiah is mentioned because of the long spiritual

awakening that took place during his rein, from there the destruction of the Jerusalem and their captivity is

discussed, the book ends with the Persian king allowing the Jewish people to return from exile.

Common Name: Ezra

Testament: Old



Why Written: Documents the history of Israel's return from exile and the rebuilding of the Temple.

Key Idea: Re-Learning Gods Word Which Brings Revival

Key Verse: "And they sang responsively, praising and giving thanks to the Lord: 'For He is good, For His mercy

endures forever toward Israel.' Then all the people shouted with a great shout, when they praised the Lord, because

the foundation of the house of the Lord was laid." (Ezra 3:11)

Key People: Artaxerxes 1 (Darius 1), Ezra, Cyrus, Zerubbabel, Haggai, Zechariah

Who Wrote the Book: Jewish tradition and internal perspective point to Ezra as the author. Also it's possible that

Ezra wrote both Ezra and Nehemiah and that they were originally one book.


Setting:

Ezra follows the Book of 2nd Chronicles as the history of the Jewish nation and her people unfolds. This book records

their return to the land after the Babylonian captivity. Zerubbabel led the first return to Jerusalem in 538 B.C. Ezra

led the second return in 458 B.C., Then in 445 B.C. Nehemiah returned with the third group of exiles to rebuild the

city walls. The setting for this book starts in ancient Babylon and travels across what is today the Middle East ending

in the city of Jerusalem.

Book Overview:

In 539 B.C. Cyrus King of Persia defeated the Babylonian Empire and allowed the Jews to return to their homeland.

There were a total of three groups which returned to Jerusalem. They were led by Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Nehemiah.

Ezra's group went in 457 B.C., Nehemiah came later as governor in 444 B.C. The Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and

Esther cover about 100 years (536-432 B.C.). The book of Ezra talks about the return of Israelites from exile back to

Jerusalem and the land of Palestine, from their captivity in Babylon. The first group that returned from captivity

begun the rebuilding of the temple; but then left off the rebuilding to attend to their day to day lives, though through

much struggle they finally succeeded in rebuilding the temple, this book describes parts of Ezra's life in detail and

shows us how often he prayed to God on the behalf of the people of Israel. Ezra was a priest, a scribe, and a great

leader. His name means "help," and his whole life was dedicated to serving God and God's people. Ezra not only

knew God's Word, he believed and obeyed it. Upon learning of the Israelites' sins of intermarriage and idolatry, Ezra

fell in humility before God and prayed for the nation (Ezr 9:1-15). Their disobedience touched him deeply (Ezr 10:1).

His response helped lead the people back to God.

Common Name: Nehemiah

Testament: Old



Why Written: Documents the history of the Israel's return from exile and the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem.

Key Idea: Honoring God through Dedicated Service

Key Verse: "Then he said to them, 'Go your way, eat the fat, drink the sweet, and send portions to those for whom

nothing is prepared; for this day is holy to our Lord. Do not sorrow, for the joy of the Lord is your strength.'"

(Nehemiah 8:10)

Key People: Nehemiah, Ezra, Sanballat, Artaxerxes, Tobiah, Ezra

Who Wrote the Book: Both Jewish and Christian tradition state Ezra was the author, also both the Septuagint and

Vulgate recognize the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book. However Ezra most likely used material drawn from

Nehemiah's personal notes or diary to complete this section of scripture.


Setting:

Zerubbabel led the first return to Jerusalem in 538 B.C. Ezra led the second return in 458 B.C., Then in 445 B.C.

Nehemiah returned with the third group of exiles to rebuild the city walls. The setting for this book is the city of

Jerusalem as Nehemiah concerned for Jerusalem and its people when he hears about the condition of the city, gets

the Persian Kings permission and support to return and rebuild the walls of the once great city.

Book Overview:

The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah was originally one book, which was later divided into two and named 1 Ezra and 2

Ezra, later the book of 2 Ezra became known as the book of Nehemiah based on its content. Nehemiah continues the

story begun by Ezra, and explains some of the details of daily life in the newly established community. Times of trial

in any nation require leadership under God, what we see in the story of Nehemiah is gifted leadership in someone

who put their faith in God and His guidance. Nehemiah held a prominent position in the court of the Persian king; he

was the "Cup Bearer" or adviser to the king, despite this Nehemiah placed his trust in God and went back to help his

people rebuild Jerusalem and the wall surrounding the city. The story focuses on the rebuilding of the wall around

Jerusalem and the problems the people faced both inside and outside the nation it's self and how they had to finally

confess their sins and repent before the project was completed.

Common Name: Esther

Testament: Old


Where Written: Persia

Why Written: As a reminder that despite the actions of others and our circumstances God is in control and

determines the course of nations.

Key Idea: God Sovereignty and Divine Providence

Key Verse: "For if you remain completely silent at this time, relief and deliverance will arise for the Jews from

another place, but you and your father's house will perish. Yet who knows whether you have come to the kingdom

for such a time as this?" (Esther 4:14)

Key People: Ahasuerus (Xerxes I), Vashti, Mordecai, Esther, Haman

Who Wrote the Book: Mordecai, Nehemiah, Ezra have been suggested because the author shows a detailed

knowledge of both Persian and Hebrew customs. Also the author seems to posses familiarity with the Persian palace

at Shushan.


Setting:

The setting for Ester is approximately 30 years before the events of Nehemiah take place. The story its self is set in

the Persian Empire and most of the action takes place in the king's palace at Susa the Persian Capital. Susa of

Shushan is situated east of Babylon near the Persian Gulf or modern day al-Basrah, within what was then the Medo-

Persian Empire.

Book Overview:

The events of Ester take place during the reign of Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) in 486-465 B.C.; he was the son of the

Persian King Darius who defeated the Babylonians. Xerxes at the beginning of his reign takes his armies against the

Greeks for the first time. After his defeat against Greece he retired to Shushan (Susa) one of the four capitals of the

Persian Empire. In 483 B.C. Xerxes threw an extravagant celebration at the palace in order to celebrate his

accomplishments. Xerxes's empire ranged from India to Ethiopia and consisted of twenty satrapies, each of which

was divided into many provinces. Jerusalem was just a small city located within his vast empire. It was ten years

later in 473 B.C. that Xerxes executes evil Haman one of his officials for his plot against the Jews. The Book of Esther

tells us of the story of Esther; a young Jewish girl who was brought up by her older cousin Mordecai. The book of

Esther begins with Queen Vashti refusing to obey an order from her husband, King Xerxes. She was subsequently

banished, and the search began for a new queen. The king sent out a decree to gather together all the beautiful

women in the empire and bring them into the royal harem. Esther, a young Jewish woman, was one of those chosen

to be in the royal harem. King Xerxes was so pleased with Esther that he made her his queen. From there we see the

story of an ambitious Haman eager to gain power and authority and how he plots to kill Mordecai and all the Jews.

Haman an evil official was insulted after Mordecai failed to bow down to him, so he plotted to kill not only Mordecai

but the entire Jewish peoples; Esther intervened to save her cousin and her people. A feast called Purim, which is still

celebrated to this day, marks this remarkable deliverance of the Jews.

Common Name: Job

Testament: Old

When Written: Unknown Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age

Where Written: Mesopotamia (Land of Uz)

Why Written: Shows us the sovereignty of God and how to remain faithful through persecution, suffering and loss.

Key Idea: In Tribulation Placing our Trust in God

Key Verse: "For I know that my Redeemer lives, and He shall stand at last on the earth; And after my skin is

destroyed, this I know, That in my flesh I shall see God." (Job 19:25-26)

Key People: Job, Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shiite, Zophar the Naamathite, Elihu the Buzite, Job's wife

Who Wrote the Book: Author is unknown; however Jewish tradition suggests Moses wrote Job, in addition the

land of Uz was adjacent to Midian where Moses lived for forty years and the time frame is the same. Also there is a

similarity of content with Ecclesiastes which could indicate Solomon wrote the book.


Setting:

The setting is in the land of Uz, or the northern part of modern day Palestine; most likely in the area of Syria today.

The story takes place during the time of the patriarchs approx. 2000-1800 B.C. This was a farming community where

wealth was judged by the number of livestock, crops and servants owned by any one person.

Book Overview:

The Book of Job takes place during the patriarchal age, though the exact time is not known, many believe that Job

lived at the same time as Abraham. What we do know is it was a long time after Noah and the flood and possibly

during the time of Abraham. Job lived in the Land of Uz which was located somewhere between Palestine and Arabia

possibly modern day Syria. The Book of Job is considered one long poem that deals with one of the age old

questions of why do bad things happen to good people when there is a God in heaven powerful enough to stop it?

The book begins with speeches given by Job's three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar; each one is trying to explain

the reasons behind Job's suffering; with a fourth man Elihu summarizing the situation, and providing a fourth

possible explanation of the causes of Job's problems. Job was a devout man, trusting in God, Job was also successful

and had a large family, the story picks up after tragedy befalls Job and he looses his wealth, prestige, his children

and his health. We see the scene changing from heaven to earth and back, as we see Satan the accuser of man in

front of God questioning Job's motives for following God. Near the end the Lord himself speaks to Job and his friends

and it is after this that Job finally realizes we do not always need explanations for why things happen; but we always

need God. And God restores Job with more than he had before the trials.

Common Name: Psalms

Testament: Old

When Written: 1410-430 B.C. Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age

Where Written: Ancient Israel

Why Written: Demonstration of worshiping and praising God.

Key Idea: Our Relationship and Communication with God

Key Verse: "My mouth shall speak the praise of the Lord, And all flesh shall bless His holy name Forever and ever."

(Psalms 145:21)

Key People: David, Solomon

Who Wrote the Book: God is the ultimate author especially when the content is considered; however from a

human perspective David wrote the majority along with psalms from Korah, Asaph, Solomon, Heman, Ethan, Moses

and others.


Setting:

Though not written or intended for historical narrative, they do however often parallel historical events especially for

those written by David during his flight from Saul. The setting is the land of Palestine including the modern day

Israel, Palestine and Syria. The Book of Psalms is about Praises to God and the word Psalm means Praise.

Book Overview:

Psalms was popular even during its own time; it shows h the many ways believers over the century related to God.

In this collection we find joy, sorrow, anger, calm, doubt, faith, repentance and praise. There are recollections of the

past and present struggles along with visions for future hope. In many places through out this book we see pictures

and direct reference to Jesus Christ, God's messiah in both his suffering and glory. The book of Psalms was used

much like the Hymn book is used today and indeed many of today's popular songs take their verses from the book of

Psalms.

Common Name: Proverbs

Testament: Old


Where Written: Israel

Why Written: Edification to all of God's people, providing wisdom and guidance in our day to day lives.

Key Idea: Principles and Instruction for Life

Key Verse: "Trust in the Lord with all your heart, And lean not on your own understanding; nn all your ways

acknowledge Him, And He shall direct your paths." (Proverbs 3:5-6)

Key People: Solomon

Who Wrote the Book: Jewish tradition states Solomon created and compiled the list of his writings and the

writings of others.


Setting:

The setting for the Book of Proverbs is during the period of the early kingdom of Israel, before the division of Israel

into the northern and southern kingdoms. During this period in time the kingdom of Israel encompassed the largest

geographical area ever in its history, covering the majority of modern day Palestine. Under the rule of King David and

then King Solomon the nation of Israel was truly in its golden period, a period we will see again when Christ returns

to establish His kingdom.

Book Overview:

Proverbs gives us practical instructions for successful living, and shows intimate personal wisdom as well as common

sense given by God along with special wisdom, and that both play an important role in daily life. The book deals with

numerous matters including child discipline, social justice, foolish talk and money. Proverbs conclude with a

description of the characteristics of an outstanding wife.

Common Name: Ecclesiastes Testament: Old


Where Written: Jerusalem (Judah)

Why Written: Reminder to all of God's people of the futility of finding wisdom outside of God and His word and the

emptiness of a life spent seeking after what the world has to offer.

Key Idea: Joy in Godly Living

Key Verse: "Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God and keep His commandments, For this is

man's all. For God will bring every work into judgment, Including every secret thing, Whether good or evil."

(Ecclesiastes 12:13-14)

Key People: Solomon

Who Wrote the Book: The autobiographical style of the book points to Solomon as well as direct references to

Solomon within the scripture itself.

Intended Audience: Nation of Israel as a reminder of what God had done for them and Solomon's subjects in

particular.

Setting:

The setting for the Book of Ecclesiastes is during the period of the early kingdom of Israel, before the division of

Israel into the northern and southern kingdoms. During this period in time the kingdom of Israel encompassed the

largest geographical area ever in its history, covering the majority of modern day Palestine. Under the rule of King

David and then King Solomon the nation of Israel was truly in its golden period, a period we will see again when

Christ returns to establish His kingdom.

Book Overview:

The Book of Ecclesiastes, Solomon's written sermon, is an analysis of life's experiences and a critical essay about

life's true meaning. Ecclesiastes displays the dark philosophy of a person who try's to look for peace aside from God,

only to in the end realize how futile the effort was. Solomon takes us on a reflective journey through his life,

explaining how everything he had tried, tested, or tasted had been meaningless, useless, irrational, pointless, foolish,

and empty in general an exercise in futility. And finally comes to the conclusion that the solution to life's puzzle is to

fear God and obey his commands for this is the duty of every person (Ecc 12:13). Leading up to that conclusion we

are given pictures and wise sayings each one portraying the futility of life without God. Wealth, wisdom, popularity

and pleasure are counted as meaningless, and that only when people turn from this world and seek God and his

guidance will they find true peace. When Solomon became king, he asked God for wisdom (2 Chronicles 1:7-12), and

he became the wisest person ever to live. Solomon was so wise that Kings and leaders from other nations came to

Jerusalem to learn from him. But with all of his knowledge, wisdom and practical insight, Solomon failed to take his

own advice, and he began a spiritual and moral decline. Near the end of his life, Solomon looked back with an

attitude of humility and repentance. He took stock of his life, hoping to spare his readers the bitterness of learning

through personal experience that everything apart from God is empty, hollow, and meaningless.

Common Name: Song of Songs

Testament: Old


Where Written: Jerusalem (Judah)

Why Written: Illustration of the love God intended for marriage between a husband and wife, living in faithfulness

to God.

Key Idea: Loving Communion

Key Verse: "Many waters cannot quench love, Nor can the floods drown it. If a man would give for love All the

wealth of his house, It would be utterly despised." (Song Of Solomon 8:7)

Key People: Solomon, The Shulamite Woman

Who Wrote the Book: Solomon the author is named within the book itself.


Setting:

Setting for the story is the Shulamite woman's garden and the king's palace. During the story we see geographical

places referenced through the love story. Several of places mentioned are located in central Israel or modern day

Palestine. Some of the areas mentioned include Jerusalem, Heshbon, Shunem, Damascus, Mt. Carmel, and Mt.

Hermon.

Book Overview:

The Song of Solomon retells the romance between King Solomon the richest and wisest King and his bride a

Shulamite woman from a small village in the area of Galilee. The Song of Solomon was in the original Hebrew and

Greek text titled the "The Song of Songs", referring to the contents of this book as the best of songs. This book

shows the love of Solomon for a woman and consists of lyrics; it's a simple but moving piece of the bond between

two lovers, showing the struggles that must be overcome, the joys and feelings that are awakened through the love

for each other in a relationship. To the Jews this song refers to God's dealing with His bride Israel and early

Christians saw this song as relating to Christ and His bride the church. Because of the explicit nature of the text this

book in most cases has been allegorized to refer to the relationship between a husband and his bride. As we can see

there has been much debate over the meaning of this book. With one form of interpretation saying it is an allegory of

God's love for Israel or Christ love for the church. Others say it is a literal story about married love. But in reality, it is

both, an allegory and a love story. Overall we see the story of marriage between a man and a woman; but taken at

its deeper meaning it shows God's overwhelming love for his people. As we read the Song of Songs, we need to

remember that we are loved by God, and we need to see our life and marriage from his point of view.

Common Name: Isaiah

Testament: Old

When Written: 740-680 B.C. Iron Age


Why Written: To reminder God's people that salvation and hope come through faithfulness to God and to

demonstrate that the Messiah is indeed Christ Jesus our Lord.

Key Idea: Gods Holiness and Restoration

Key Verse: "For unto us a Child is born, Unto us a Son is given; And the government will be upon His shoulder. And

His name will be called Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace." (Isaiah 9:6)

Key People: Isaiah, Ahaz, Cyrus, Amoz, Tiglath-Pileser III, Hezekiah, Uzziah, and Jotham

Who Wrote the Book: Several verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Isaiah is the author of the

book that bears his name.


Setting:

The setting for the Book of Isaiah is modern day Israel and Palestine, even though Isaiah prophesized in and around

Jerusalem he had prophesies against many cities and kingdoms including Jerusalem, Assyria, Egypt, Babylon,

Samaria, Philistia, Moab, Ethiopia and Tyre.

Book Overview:

The Book of Isaiah tells us about the life of Isaiah. Isaiah's ministry lasted almost sixty years and covered the reign

of four kings with the last one being Hezekiah. The Book of Isaiah is one of the longest books in the Bible and begins

during a time of peace and prosperity; it was in this setting that Isaiah brought the message of repentance and

coming destruction. Isaiah was sent primarily to Judah although his message also concerned the northern kingdom

of Israel as well. Isaiah lived through the civil war between Israel and Judah from 734 to 732 BC and saw the

destruction of Israel by Assyria in 722 BC. During King Ahaz's reign, Assyria became a superpower and defeated the

northern kingdom and deported Israel in 722 B.C., but Ahaz viewed Syria and Israel as greater threats than Assyria

and as a result he did not come to the aid of the northern kingdom. Isaiah spoke to Ahaz and told him to have faith

in God; however Ahaz refused. In 729 B.C. Hezekiah came to reign and during Hezekiah's reign in 701 B.C., Assyria

invaded the area in and around Judah, the city of Jerusalem itself almost fell. Isaiah came forward preaching a

message of hope and repentance, telling Judah to trust in the God and turn back toward the Lord. The cause of

Israel's fall was not lost on Isaiah mainly the lack of Israel's faith and obedience to follow and trust in the Lord. It

was this message that Isaiah used to strengthen Hezekiah. And as a result God saved Judah from the hand of the

Assyrian army by sending a plague upon them that destroyed their camp. Isaiah also looked forward to the future

and foretold Judah's exile into Babylon and rescuing by God and the coming of the Messiah.

Common Name: Jeremiah

Testament: Old



Why Written: To warn Judah of the coming destruction, including the destruction of the Temple because of their

apostasy and sinfulness and to submit to God's will before it was too late.

Key Idea: Shepherd and Covenant

Key Verse: "For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the Lord, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to

give you a future and a hope." (Jeremiah 29:11)

Key People: Jeremiah, Hananiah, Hilkiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim (Eliakim), Zedekiah

Who Wrote the Book: Several verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Jeremiah is the author of

the book that bears his name.

Intended Audience: Judah in particular (the southern kingdom) and it's capital city Jerusalem.

Setting:The setting for the Book of Jeremiah is the Middle East from Egypt, through southern Judah and Palestine,

eastward through to Babylon in modern day Iraq. The story begins in southern Egypt with the battles against

Pharaoh Necho and Judah. The action moves north through Palestine to Jerusalem. Then we see Babylon move in

from the east in 605 BC when King Nebuchadnezzar defeats Egypt and Pharaoh Necho and later sacks Jerusalem and

burns the temple.

Book Overview:

The Book of Jeremiah tells about the ministry Jeremiah. During a difficult time in the Middle East, Jeremiah went

through the country side preaching repentance and warning of the coming judgments. Jeremiah was born in the hill

country of Benjamin three miles north of Jerusalem. Jeremiah's ministry extended from 625 BC through 585 BC

approximately, making him a contemporary of Ezekiel, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. Jeremiah's life covers the last forty

years of Judah's existence as a nation and their exile to Babylon. This was a very critical time in the history of the

Middle East. It was a time when King Josiah died in his battle against Egypt; Judah had become a subject of Egypt

and now lived under the Egyptian rule. Later around 605 BC King Nebuchadnezzar defeated Egypt and Pharaoh

Necho at the battle of Carchemish, after which the king of Judah submitted to Babylonian rule and King

Nebuchadnezzar allowed him to stay on the throne, until the next king, King Zedekiah led a revolt against Babylon

and Judah was defeated. Jeremiah lived through Babylon's invasion the deportation of his people, the slaughter of

Jerusalem's inhabitants and the destruction of the temple. During his ministry he pleaded with his people to turn

from their sins, repent and turn again to God and his ways, for 40 years Jeremiah served as God's spokesman to

Judah; but when Jeremiah spoke, nobody listened. Passionately Jeremiah urged them to act, but nobody moved. He

was poor and underwent severe deprivation to deliver his prophecies. He was thrown into prison and into a cistern,

and he was taken to Egypt against his will, he was rejected by his neighbors, his family disowned him, the false

priests and prophets attacked his message, friends rejected him and his audience the kings ignored him. Throughout

his life, Jeremiah stood alone, declaring God's messages of doom, announcing the new covenant, and weeping over

the fate of his beloved country. In the eyes of the world, Jeremiah was not a success; however in God's eyes,

Jeremiah was a success, Jeremiah carried out the work God had planned for him and was true to his calling.

Common Name: Lamentations

Testament: Old



Why Written: Shows the despair of God's people after the loss of His blessings as a result of sin and faithlessness

which separates us from the Lord and brings His judgment on sin and rebellion.

Key Idea: Bitter Grief and Quiet Hope

Key Verse: "Through the Lord's mercies we are not consumed, Because His compassions fail not. They are new

every morning; Great is Your faithfulness." (Lamentations 3:22-23)

Key People: Jeremiah

Who Wrote the Book: The author is not named within the book; however Jewish and Christian tradition as well as

internal and historical evidence point to Jeremiah as the author.

Intended Audience: Nation of Israel.

Setting: Jerusalem has been conquered and destroyed by Babylon; her people have been killed, tortured or taken

captive. The setting for the Book of Lamentation is central Palestine in the area surrounding Jerusalem. The king of

Babylon laid siege to the city and overcame its fortifications, taking its inhabitants captive, carrying them away to

Babylon or modern day Iraq, the setting changes from Jerusalem to the fertile crescent north as the captives move

north through Palestine across toward Riblah then turning eastward following the Euphrates River toward Babylon.

Book Overview: Lamentations is a funeral song written by Jeremiah after he bore witnesses to the destruction of

Jerusalem. It was written in the Septuagint about Lamentations… "After it came to pass that the inhabitants of

Jerusalem had been carried away captive and the city lay desolate, that Jeremiah sat weeping over the destruction

and loss." Legend says that Jeremiah retired to a cavern outside the Damascus gate, where he wrote this book.

Within the Book of Lamentations Jeremiah recorded the destruction of Jerusalem in detail as a warning for future

generations of the price of not obeying God and following the sinful desires of mankind. This book contains little

hope in its verses until chapter three and five when Jeremiah speaks of the sovereignty and love of God and it is only

in this truth where Jeremiah finds real comfort. The Book of Lamentations is poetic literature and it consist of five

poems starting with chapter one, reaching its zenith in chapter three then tapering off through chapter four, with

chapter five showing the hope found in the sovereignty of God. The transition from lamenting to hope occurs in

chapter three, with chapters one and five summarizing the destruction and chapters two and four providing more

detail to the siege and fall of Jerusalem. The Book of Lamentations does show structure to the poems. In chapter

one the prophet dwells on the loss while the city sits as a solitary widow weeping. In chapter two the laments are

described in connection with the national sins that had caused them. Chapter three speaks of hope for the people of

God. The chastisement would only be for their good; a better day would dawn for them. Chapter four laments the

ruin and desolation that had come upon the city and temple, but traces it only to the people's sins. Chapter five is a

prayer that Zion's reproach may be taken away in the repentance and recovery of the people. The first four chapters

are acrostics, i.e. each verse begins with a letter of the Hebrew alphabet taken in order. The first, second, and fourth

have each twenty-two verses, the number of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet. The third has sixty-six verses, in

which each three successive verses begin with the same letter. The fifth is not acrostic; however also has twenty-two

verses.

Common Name: Ezekiel

Testament: Old



Why Written: Demonstrates God reaching out to His people, giving hope and yet another chance to repent and

turn back toward Him for restoration.

Key Idea: Glory of Yahweh the Holy God

Key Verse: "I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit within you; I will take the heart of stone out of your

flesh and give you a heart of flesh." (Ezekiel 36:26)

Key People: Ezekiel, Nebuchadnezzar

Who Wrote the Book: The book gives the name and age of the author who is Ezekiel.

Intended Audience: The Jewish people living in captivity in Babylon during the Babylonian exile.

Setting:

The setting for the Book of Ezekiel takes place in Babylon which is modern day Iraq in the southern portion just north

of the Persian Gulf. The location was Tel-abib near the Kebar River, just south of Babylon, the Kebar River was as a

tributary of the Euphrates River. The prophet Ezekiel not only speaks to his fellow country men; but also to us as he

gives us understanding about the End Times events which will occur shortly before the return of Christ and the

Tribulation.

Book Overview:

Ezekiel grew up as a priest and was carried off to Babylon with the Jewish exiles that were deported in 597 BC;

however from the Book of Ezekiel we see that he was married and even though in exile he had a measure of

freedom. The Babylonians did not export the peoples of Jerusalem to make them slaves; but rather so they could

settle their own citizens and foreigners in the land and remove the possibility for a rebellion later by removing any

national pride found in a large cohesive population, and it was in that effort they usually removed the best and the

brightest along with the leaders. The Book of Ezekiel starts with Ezekiel in Babylon; while in Babylon Ezekiel became

a prophet and foretold of the coming disaster for those remaining in Jerusalem. His ministry was not well received by

his fellow Jews who were captive with him in Babylon, but later after his predictions came true in 585 B.C. his

messages were received with more attention and concern. After this point his message changed from one of

unbending judgment to one of hope and comfort. Ezekiel role was one of protector and watchman over the people of

Israel. The Book of Ezekiel does adhere to a chronological order and provides accurate dates. During Ezekiel's time

the northern kingdom of Israel had become corrupt spiritually and politically and had fallen into idolatry, they were

as a result lead away captive by Assyria and at that time the leadership in Judah were righteous and followed God

and as a result God spared them. However they too over time became corrupt in their ways and refused to listen to

the prophets that God sent their way, who tried to remind them of the Mosaic covenant, where God promised them

blessings if they did not turn from the Him. While in Babylon Ezekiel's ministry was in southeastern Iraq in the area

of the Chebar River near Tel Abib, northwest of the Persian Gulf; Ezekiel ministry was primarily to those Jews who

were deported from Judah by King Nebuchadnezzar.

Common Name: Daniel

Testament: Old



Why Written: To remind the Jewish exiles that God is sovereign and to show them that God still had a future

redemption waiting ahead for them.

Key Idea: Gods Sovereignty over Human Affairs

Key People: Daniel, Nebuchadnezzar, Darius, Cyrus, Belshazzar, Shadrach, Meshach, Abed-nego

Who Wrote the Book: Several verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Daniel is the author of


Intended Audience: The captives in Babylon and general letter to God's people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the Book of Daniel is central Palestine and the northeastern parts of the Middle East as the action

takes place in the city-state of Babylon or modern day Iraq. We see the route followed by King Nebuchadnezzar as

he led captives back to Babylon, through central Palestine or modern day Israel up through Syria and then heading

east following the Euphrates River toward Babylon passing through the ancient cities of Riblah, Hamath, Aleppo and

on toward modern day Iraq. It's from the Book of Daniel we get our information regarding the seven year tribulation

period.

Book Overview:

Nebuchadnezzar had taken Daniel captive to Babylon in 605 B.C. There he served in the king's government for

approx. 70 years during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, Darius and Cyrus. The Book of Daniel takes place

during a time of great change and turmoil in the Middle East. In 626 B.C. King Nabopolassar became king of Babylon

and during the time of his reign he had not only defeated the mighty Assyrian Empire; but he incorporated their land

into his territory and started what became known has the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire. Judah the surviving

remnant of the nation of Israel was largely under the rule of the Assyrians, now they were no more. When King

Nabopolassar died his son, Nebuchadnezzar became king. Nebuchadnezzar brought his fathers empire to the

greatest heights it had ever seen, King Jehoiakim of Judah became a vassal of King Nebuchadnezzar, and it was

during this time that Daniel lived. Daniel was carried away to Babylon as a young boy; received training and

education and rose to a high position while under Babylonian and Persian rule. Daniel because of his trust in God

suffered numerous persecutions, including having his friends and relatives thrown into a fiery furnace, where God

protected them from the flames. At one point, thrown into a lions den, God sent his angels to close the mouth of the

Lions during his overnight stay. Daniel also contains prophecies of the future showing the rise and fall of great

empires, visions where Daniel saw the power of God and the Kingdom of Jesus to come and the undoing of the evil

of this world. A time when all people both gentiles and Jews would have a way to salvation. Daniel wrote his book

with two purposes in mind, one to show that God is sovereign and is in control of men and nations and two to show

what laid ahead for the Jews and Gentiles alike. In addition, the Book of Daniel shows how God used the surrounding

nations to judge His people for not following Him and it shows how God used succeeding nations to judge those

Gentile nations that did not acknowledge God.

Common Name: Hosea

Testament: Old


Where Written: Israel (Northern kingdom)

Why Written: To warn God's Israelites of God's coming judgment and the consequences of their spiritual adultery.

Key Idea: Love of a Holy God

Key Verse: "My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. Because you have rejected knowledge, I also will reject

you from being priest for Me; Because you have forgotten the law of your God, I also will forget your children."

(Hosea 4:6)

Key People: Hosea, Gomer, Jeroboam II

Who Wrote the Book: Several verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Hosea is the author of


Intended Audience: The people of Israel (the northern kingdom) and general letter to God's people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Hosea is central Palestine or modern day Israel and northern Palestine or modern day

Lebanon and Syria. During the time of Hosea, Samaria and Israel fell to the Assyrians, the captives which were

carried off to the ancient cities of Gazon and Halah, which were located between the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers.

Hosea was primarily a prophet to the northern kingdom of Israel prior to her fall, trying to warn the people of the

coming disaster and ruin for turning away from God.

Book Overview:

The book of Hosea is broken down into two sections the first sections focuses on the Life of Hosea and the second

focuses on his message. Hosea was a prophet to the northern kingdom of Israel prior to its fall in 772 BC, and he

had a ministry that spanned forty years. Hosea was a contemporary to Amos, Isaiah and Micah. Hosea's unhappy

home life symbolically represents the state of the kingdom of Israel; his wife leaving for a life of prostitution

represents Israel leaving God to go after other false Gods. Moreover, just has Hosea continued to love his wife

eventually bringing her home, so God still loved Israel and brought her home again. In the story, we see that God

told Hosea to find a wife and revealed to him ahead of time that she would be unfaithful to him. Although she would

bear many children, others would father some of these offspring. In obedience to God, Hosea married Gomer. The

first three chapters relate the details of their stormy marriage. Of the three children born while they were together,

only one was Hosea's. Gomer left Hosea for other lovers but got herself into such trouble that she wanted to return

home. In loving forgiveness, Hosea purchased her, his relationship with her, her adultery, and their children became

living, prophetic examples to Israel. Hosea began to prophesy and at that time Jeroboam II reigned in Israel, this

was a time of general prosperity for the Kingdom of Israel; its borders extended through several military conquests.

In addition, Uzziah King of Judah had strengthened Judah's army and defeated the nation's enemies. Nevertheless,

despite the outward success for the two kingdoms there was trouble inwardly, the two nations succeeded through

the grace of God, and now that they had their success, their hearts were turning away from God.

Common Name: Joel

Testament: Old



Why Written: A call to repentance and to return back to God in order to prevent further judgment.

Key Idea: Seek God with All Your Heart

Key Verse: "And it shall come to pass afterward That I will pour out My Spirit on all flesh; Your sons and your

daughters shall prophesy, Your old men shall dream dreams, Your young men shall see visions." (Joel 2:28)

Key People: Joel

Who Wrote the Book: The book names its author as Joel the son of Pethuel also Jewish and Christian tradition

name Joel as the books author.

Intended Audience: The people of Judah (the southern kingdom) and general letter to God's people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the Book of Joel is central Palestine near Jerusalem in modern day Israel. Though the setting is prior

to the exile eventually the inhabitants of the city will be carried off to Babylon taking a route north through Palestine,

into modern Syria and then following the Euphrates River east toward Babylon in modern day Iraq. Joel was a

prophet to the southern kingdom of Judah; however he does give us End Times prophecy concerning the future

coming Day of the Lord.

Book Overview:

The book of Joel speaks to God's chosen people and the city of Jerusalem; it speaks of God's coming judgment for

sin upon his people if they do not repent. The book of Joel uses the plague of locust as an example of the coming

judgment. Joel begins by describing a terrible plague of locusts that covers the land and devours the crops. The

devastation wrought by these creatures is but a foretaste of the coming judgment of God, or the "Day of the LORD."

Joel, therefore, urges the people to turn from their sin and turn back to God. If God's people repent of their sins and

turn again toward Him again, He will bless them with prosperity. This book shows how God looks beyond immediate

times and shows how His purposes ultimately will be fulfilled. We know little about Joel other than what we read

here in the book of Joel. It is difficult to assign a date to the book; however, scholars have tended to date it either

among the earliest or among the latest of the prophetic writings. Conservative scholars usually place it during the

reign of Joash in the ninth century B.C. before the exile. They generally agree that his ministry was carried out in

Judah; the references to Zion, Judah and Jerusalem, leads us to believe his prophetic ministry, was in and around

Judah and Jerusalem. Some because of his frequent references to the priesthood think he may have been a priest,

however we have know way of knowing for sure and we can only rely on what God has provided in His word. Joel

ministered during the early reign of Joash, who himself was crowned King at age seven by then High Priest Jehoiada,

who also advised the King during his early years.

Common Name: Amos

Testament: Old


Where Written: Israel (Northern kingdom)

Why Written: God telling His people of the coming judgment becuase of the hard hearts which led to injustice and

lack of mercy in society.

Key Idea: Justice of a Holy God

Key Verse: "Seek good and not evil, That you may live; So the Lord God of hosts will be with you, As you have

spoken." (Amos 5:14)

Key People: Amos, Uzziah, Jeroboam II, Amaziah, Jotham

Who Wrote the Book: Several verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Amos is the author of the

book that bears his name.

Intended Audience: The people of Israel (the northern kingdom) and general letter to God's people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Amos is central and northern Palestine or modern day Israel and the surrounding country

of Syria and Edom. Most of the action takes place in central Palestine in what is today the West Bank as well as in

the areas of Bethlehem and Jerusalem. Amos was a Judean prophet called to deliver a message to the northern

tribes of Israel (i.e. the northern kingdom). However his message was not well received, he ministered during a time

of political prosperity and peace in the land.

Book Overview:

The book of Amos opens with a humble shepherd watching over his sheep, who receives a vision from God regarding

the nation of Israel. Amos was a shepherd from the town of Tekoa, which was located on the edge of the Judean

wilderness, five miles east of Bethlehem. In the vision, God condemned all the nations who had sinned against Him

and His people. Aram, Philistia, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, and Moab; all were condemned, and would soon feel the

judgment of God. Judah was Amos's homeland, and God had given a scathing denunciation against them and against

the land of Israel. Amos prophesized during the reigns of Uzziah king of Judah and Jeroboam king of Israel, during

Uzziah's reign he was stricken with leprosy and shared power with his son Jotham. Early in their reigns, the two kings

had formed an alliance and together for a brief time ruled an area almost as large of David and Solomon's kingdoms.

Amos received his vision during a time of prosperity, the wealthy were enjoying peace and getting richer has they

oppressed the poor. The poor were having their land and possessions taken away and being sold into slavery. God's

judgment was about to come to Israel, which would soon fall to Assyria and the rich themselves, would soon become

slaves to the Assyrians. Amos was a contemporary of Hosea, Isaiah and Micah. Much like Hosea, Amos's message

was meant for the northern kingdom of Israel, though Amos him self was from the south. First Amos begins with the

surrounding nations, then finally focusing on the nation of Israel. His vision gives stern warnings for the nation of

Israel, to give up their idolatry, corruption and greed. The book ends showing little hope that Israel will listen and

turn from their sins.

Common Name: Obadiah

Testament: Old



Why Written: Prophecy against Edom (Modern day Jordan) for their treatment to Israel.

Key Idea: Pride, Sin, Judgment and No Fellowship with God

Key Verse: "For violence against your brother Jacob, Shame shall cover you, And you shall be cut off forever."

(Obadiah 1:10)

Key People: Obadiah

Who Wrote the Book: Several verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Obadiah is the author of


Intended Audience: The Edomites, the Jews in Judah (the southern kingdom) and general letter to God's people

everywhere.

Setting:

The period is after the kingdom split into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah, just

before the conquering of Nebuchadnezzar. The setting for the book of Obadiah was central Palestine on both the

western and eastern shores of the Dead Sea, Jerusalem on the west side and Edom was on the east side of the Dead

Sea. Edom was a mountainous nation, occupying the region southeast of the Dead Sea including Petra, this

spectacular city discovered by archaeologists a few decades ago. The story takes place in the area around Jerusalem

across the Jordan River and into the region of Edom near the Dead Sea. Obadiah was given a vision by God

concerning the coming destruction of Edom who was fighting against their brother Israel.

Book Overview:

The book of Obadiah, is the shortest book in the Old Testament, Obadiah was a governor in the house of Ahab (1

Kings 18:3-16). Obadiah lived at the same time as Elijah and was a contemporary of his at a time of drought during

the reign of Ahab. Obadiah was not only an important official in charge of Ahab's house he was also faithful to the

Lord. Obadiah's name means "Servant of the Lord". Obadiah hid 100 prophets in caves and provided for their safety,

food and shelter. It is reported that Obadiah met Elijah during the time of drought when the both of them were

looking for water and food. Obadiah was also a descendant of David (1 Chronicles 3:21) and a descendant of

Izrahiah from the tribe of Issachar (1 Chronicles 7:3). The Book of Obadiah takes place in approximately 586 BC

Nebuchadnezzar's army had just crushed Judah and destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's temple. The countryside

and the cities were vulnerable and defenseless and Edom their neighbor was a closely related nation, they could be

considered next of kin, someone to turn to in times of trouble. Edom should have helped their brothers at this time

however, that was not to be the case, and instead they took advantage of Judah’s circumstances for national gain.

The Edomites turned over their fellow Judeans to the conquering Babylonians and killed several of the fleeing

refugees. Edom had aided in the destruction and plunder of Jerusalem. Despite the fact that the Edomites and

Israelites are descendents of Abraham, their founding fathers were brothers, they were the sons of Isaac, Jacob and

Esau the grandchildren of Abraham founded the two nations.

Common Name: Jonah

Testament: Old


Where Written: Nineveh

Why Written: To show us God loves everyone and despite our rebellion God will try to warn us before judgment

comes.

Key Idea: Concern for Others

Key Verse: "You are a gracious and merciful God, slow to anger and abundant in lovingkindness, One who relents

from doing harm." (Jonah 4:2b)

Key People: Jonah, Amittai

Who Wrote the Book: The book of Jonah makes no claim as to its author; however autobiographical details given

as well as Jewish and Christian tradition point to Jonah as the author.

Intended Audience: The people of Israel, Nineveh and general letter to God's people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Jonah is central and northern Palestine up into the parts beyond the Euphrates and Tigris

River. Jonah had to travel from modern day Israel northward toward Nineveh, which is located near the modern day

borders where Turkey, Syria and Iraq meet. Nineveh is located on the banks of the Tigris above its confluence with

the Greater Zab, one of its chief tributaries, and nearly opposite the site of the modern Mosul in Iraq. Jonah was

called by God to deliver a message to the citizens of Nineveh, which he disagreed with.

Book Overview:

The book of Jonah, is the fantastic historical story of the man and the great fish, (Bible never mentions a whale…).

Jonah preceded Amos and ministered under Jeroboam II, one of Israel's most powerful kings from 793 B.C. to 753

B.C. Assyria was Israel's greatest threat, they were an enemy who would eventually conquer Israel in 722 B.C.

Nineveh was the capital of Assyria and though they did repent after Jonah's message their repentance must have

been short lived since the city was destroyed in 612 B.C. We know very little about Jonah, he is mentioned only one

other time in the Old Testament in Second Kings 14:25, which tells us that Jonah was the son of Amittai, born in

Israel in the area of Gath Hepher a town in the territory of Zebulun. We know Jonah was a prophet called by God to

send a message to the people of Nineveh to change from their ways. Jonah after receiving God's instructions,

because of his national pride and dislike of Assyria, ran in the opposite direction trying to avoid God's will. Has a

result he was thrown overboard during a great storm, and swallowed by a great fish and vomited onto the shore

three days later. After which Jonah obeyed God's direction and went to Nineveh where he preached the message

God had given him. The people of the city listened to his message and repented of their sins. The success of the

mission angered Jonah, and God in the end of the story uses a large plant to teach Jonah about His sovereignty.

Assyria at the time of Jonah was preoccupied with the mountainous tribe of Urartu and as a result, Assyria did not

continue its westward campaign toward Israel until the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III.

Common Name: Micah

Testament: Old


Where Written: Israel and Judah (Northern and Southern kingdoms)

Why Written: To offer hope to God's people and remind them of judgment as a result of rebellion against God.

Key Idea: Greatness of God

Key Verse: "He has shown you, O man, what is good; And what does the Lord require of you But to do justly, To

love mercy, And to walk humbly with your God?" (Micah 6:8)

Key People: Micah,

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Micah is the author

of the book that bears his name.

Intended Audience: The people of Israel (both northern and southern kingdoms) and general letter to God's

people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Micah is central Palestine, in the area surrounding Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Micah was

from the city of Moresheth Gath in the area between Judah, Philistia and Israel. The surrounding cities were Gath,

Lachish, Mareshah, Achzib and Beth Aphrah. Micah's ministry was just before the fall of the northern kingdom if

Israel and Samaria to Assyria and though both were mentioned in his prophecies, his attention was turned toward

the southern kingdom of Judah.

Book Overview:

The book of Micah addresses several of the problems, which existed in the society of his day and still exist in society

today. Micah was a contemporary of Isaiah and Hosea. He ministered during a time of sin and idolatry to a nation

who had turned away from God. Micah lived in a small town south of Jerusalem called Moresheth and preached to

both Israel and Judah, directing his messages to Jerusalem and Samaria. He denounced the sins of the flesh

including, pride, arrogance, greed, corruption and religious hypocrisy. He also preached that God would not only hold

the people responsible but also their leaders, and that their capital cities should be an example to the people. Many

of the Jewish leaders were falsely confident that no evil or destruction would come upon them despite their actions

and the fact they had turned away from God; because they had the Holy Temple in their presence. Micah gave a

stern warning of coming destruction if the people did not repent and turn back toward God; however even in the

middle of his overwhelming prediction of destruction, Micah gives hope and comfort has he describes God's love. We

need to remember that judgment comes only after countless opportunities to repent, to turn back to true worship

and obedience to do what is right, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God as Micah 6:8 tells us.

Common Name: Nahum

Testament: Old


Where Written: Judah and Nineveh

Why Written: God pronouncing Judgment on Nineveh (near Mosul modern day Iraq) and Assyrian Empire

(centralized in modern day Iraq; but covered large portion of Middle-East).

Key Idea: Consolation

Key Verse: "The Lord is good, A stronghold in the day of trouble; And He knows those who trust in Him." (Nahum

1:7)

Key People: Nahum

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Nahum is the author


Intended Audience: The people of Nineveh and Judah (the southern kingdom).

Setting:

The setting for the book of Nahum is Nineveh the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. Nineveh is located north of the

Tigris River, situated at the confluence of the Tigris and Khosr Rivers. Nineveh is located in modern day Iraq near the

city of Mosul, the second largest city in modern Iraq. Nineveh lies on the east bank of the Tigris a few kilometers

downhill from the beginning of the Kurdish mountains. The modern city of Mosul, however, crosses both banks of the

Tigris. The region around Nineveh was and has remained a rich agricultural region. It was a hundred years after

Jonah delivered God's message to Nineveh and the people who repented after Jonah had returned to their evil ways

and Nahum is pronouncing God's coming Judgment.

Book Overview:

The book of Nahum is a prophecy concerning the destruction of Nineveh, the capital city of Assyria because of their

continuing sin without repentance. This is the second book from the Minor Prophets that is directed to that great city.

The setting for this book is after the fall of Thebes in 663 B.C. The Assyrians destroyed Samaria in 772 B.C., and then

the Assyrians themselves were destroyed in 612 B.C. They were destroyed because of their pride and cruelty. Nahum

describes the characteristics of the heart of Nineveh with a searing condemnation calling it the city of murders and

lies, which cannot be allowed to survive. The fall of Nineveh, which is prophesized here, took place in 612 B.C.

shortly before the fall of the Assyrian empire in 609 B.C. At this time Assyria was the most powerful nation on earth,

they were proud and self-sufficient, they had a mighty military and they had plundered and oppressed, their

neighbors. A hundred years earlier, Jonah had preached in the streets of Nineveh and at that time the people of the

city heard God’s message and repented; however just a generation later the city had once again turned back toward

its evil ways. The Bible says of Nineveh it is a "city of murder" (3:1), a city of cruelty (3:19), judged for their

arrogance (1:11), idolatry (1:14), they have murder, lies, treachery, and social injustice (3:1-19). A century earlier,

the people of the Northern Kingdom of Israel had sinned grievously toward God ignoring the messages sent by God

through their prophets, and as a result, God used the nation of Assyria to cast judgment against the Israelites. Now

the city of Nineveh had fallen back into grievous sin despite the warning God had sent through the prophet Jonah,

and now the city was about to feel judgment as the hand of God moved against them.

Common Name: Habakkuk

Testament: Old


Where Written: Judah (Southern kingdom)

Why Written: To remind God's people that He is control and wickedness will not prevail or thwart God's plan.

Key Idea: The Just Shall Live by Faith

Key Verse: "Yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my salvation." (Habakkuk 3:18)

Key People: Habakkuk

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Habakkuk is the

author of the book that bears his name.


Setting:

The setting for the book of Habakkuk is the northern portion of the Middle East and Palestine. The action takes place

in modern Israel in the city of Jerusalem and modern day Syria and Iraq as captives are marched from Jerusalem to

Babylon. Habakkuk ministry is just before the fall of the Assyrian Empire and he is warning the southern king of

Judah to repent and turn toward God. Good King Josiah had been killed in battle and the reforms he made were

quickly being undone by his successor.

Book Overview:

The book of Habakkuk takes place during the fall of Nineveh prophesized by Nahum and the rise of Babylon and the

Neo-Babylonian Empire. The message Habakkuk brought was one of impending judgment against the nation of

Judah. In God's loving kindness, he was giving the nation of Judah one more chance to repent of their ways and turn

back toward Him. The book of Habakkuk is unusual in that this is the first time in the Bible that we see a prophet

asking God questions regarding His righteousness and sovereignty. Habakkuk was a man who was troubled by what

he saw and he sought answers from God. Habakkuk asked difficult questions because he was emotionally troubled

by what he was seeing. Habakkuk saw a dying world, and it broke his heart. Why is there evil in the world? Why do

the wicked seem to be winning? He took his questions directly to God to seek guidance and understanding from the

Lord and as a result, God answered his questions with an avalanche of proof and prediction. Now of course the

questions were for our benefit, and from them we see that God is truly righteous, holy and sovereign. Habakkuk

preached during the last days of Judah, prior to it's destruction on 586 BC, Habakkuk was troubled, and had trouble

understanding how God could allow sinful behavior from the nation of Judah, and how God could use a sinful nation

like Babylon to carry out judgment against God's people. God not only answered Habakkuk's question but also gave

him more, including a vision of God himself. This gift of insight from God gave Habakkuk a new heart and a new

understanding of God's love and helped Habakkuk to see his own inadequacies, and gave Habakkuk the strength and

determination needed to live through those dark days. Habakkuk uses many references to music; because of this,

some commentators have speculated that he was a Levite. The Levites were the tribe chosen by God to lead temple

worship and maintenance; however we must keep in mind that the Bible does not explicitly state that Habakkuk was

a Levite, thus making this a no more than an educated guess on the part of Bible commentators.

Common Name: Zephaniah

Testament: Old



Why Written: To remind all people that God's judgment is coming against the wicked and to motivate people to

repentance.

Key Idea: Great Day of Yahweh

Key Verse: "The great day of the Lord is near; It is near and hastens quickly. The noise of the day of the Lord is

bitter; There the mighty men shall cry out." (Zephaniah 1:14)

Key People: Zephaniah, Cushi, Gedaliah, Amariah, Hezekiah, Amon

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Zephaniah is the



Setting:

The setting for the book of Zephaniah takes place in central Palestine in the city of Jerusalem. During Zephaniah's

time Assyria was being defeated by Babylon and Judah who was under authority of Assyria had new found

independence as Nineveh was unable to keep control. Zephaniah ministered to Judah during Josiah's reign just

before the Book of Law was found while repairing the Temple of the Lord. Once the book was found Josiah instituted

great reforms through out the southern kingdom.

Book Overview:

The book of Zephaniah takes place during the reign of king Josiah of Judah. Josiah was attempting to reverse the

evil trends set by the two previous Kings, Manasseh and Amon. The northern kingdom of Israel had been destroyed

nearly a century earlier by the Assyrians. Zephaniah had delivered a message of coming destruction for the kingdom

of Judah, if they did not repent and turn back toward God. However, Josiah did repent and turned the kingdom back

toward God. As a result, Josiah was able to extend the borders and his influence to the surrounding areas, until his

death. After Josiah died, the people returned to their evil ways until God used Babylon to judge the kingdom some

fifty years later. Zephaniah was a cotemporary of Jeremiah and preached during the last decades of Judah's

existence, before it was destroyed in 586 BC. During the ministry of Zephaniah, King Josiah ruled Judah. Stirred by

the message Josiah instituted sweeping reforms though out Judah, however despite this the people slipped back into

their sinful ways and did not follow God. Zephaniah's message was a stern warning to not only Judah but also all of

the surrounding nations.

Common Name: Haggai

Testament: Old

When Written: 520 B.C. Persian Period


Why Written: God speaking to the remnant in the land who had returned from exile. To complete the rebuilding of

God's Temple.

Key Idea: Having the Right Priorities God is First

Key Verse: "According to the word that I covenanted with you when you came out of Egypt, so My Spirit remains

among you; do not fear." (Haggai 2:5)

Key People: Haggai, Zerubbabel, Joshua (Jeshua), King Darius I, Shealtiel, Jehozadak

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Haggai is the author


Intended Audience: The people living in Jerusalem and those who had returned from exile.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Haggai encompasses a large portion of the Middle East. The action first takes place in

Babylon, or modern day Iraq, as king Cyrus allows the Jews to return to Jerusalem. From their the travel westward

along the Euphrates River and across the desert to Jerusalem in modern day Palestine. The first group of exiles had

returned under Zerubbabel they initially began rebuilding the Temple; but stopped because of political opposition

from surrounding cultures. The Lord calls Haggai to preach to the people to rebuild the Temple and put their spiritual

lives back into order.

Book Overview:

The book of Haggai takes place after the Jews had returned from exile in Babylon, a small group of people had

returned to their homeland and the temple in Jerusalem was in ruins after its destruction in 586 B.C. Cyrus had

allowed the Jews to return and rebuild their temple in 538 B.C. and through the ministry of Haggai and Zechariah the

people returned to the rebuilding of the temple and completed construction in 520 - 515 B.C. But back in 538 B.C.

the problem shortly after their return was one we face today, people were too busy. They were too busy with the

daily duties of making a living, feeding family and building their homes. They had forgotten about the rebuilding of

the Temple. Haggai was sent to remind them of the real priority which was to turn their hearts back toward God and

finish the rebuilding of the Temple. When the Israelites had returned in 538 B.C. they determined to restore the

Temple and the worship of God to its rightful place. They had planned to follow God and rebuild the Temple in

Jerusalem. When they arrived they built an alter on the original sight and laid the foundation; however when the

enemies in the surrounding regions began to complain and attack they stopped the rebuilding by order of the Persian

King. However when Darius I replaced Cyrus as the king in Persia he lifted the ban and the rebuilding was allowed to

continue; however after the ban was lifted they no longer had the desire to rebuild the Temple, preoccupied with

their daily lives they lost their passion for following the Lord. Haggai a contemporary of Zechariah, was sent by God

to preach to the restored Israelites and to help encourage them to finish the rebuilding of the Temple. The message

of Haggai was directed to the two leaders of the people, Zerubbabel the governor and Joshua the high priest. This

book contains five prophecies designed to speed the work on the Temple, has a result the Temple construction was

complete in 516 B.C.

Common Name: Zechariah

Testament: Old



Why Written: Written to the remnant to give them hope and understanding and to look toward their coming

Messiah who is Christ Jesus.

Key Idea: Views of the Messiah

Key Verse: "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem Behold, your King is coming to you;

He is just and having salvation, Lowly and riding on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey." (Zechariah 9:9)

Key People: Zachariah, Berechiah, Joshua, Heldai, Tobijah, Jedaiah, Josiah, Zephaniah

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verses as well as Jewish and Christian tradition state that Zechariah is the


Intended Audience: The people living in Jerusalem and those who had returned from exile.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Zechariah encompasses a large portion of the Middle East. The action first takes place in

Babylon, or modern day Iraq, as king Cyrus allows the Jews to return to Jerusalem. From their the travel westward

along the Euphrates River and across the desert to Jerusalem in modern day Palestine. The first group of exiles had

returned under Zerubbabel they initially began rebuilding the Temple; but stopped because of political opposition

from surrounding cultures. The Lord calls Haggai and Zechariah to preach to the people to rebuild the Temple and

put their spiritual lives back into order.

Book Overview:

The book of Zechariah takes place after the Jews had returned from exile in Babylon. Zechariah was a contemporary

of Haggai and was sent to the new Israelite community to teach them to follow God without fear. The book begins

with eight visions, which graphically displays the power and sovereignty of God, and the importance of spiritual

strength. It also served as a reminder of the judgment of God on sin and the promise of the better times. The later

messages, speaks of promises, warnings and the coming of Jesus Christ. The exiles had returned from Babylon, the

temple was in ruins and needed to be rebuilt; but the non-Jews who moved in to inhabit the land at the time of the

exile were not happy to see the Jews return. As a result the building of the temple had stopped, Zechariah along with

Haggai confronted the people with the task at hand and provided encouragement to complete the rebuilding of the

temple. Zechariah is one of three postexilic prophets, the other two being Haggai and Malachi. Zechariah like Haggai

spoke to the small remnant of Jews who returned from exile in Babylon to rebuild the Temple and the nation. Like

Haggai, Zechariah encouraged the people to continue rebuilding the Temple of God; however where Haggai's

message was on rebuilding and worshiping God, Zechariah's message also included an apocalyptic view with some

detail regarding the Messiah to come who world redeem His people and reign over the entire earth. Zechariah gives

us clear picture of the future return and reign of Jesus Christ which makes the book of Zechariah one of the most

important prophetic books in our Bible today.

Common Name: Malachi

Testament: Old



Why Written: Written to remind the people of Judah to examine their hearts and always put God first.

Key Idea: God Does Not Change

Key Verse: "But to you who fear My name The Sun of Righteousness shall arise With healing in His wings; And you

shall go out And grow fat like stall-fed calves." (Malachi 4:2)

Key People: Malachi, Esau, Jacob

Who Wrote the Book: Malachi means my messenger and because of this some have speculated that an unknown

author wrote the book; however no evidence exist to support that and all other Old Testament prophetic books bear

their authors name also Jewish and Christian tradition state Malachi is the author.

Intended Audience: Letter to the Jews living in Jerusalem and general letter to God's people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the book of Malachi is central Palestine, in and around the city of Jerusalem. Zerubbabel led the first

return to Jerusalem in 538 B.C. Ezra led the second return in 458 B.C., Then in 445 B.C. Nehemiah returned with the

third group of exiles to rebuild the city walls. It's now a hundred years later and the people's heart have grown cold

and hard toward the Lord and His Laws. God calls Malachi to preach to the people to turn the hearts back toward the

Lord. Malachi is the last of the Old Testament prophets and after him we see a silent period until the times of the

New Testament.

Book Overview:

The book of Malachi speaks of God's love for His people and His concern and sovereignty over their nation. Malachi

was a prophet to the nation of Israel at the time when the Jews had returned from exile. Malachi was also a

contemporary of Haggai and Zechariah . While Haggai and Zechariah rebuked the people for not returning to the

task of rebuilding the Temple, Malachi addresses the issue of sin and their relationship with God. Malachi reminded

the people of God's love for them. Because they had forgotten about God's love, also their commitment and worship

to the Lord had declined. Malachi was sent to the restored community of the Israelites during a time when their

spiritual life was at an all time low. Nehemiah and Ezra had begun the necessary religious and political reforms, while

Malachi was directing the people to give attention to the spiritual problems. These spiritual concerns involved the

corrupt behavior of the priest and the neglect of the Temple. This book ends the Old Testament with the prophecy of

the coming of the Messiah, Jesus Christ. Nothing is really known about Malachi aside from what we read in this book.

Historically this book takes place after the turmoil and war, between the great nations of Assyria, Babylon, and the

Medes and Persians. There was some relative international stability and under Persian rule the Jews were allowed to

return back to their home land. The process of rebuilding the nation and turning their hearts back toward God had

begun.

Common Name: Matthew

Testament: New

When Written: 50-60 A.D. Roman Period

Where Written: Judea

Why Written: To show us that Jesus is the true Messiah, the Son of David and the one Who fulfills all prophecy.

Key Idea: Jesus the King

Key Verse: "And Jesus came and spoke to them, saying, 'All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth.

Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of

the Holy Spirit.'" (Matthew 28:18-19)

Key People: Jesus, Holy Spirit, God the Father, Mary, Joseph, John the Baptist, Caiaphas, Pontius Pilate, Mary

Magdalene, Herod, Peter (Surname was Simon), Andrew (Peter's Brother), James (Son of Zebedee), John (Son of

Zebedee, younger brother of James), Phillip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, Judas (brother of James, also called

Thaddeus), James (the younger), Simon the Zealot (who was a Canaanite), Judas Iscariot the traitor

Who Wrote the Book: Early church fathers confirmed that Matthew wrote the Gospel that bears his name,

Eusebius quotes Origen as stating Matthew is the author. However several scholars have argued that because

Matthew, Mark and Luke bear similarities and therefore must have either borrowed from one another or an unknown

source called Q which stands for the German word Quelle means source.

Intended Audience: Matthew wrote especially to the Jewish population.

Setting: The setting for the Gospel of Matthew is central Palestine or modern day Israel. We learn of several cities

as Jesus travels from town to town healing and performing miracles. Some of the cities include Bethlehem, Nazareth,

Bethsaida, Gennesaret, Tyre and Sidon, Bethany and Jerusalem to name a few. While all the Gospels speak of Jesus'

life, events and divinity Matthew's Gospel focuses on the message to his fellow Jews that Jesus is the Christ, King of

the Jews and the Messiah.

Book Overview: Perhaps written in Antioch, Matthew the Apostle was a tax collector when Jesus called him to be a

disciple. Matthew groups Jesus' teachings into five discourses which can be broken down to the "Sermon on Mount",

"Missionary Instructions", "Parables Collection", "Community Instructions", "Eschatological" Matthew was a Jewish

tax collector this was one of the most hated and despised positions that a Jew could take. This position required that

a person would setup a toll booth at entrances into the city or major cross roads and collect money in the form of

taxes from his own countrymen. The Roman government would require a certain amount of money; the tax collector

would then get to keep whatever they received over the required tax. Matthew's Gospel ties the Old and New

Testament together because of its emphasis on the fulfillment of the Old Testament Messianic prophecies. Matthew

begins with a genealogy of Jesus telling us about Jesus’ birth and early years. He then tells us about Jesus flight to

Egypt to escape Herod and their later return to Nazareth. Matthew then writes about Jesus experience in the

wilderness where He is tempted by Satan after which Jesus begins his public ministry and calls His disciples.

Matthew's Gospel then talks about the Kingdom to come, both the Heavenly Kingdom and the restored Kingdom of

David through Jesus Christ. Matthew also discusses the Jewish laws and ceremonies and shows how Jesus fulfilled

the Old Testament prophecies of the Messiah. It appears that Matthew wrote his Gospel before the destruction of the

Temple in 70 A.D. since he discusses the city and calls it the Holy City and does not talk about the destruction that

occurred in 70 A.D.

Common Name: Mark

Testament: New


Where Written: Rome

Why Written: To show us Jesus the true Messiah would also be the suffering servant sent to suffer and die for our

sins.

Key Idea: Jesus the Servant

Key Verse: "Yet it shall not be so among you; but whoever desires to become great among you shall be your

servant. And whoever of you desires to be first shall be slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be

served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many." (Mark 10:43-45)





Who Wrote the Book: Early church fathers confirm that Mark wrote the Gospel that bears his name, Papias Bishop

of Hierapolis states that Mark is the author. However several scholars have argued that because Matthew, Mark and

Luke bear similarities and therefore must have either borrowed from one another or an unknown source called Q

which stands for the German word

Intended Audience: The Christians in Rome where the Gospel was written.

Setting:

The setting for the Gospel of Mark is central Palestine or modern day Israel. We learn of several cities as Jesus

travels from town to town healing and performing miracles. Some of the cities include Bethlehem, Nazareth,

Bethsaida, Genesaret, Tyre and Sidon, Bethany and Jerusalem to name a few. While all the Gospels speak of Jesus'

life, events and divinity Mark's Gospel focuses on the Roman audience particularly Gentiles. Mark uses Aramaic terms

and translates them for his audience.

Book Overview:

The Gospel according to Mark is filled with action, written in Rome, John Mark traveled with Paul the apostle, settling

in Rome where he wrote down the Apostle Peter's recollection of the Life of Jesus. Making Marks Gospel an

eyewitness account of the Life of Jesus, and unlike the other Gospel accounts focuses on Jesus actions and words.

Mark's Gospel starts with the public ministry of Jesus and spends much of the time teaching about the last week of

Jesus' life including His resurrection and accession into Heaven. At this time the Roman Empire under Tiberius

Caesar, had a common language which was Koine Greek and roads that lead through out the empire. Koine Greek

was a common form of Greek, spoken during the time of Christ also the New Testament was written in Koine Greek.

The Roman Empire needed to move its troops across its vast conquered Empire to do so they built roads across the

Empire many of which are still in use today. These roads along with the security brought by Pax-Romana (Roman

Peace) allowed the Gospel Message to be spread across the entire empire, the Gospel message spread quickly from

nation to nation as Christians moved across the very roads built for the Roman conquest. What makes Mark's Gospel

account unique is the fact that it is not a biography like we see with Matthew or Luke's account instead it provides a

record of Jesus actions and achievements, with an emphasis on Jesus miracles. Because Mark used Peter's

eyewitness accounts Mark's Gospel provides considerable detail of the miracles of Jesus.

Common Name: Luke

Testament: New


Where Written: Caesarea

Why Written: To show us Jesus the true Messiah who came to save all who accept Him as Lord and Savior from

their sins.

Key Idea: Jesus the Son of Man

Key Verse: "Then He said to them all, 'If anyone desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his

cross daily, and follow Me.For whoever desires to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for My sake will

save it.'" (Luke 9:23-24)





Who Wrote the Book: Luke fits the profile of the author and Paul mentions in his own writings that Luke was a

close friend, early church fathers as well as Christian tradition state Luke is the author. However several scholars

have argued that because Matthew, Mark and Luke bear similarities and therefore must have either borrowed from

one another or an unknown source called Q which stands for the German word

Intended Audience: Theophilus, Gentiles and people everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the Gospel of Luke is central Palestine or modern day Israel. We learn of several cities as Jesus

travels from town to town healing and performing miracles. Some of the cities include Bethlehem, Nazareth,


life, events and divinity Luke's Gospel was a letter to Theophilus possibly a well-known Roman dignitary and possible

the Christian referred to as part of "Caesar's Household".

Book Overview:

Perhaps written in Caesarea, Luke was a physician by trade before following Jesus has one of his disciples. Luke

often traveled with the apostle Paul and wrote the Gospel account for a Greek man named Theophilus to show him

the human nature of Jesus and his place in history. Luke in his Gospel account was careful in building his case by

examining and presenting all of the evidence and giving precise dates to the events along with historical markers to

denote time and place. Luke begins his Gospel with Jesus' virgin birth and gives us many details of his life which are

not found elsewhere. He describes the ministry of Jesus through Galilee and gives a detailed account of his trip to

Jerusalem. Luke in his Gospel account confirms the divinity of Jesus; but also shows us the humanity of Jesus, we

see that Jesus is both the Son of God and the Son of Man. Luke was a doctor raised in the Greek culture, which

meant he was a man of science and a man of details. It is with this training and upbringing that Luke painstakingly

details everything from a historical and cultural perspective giving us a great amount of detail while providing plenty

of facts. Since Luke was a traveling companion of Paul, Luke also had access to other apostles and disciples and thus

access other historical facts and details from eye witness accounts.

Common Name: John

Testament: New


Where Written: Asia Minor

Why Written: To show us Jesus the Son of God, the Word of God made flesh (fully God and fully human) who

provides salvation for all who call and believe on Him.

Key Idea: Jesus the Son of God

Key Verse: "For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should

not perish but have everlasting life." (John 3:16)





Who Wrote the Book: Early church fathers confirm that John wrote the Gospel that bears his name, Irenaeus who

was a disciple of Polycarp who was a disciple of the Apostle John testified on Polycarp's authority that John was the

author.

Intended Audience: New Christians and those seeking to understand the Christian faith.

Setting:The setting for the Gospel of John is central Palestine or modern day Israel. We learn of several cities as

Jesus travels from town to town healing and performing miracles. Some of the cities include Bethlehem, Nazareth,


life, events and divinity John's Gospel speaks to the divinity of Jesus Christ. At the time John wrote his Gospel he

would have been aware of the other Gospels; however he wanted to provide additional information regarding the

spiritual significance of Jesus life.

Book Overview:

The Gospel of John does not identify John by name; however John uses here the term he frequently applied to

himself as "the disciple whom Jesus loved" and then goes on to say this is the same disciple who wrote these words.

The Gospel according to John was written in Ephesus by John the apostle who wrote his Gospel so those who read it

might believe in Christ and thus have eternal life. John's introduction explains that Jesus was not simply a great man

but one with God that is to say Jesus is God, He is God in the Flesh. John starts by showing us that Jesus existed

with God the Father before he came to earth; Jesus was present from the beginning. John starts his Gospel with the

words, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the

beginning with God. All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made." The

phrase "Word" used here by John is the word Logos which refers to Jesus. The rest of the book continues with the

theme of Jesus' divinity. John an eyewitness to Jesus and His ministry, chose eight of Jesus' miracles or signs to

reveal his divine/human nature and his life-giving mission. John chose these signs or miracles one turning water to

wine, two healing the official's son, three healing the lame man at the Pool of Bethesda, four feeding the 5,000 with

just a few loaves and fish, five walking on the water, six restoring sight to the blind man and seven raising Lazarus

from the dead. Then after the resurrection showing himself to the disciples and performing more miracles or signs.

John records the miracles of Jesus as well as many of his teachings that are not found else where, including his

teachings in the upper room prior to his crucifixion along with his appearance to the disciples after both his death

and resurrection.

Common Name: Acts

Testament: New


Where Written: Caesarea and Rome

Why Written: Documents the historical account of the beginning of the church and how the Holy Spirit (God) is

active in the church then and today.

Key Idea: Witnesses

Key Verse: "But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me

in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth." (Acts 1:8)

Key People: Peter, Paul, Mark, John, James, Stephen, Philip, Barnabus, James (Jesus' brother), Timothy, Silas,

Titus, Apollus, Pricilla and Aquila, Luke, Felix, Festus, Agrippa and others

Who Wrote the Book: Early church fathers e.g. Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, Eusebius and

Jerome affirm that Luke is the author of the Gospel that bears his name. Also the writing style matches that of the

Gospel of Luke and both letters were addressed to the same individual.

Intended Audience: Theophilus, Gentiles and people everywhere.

Setting: The setting for the book of Acts includes all of Middle East, Rome and Greece. Basically the entire known

world of that time. We see the setting begin with Jerusalem then quickly spread to all parts of the known world

including Palestine, Egypt, Greece, Rome and all of Asia Minor. Acts was written by Luke to Theophilus possible as a

continuation of his Gospel, to give an orderly account of those things which had occurred.

Book Overview: The book of Acts is really the story of the early church and how it progressed and developed. Acts

is a continuation of Luke's Gospel showing what Jesus had begun to do on earth as a man continues to build the

early church through the Holy Spirit. The book begins with the accession of Jesus and is quickly followed by the day

of Pentecost where the outpouring of the Holy Spirit that was promised arrived and signaled the commencement of

the spread of the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the building of the church. It was when the Holy Spirit descended upon

the Apostles they began preaching and speaking in tongues (other languages) and in one day three thousand new

believers were added to the church. During the day of Pentecost Peter gave a single sermon; however each man in

the audience from different nationalities heard the sermon in their own language . This book recounts the life of the

church in Jerusalem it's spread to Samaria then focuses on the Apostle Paul before and after his conversion and

following of Jesus Christ. Acts provides an accurate historical record of the early church and also provides solid

theology as we see lessons and living examples of the work of the Holy Spirit which include church relationships and

organization, the implications of grace, and the law of love. The book of Acts also, builds a strong case for the

validity of Christ's claims and promises. As we read the book of Acts we see the Holy Spirit inspiring the ministry of

the believers and their subsequent evangelism which began in Jerusalem and eventually spread to the rest of the

known world through the peace and roads enforced by the Roman Empire. The Gospel was first proclaimed to the

Jews, but they, as a nation, rejected it. Some Jews believed and accepted Jesus and the Gospel message; however

the majority rejected the Gospel message which led to the ever-increasing proclamation of the Gospel to the

Gentiles. The second half of Acts is focused primarily on Paul's missionary journeys where he with his companions,

took the Gospel first to the Jews and then to the Gentiles.

Common Name: Romans

Testament: New


Where Written: Corinth

Why Written: Often called the flagship of the New Testament was written to show us how faith and salvation come

together to live a victorious Christian life in Christ.

Key Idea: Righteousness

Key Verse: "I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living

sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. And do not be conformed to this world, but be

transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of

God." (Romans 12:1-2)

Key People: Paul, Phoebe, Timothy, Lucius, Jason, Sosipater, Tertius, Erastus

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verse as well as early church fathers and Christian tradition state Paul is the

author. Also internal and historical evidence point to Paul as the author.

Intended Audience: The Christians in Rome and believers everywhere.

Setting: The setting for the letter to the Romans is the northern portion of the Middle East as Paul traveled from

the city of Corinth located in Greece near the city of Athens through Achaia (modern Albania), Macedonia, through

modern day Turkey down to Jerusalem. Rome was the capital city of the Roman Empire with over a million

inhabitants. Paul wrote his letter to Christians he had never met; but hoped to meet. Christians who had not had any

Christian teaching from one of the apostles.

Book Overview: The letter to the Romans was written in Corinth during his third missionary journey, Paul was

planning to go to Rome, where he had never been to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Paul had written the letter to

introduce him self to the Roman church and to give them a summary of Christian teachings. The book of Romans

starts off showing that every person has rebelled against God; but that God has left a way for people to come back

to him through Jesus Christ. The book also deals with the role of the Jews, God's people and ends with moral

teachings. The book of Romans is considered the flagship of all the letters written by Paul. This letter has played a

large roll in the church and in the history of Christianity. Martin Luther himself found grace in the pages of Romans.

By the time the letter to the Romans had been written the Holy Spirit had shaped Paul into a great Christian leader,

and as a result the letter to the Romans combines breadth, logic and a mature understanding of Grace and the Old

Testament in to one of the most complete works about the Christian faith. At the time Paul wrote this letter there

was a vibrant church in Roman comprised of faithful Christians. Paul admired and prayed for the church and was

eager to visit the Roman Christians. Paul had never been to the church in Rome, neither had any of the other

apostles. Apparently the church had been started by Jews who had come to faith during Pentecost (Acts 2). They

spread the Gospel on their return to Rome, and the church grew. Although many barriers separated them, Paul felt a

bond with these believers in Rome. They were his brothers and sisters in Christ, and he longed to see them face to

face. Paul sent his letter to introduce himself and to make a clear declaration of the Christian faith. Paul wrote the

letter while in Corinth and had planned to sail from Corinth to Judea and Phoebe a fellow believer was sailing from

Corinth to Rome and would deliver the letter for Paul. Paul however was thwarted in his plans to sail to Judea and

instead he went through Macedonia by foot because of persecutions from the Jews in the area.

Common Name: 1st Corinthians

Testament: New


Where Written: Ephesus

Why Written: Was written by Paul to address division, immorality and abuses of Christian freedom.

Key Idea: Sanctification

Key Verse: "Love suffers long and is kind; love does not envy; love does not parade itself, is not puffed up; does

not behave rudely, does not seek its own, is not provoked, thinks no evil." (1st Corinthians 13:4-5)

Key People: Paul, Priscilla, Aquila, Chloe, Stephanas, Fortunatus, Achaicus



Intended Audience: The church in Corinth and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the letter to the Corinthians was the Greek city of Corinth, located west of Athens on the edge of the

Mediterranean Sea, between the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas in the region of Achaia or modern day Greece. The

Corinthian church was primarily a gentile church established in the city of Corinth and was a major cross roads of the

Roman Empire. However the city was well known for it's moral corruption, in fact the city was so bad that its name

was synonymous with moral depravity. Paul wrote his letter because the church he founded on his second missionary

journey had trouble separating its self from the immoral culture that surrounded it.

Book Overview:

The first letter to the Corinthians was written by Paul from Ephesus during his third missionary journey possibly as

early as his second missionary journey. During his earlier journey Paul had established a church in the Greek city of

Corinth, but after his departure things started to go bad for the newly established church. Some of the problems

inside the church included challenging Paul apostleship, Paul was appointed by Jesus him self to lead. They were

misusing worship, taking each other to court over disputes, condoning sexual immorality, arguing over other issues

and most importantly they were denying the divinity of Jesus Christ. The church was blessed with spiritual gifts;

however they were misusing these gifts to disrupt church worship, to boast, causing chaos during gatherings and

church services. Paul wrote letters trying to deal with these problems before they went to far, in this letter he

touches on some of the basics of Christianity. Paul wrote this letter to heal the divisions that had developed and to

answer their questions. Paul confronted them with their sin and their need for corrective action and their need to

develop a clear commitment to Christ. The city of Corinth its self was an important City. Geographically it was located

at the cross roads between Italy and Asia, so along with the flow of goods, Corinth received a large flow of people

traveling through the city. The city was ransacked by the Romans in 146 B.C.; however was rebuilt by Julius Caesar

in 46 B.C. and it was this rebuilt city that Paul ministered to. The city and it's occupants were well known for their

sexual immorality through their worship of the goddess Aphrodite as a matter of fact during that time period the

term "to corinthianize" was coined to denote deviant behavior.

Common Name: 2nd Corinthians

Testament: New


Where Written: Philippi

Why Written: Written to address false doctrine and false teachers who will always creep into the body of Christ to

deceive believers.

Key Idea: Christian Ministry

Key Verse: "And He said to me, 'My grace is sufficient for you, for My strength is made perfect in weakness.'

Therefore most gladly I will rather boast in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me." (2nd

Corinthians 12:9)

Key People: Paul, Priscilla, Aquila, Chloe, Stephanas, Fortunatus, Achaicus



Intended Audience: The church in Corinth and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the letter to the Corinthians was the Greek city of Corinth, located west of Athens on the edge of the

Mediterranean Sea, between the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas in the region of Achaia or modern day Greece. The

Corinthian church was primarily a gentile church established in the city of Corinth and was a major cross roads of the

Roman Empire. However the city was well known for it's moral corruption, in fact the city was so bad that its name

was synonymous with moral depravity. Paul wrote his letter because the church he founded on his second missionary

journey had trouble separating its self from the immoral culture that surrounded it.

Book Overview: The second letter to the Corinthians was written from Ephesus during Paul's third missionary

journey. Earlier Paul had established a church in the Greek city of Corinth, but after his departure things started to go

bad for the newly established church. Paul's earlier letter written the year before had not settled all the church's

problems and issues. In particular the main question was the one concerning Paul's own authority. After Paul's

departure others had come into the group of believers at Corinth and raised doubts about Paul's authority and

apostleship. Paul wrote this letter to establish his authority as one chosen by Jesus Christ to lead others in their faith.

Paul also covered other practical issues e.g. supporting believers in other parts of the country who had fallen on hard

times. In the first letter to the Corinthians Paul had instructed believers in the church to deal with an individual who

was having an affair with his fathers new wife, the church body took Paul's instructions to heart and disciplined the

member; however they were in danger of taking it to far, so Paul added additional instructions in his second letter to

forgive and welcome the person back in if they had repented and turned away from their sins. Paul explained to the

church body not to carry the discipline so far as to possibly ruin their fellow believer. Also between the time of the

first and second letters, others had come into the church and accused Paul of walking according to the flesh, being

deceitful and using his position to intimidate the group of believers and raise money for himself by falsely claiming he

was taking a collection for the Jerusalem church. The accusations were completely untrue; however Paul had to

address the concerns of the church in the second letter.

Common Name: Galatians

Testament: New


Where Written: Asia Minor

Why Written: Written to warn against legalism and to defend salvation by faith alone in Jesus alone and not by any

type of works of the flesh.

Key Idea: Christian Liberty

Key Verse: "But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness,

self-control. Against such there is no law." (Galatians 5:22-23)

Key People: Paul, Peter, Barnabus



Intended Audience: The church in Galatia and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the letter to the Galatians was Galatia, an area of highlands located in the central southwest of region

of Modern Turkey. Galatia was named for the immigrant Gaul's from Thrace. The region of Galatia that Paul wrote to

included several main cities e.g. Iconium, Lystra, Derbe, Psidia and Antioch. Paul wrote this letter because of

problems with legalism which had snuck into the church by false Jewish preachers who tried to convince the Gentile

believers they were required to fulfill all of the mosaic laws.

Book Overview:

The first Christians and the early leaders were Jewish. These were Jews who accepted Jesus as their Messiah, Lord

and Savior. As Jews, they were constrained to follow of the laws of Moses; their newfound faith in Christ gave them

liberty from the law; however as Jews they grew up with and trained in the Jewish laws and customs. Many of the

Jewish converts wondered how and if the Gentiles could be part of the Kingdom of Heaven. This became a

controversy that threatened to tare the early church apart. Judaizers or extremist felt that the laws were mandatory

for the new Christians just as there were mandatory for the Jews prior to their conversion. Because of this the

Judaizers taught that Gentile Christians had to submit to Jewish laws and traditions in addition to believing in Christ.

As a missionary to the Gentiles, Paul had to confront this issue many times. Galatians was written, to refute the

Judaizers and to call believers back to the pure Gospel where Salvation is by God's grace through faith in Christ Jesus

and nothing else. Paul preached to the people of Galatia during his first missionary journey. Shortly after his

departure a group of Jewish believers arrived and tried to convince the Gentile believers that they had to submit to

the laws of Moses. Paul points out in his letter that Abraham the father of the Jew's, who lived more than four

hundred years before God gave the law, was accepted by his faith in God. So Paul explains how and why it is not

necessary to follow the Jewish laws to become a believer in Christ or to make them more perfect. Paul also includes

a vigorous defense of his authority to teach matters of faith in Christ and Jewish tradition, as well as includes a

discussions on how Christians should live.

Common Name: Ephesians

Testament: New


Where Written: Roman Prison

Why Written: Written to encourage persecuted believers and to show them what it means to follow Jesus as a

believer.

Key Idea: Unity in the Body of Christ

Key Verse: "For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of

works, lest anyone should boast." (Ephesians 2:8-9)

Key People: Paul, Pricilla, Aquila, Tychicus



Intended Audience: The church in Ephesus and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the letter to the Ephesians is the city of Ephesus which was a large commercial city located off the

coast of the Aegean Sea in Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). Ephesus served as the capital for that part of Asia Minor

and the city was located at the intersection of several major trade routes. It's likely the Gospel was first brought to

Ephesus by Priscilla and Aquila who were left there by Paul on his second missionary journey. Paul wrote his letter

because the church was plagued with false teachings brought in by two men. These false teachings caused

distraction and arguments within the church.

Book Overview:

The letter to the Ephesians was written while Paul was still a prisoner in Rome. Ephesus was a large commercial city

located in the Roman province of Asia which is part of Turkey today. Paul spent over three years there with the

church and had grown very close to the elders and members of the congregation. It was the elders from this church

that saw Paul off at Miletus, on his trip back to Jerusalem. The city of Ephesus was famous for its temple to the

fertility goddess Diana, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. It was in this city where the idol makers

created a great riot that was mentioned in the book of Acts. After Paul's work with Pricilla and Aquila the city became

a center of evangelistic outreach. Paul wrote the letter to comfort and encourage the believers living in the Roman

province of Asia Minor (now the land of Turkey). Paul presents an overview of history beginning before time with the

plans that God had for the world. Paul works from the past to the present where God saves those who believe in

Christ and moves forward into the future where God will overcome all evil. Paul points out that there is a battle

waged on an unseen level between Satan and his forces and the believers of this world. But that because of our

union with Christ we have the power to overcome these forces. Paul then goes on to discuss practical matters for

Christians regarding marriage, behavior and relationships. Paul also warns the elders of the church to beware of the

savage wolves (false teachers) who will come in to devour the congregation.

Common Name: Philippians

Testament: New



Why Written: Written to express Paul's love and thankfulness for the Philippian church and give believers and

example of the believers love and affection for fellow believers.

Key Idea: A Joyous Life in Christ

Key Verse: "Do all things without complaining and disputing, hat you may become blameless and harmless, children

of God without fault in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation, among whom you shine as lights in the

world." (Philippians 2:14-15)

Key People: Paul, Roman Jailer, Lydia, Epaphroditus, Timothy



Intended Audience: All the Christians at Philippi and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the letter to the Philippians was the city of Philippi. Philippi was Roman Colony situated on the

Egnatian Way just off the coast of the Aegean Sea north of Athens. The Egnatian Way was a main transportation

route through Macedonia. The Egnatian way joined with the Appian Way to connect the eastern Roman Empire with

Italy. The city got it's name from Philip II of Macedon (Alexander the Great's father) who conquered the region in the

fourth century. Paul wrote his letter to the Philippians to encourage them, warn them against false teachers, exhort

them to unity and to explain why he had Epaphroditus return to them. Paul was concerned the congregation would

think that Epaphroditus did not server Paul well when in fact he provided and excellent service.

Book Overview:

The letter to the Philippians was written while Paul was still a prisoner in Roman, he wrote the letter to his very dear

friends in Philippi as a response to their generosity toward him. He begins the letter by expressing his gratitude and

explains some of the problems he faces there and how it's helping him spread the Gospel. At this point Paul does not

know whether he will live or die. If Paul dies he will rejoice in the presence of the Lord, if he survives the ordeal he

will continue his service to God and our Lord Jesus Christ. Paul's humility has been set before the Philippians as an

example of being content regardless of circumstances. Paul was on his second missionary journey when he received

a vision from God which caused Paul to leave Troas and travel to Macedonia where he established a small church in

the city of Philippi. The City was named for Philip II of Macedon father to Alexander the Great. The city was located

on a major road called the Egnatian Way. The city had become the leading city of Macedonia and the Romans in 42

B.C. granted the city the status of a Roman Colony. The church Paul started there was a mix of races, cultures and

social classes and the first converts were mainly upper-class women.

Common Name: Colossians

Testament: New



Why Written: Written to counteract and deal with false teachers and false doctrine. To help believers understand

and spot false teachers and false doctrine.

Key Idea: Christ the All-Sufficient Savior

Key Verse: "For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily; and you are complete in Him, who is the head

of all principality and power." (Colossians 2:9-10)

Key People: Paul, Justus, Timothy, Onesimus, Philem, Tychicus, Aristarchus



Intended Audience: The church in Colosse a city in Asia Minor and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for this letter is a Roman prison from which Paul was writing this letter to the Colossians. Colosse was a

city in Phrygia located 100 miles east of the city of Ephesus in the Valley of the Lycus River north of Athens off the

west coast of the Aegean Sea. The church at Colosse was comprised of both Jews and Gentiles and so the problems

they faced included both legalism from the Jews and mysticism from the gentiles. Paul had written the letter in order

to get the church back on track and away from heresy.

Book Overview:

Written from Rome while Paul was still a prisoner, he wrote the letter to believers in a city he had never visited. He

had come to know these believers while living in Ephesus during his second missionary journey. Paul was told about

strange doctrines that were creeping into the church, views e.g. astrology, magic and Judaism, which downgraded

Jesus Christ to some sort of angel and also troubled the Colossians. Paul's letter explained that Jesus Christ is God in

the flesh born of a virgin, who came to bear and pay the price of our sins. It's thought that Epaphras was converted

and taught by Paul in Ephesus then returned home to the city of Colosse to spread the Gospel message and as a

result a small church started. The city of Colosse was a large strategic city as a result of the Persian wars in the 5th

century; however during Paul's time it had declined to a small merchant town. Paul warns the believers at Colosse

not to be led astray by any empty man made philosophy and high-sounding nonsense. Paul stresses in his letter that

through Christ we have all we need to live the Christian life and that there is nothing man can add to the salvation

already provided by Christ.

Common Name: 1st Thessalonians

Testament: New



Why Written: To help believers understand that Jesus is coming back and to keep faithful in a world of ever

increasing apostasy.

Key Idea: Christ's Coming

Key Verse: "Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, in everything give thanks; for this is the will of God in Christ

Jesus for you. Do not quench the Spirit. Do not despise prophecies. Test all things; hold fast what is good. Abstain

from every form of evil. Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you completely; and may your whole spirit, soul,

and body be preserved blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ." (1st Thessalonians 5:16-23)

Key People: Paul, Silas, Timothy



Intended Audience: The church at Thessalonica and believers everywhere.

Setting: Thessalonica was a port city and commercial center located in the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea.

However Paul wrote the letter from the city of Corinth which is located some distance to the south of Thessalonica

across from Athens. Thessalonica was the capital city of Macedonia and enjoyed the status as a "free city" which was

ruled by it's own citizens under the Roman Empire. Paul wrote the letter to the church for multiple reasons including

dealing with strife, false teachings, general questions regarding Christian living and to provide exhortation to the

church undergoing persecution. Paul also provided explanations for past problems with legalism and Jewish

community.

Book Overview: Written from Corinth around 51 A.D., Paul had visited the city of Thessalonica during his second

missionary journey but was forced to flee from the city when intense persecution had developed there. Paul had

made his way from there to Athens and finally to Corinth, when he had heard from Timothy that questions and

persecution had arisen within the church. Paul sent Timothy back to Thessalonica to see if the Thessalonians were

staying with their faith in spite of the persecution occurring there. The church at Thessalonica was one of the first

churches evangelized by Paul and Silas. Paul had preached in Philippi then traveled the hundred miles to

Thessalonica to preach there. Paul started the church there by preaching three Sabbaths in a row at the Jewish

Synagogue where he had great success reaching people for the Gospel. Many of the Jews who did not believe

became angry with Paul’s success and hired men to attack Paul and accused Paul and other believers of treason for

proclaiming another King by the name of Jesus.

Paul wrote this first letter to comfort and encourage the young believers there. He also included in his letter

teachings on the Christian lifestyle, beliefs concerning God, the Holy Spirit and Jesus Christ. Paul had heard that

some of the believers there who had died would miss out on the resurrection. Paul assured the Thessalonians that

when Jesus returns believers who had died in Christ would rise first.

Common Name: 2nd Thessalonians

Testament: New



Why Written: To help believers understand that Jesus is coming back and to keep faithful in a world of ever

increasing apostasy.

Key Idea: The Day of the Lord

Key Verse: "And we have confidence in the Lord concerning you, both that you do and will do the things we

command you. Now may the Lord direct your hearts into the love of God and into the patience of Christ. But we

command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you withdraw from every brother who walks

disorderly and not according to the tradition which he received from us." (2nd Thessalonians 3:4-6)

Key People: Paul, Silas, Timothy



Intended Audience: The church at Thessalonica and believers everywhere.

Setting:

Thessalonica was a port city and commercial center located in the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. However

Paul wrote the letter from the city of Corinth which is located some distance to the south of Thessalonica across from

Athens. Thessalonica was the capital city of Macedonia and enjoyed the status as a "free city" which was ruled by it's

own citizens under the Roman Empire. Paul wrote the letter to the church for multiple reasons including dealing with

strife, false teachings, general questions regarding Christian living and to provide exhortation to the church

undergoing persecution. Paul also provided explanations for past problems with legalism and Jewish community.

Book Overview:

Written from Corinth shortly after Paul's other letter. Either the first letter or one reported has being from Paul had

disturbed the Thessalonians and added confusion concerning the second coming of Jesus Christ. The continued

persecution faced by the Thessalonians probably added to the confusion as well. Paul wrote the letter to assure them

that Christ most certainly will return and punish those who do not accept him, he also spoke of the great day of

judgment (the Day of the Lord) would not take them by surprise but would be proceeded by a series of events.

During the time span between Paul’s letters there were false beliefs that had crept into the church, these including

the claim that the Day of the Lord had already come and claims that those who died previously though saved would

miss the Second Coming of Christ. We have to remember that Paul faced great opposition to his preaching while in

Thessalonica and had to flee at night to Berea. One of the teachings Paul clarified was that there was a great

Apostasy that would take place first before the Second Coming of Jesus and that a period of lawlessness would

occur.

Common Name: 1st Timothy

Testament: New


Where Written: Rome

Why Written: To encourage Timothy and fellow believers in faithful leadership and to remember to rebuke false

doctrine.

Key Idea: Church Ministry

Key Verse: "Let no one despise your youth, but be an example to the believers in word, in conduct, in love, in spirit,

in faith, in purity." (1st Timothy 4:12)

Key People: Paul, Silas, Timothy, Eunice, Louis



Intended Audience: Timothy a confidant of Paul and a young church leader (most likely in his 30's-40's) and

believers everywhere.

Setting:

Timothy was a native of Lystra and Phrygia and Paul mostly wrote the letter while in Macedonia. After being release

from his first imprisonment Paul revisited several cities, he had left Timothy behind in Ephesus to deal with problems

e.g. false doctrine, disorderly church conduct, materialism and the need for proper leadership. Paul is encouraging

and exhorting Timothy in the work of ministry. Though considered young Timothy would have been in his thirties to

forties.

Book Overview:

Paul wrote 1 Timothy in about A.D. 64, most likely during the time of his final Roman imprisonment. Because he had

appealed to Caesar, Paul was sent as a prisoner to Rome (see Acts 25–28). Most scholars believe that Paul was

released in about A.D. 62 and that during the next few years he was able to travel. During this time, he wrote 1

Timothy and Titus. Paul writing this letter near the end of his life addresses it to his associate Timothy a son in the

faith to Paul, whom he had left in Ephesus to help with problems in the church. The believers in the church at

Ephesus struggled with many things including Christian teachings, church matters and Christian living. Paul not only

wrote to give Timothy instructions on these matters but also to encourage him, in order to prevent Timothy from

becoming discouraged in his Christian life, but rather to live whole heartedly always keeping in mind the bigger

picture of God's plan of salvation. Paul also included in his letter specific regulations or prerequisites for church

leaders.

Timothy was a young man and a native of Lystra and Phrygia, Timothy’s father was Greek and his mother Eunice and

grandmother Louis were Godly women. Paul’s letter to Timothy is considered a Pastoral Epistle since it gives the

young Pastor advice in how to live and teach the Christian faith. Timothy was chosen at the beginning of Paul’s

second missionary journey to accompany him and Silas. Because they would be preaching to the Jews on this trip

Paul had circumcised Timothy to prevent any unnecessary conflict.

Common Name: 2nd Timothy

Testament: New



Why Written: Written to encourage Timothy and believers in general to remain faith in Christian leadership and

ministry even in the midst of suffering and persecution.

Key Idea: Individual Ministry

Key Verse: "You have known the Holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith which

is in Christ Jesus. All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction,

for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work."

(2nd Timothy 3:15-17)

Key People: Paul, Timothy



Intended Audience: Timothy a confidant of Paul and a young church leader (most likely in his 30's-40's) and


Setting:

Timothy was a native of Lystra and Phrygia and Paul mostly wrote the letter while in Macedonia. After being release

from his first imprisonment Paul revisited several cities, he had left Timothy behind in Ephesus to deal with problems.

However shortly afterwards during Nero's persecutions Paul is once again in a Roman prison. He is writing Timothy

releasing that the end of his life is near. He is encouraging and exhorting Timothy to keep up the work of the

ministry.

Book Overview:

This epistle was probably one of Paul’s last and it was written to his associate Timothy. It's a personal letter that

expresses feelings and assurances that though Paul's earthly life may be near and end that God had eternal life

waiting for him. Paul wrote about God's faithfulness in leading him throughout his life. This book devotes an entire

section to the day when people would fall away from the faith, depart from the truth and seeking what they want to

hear and refuse to acknowledge God's authority. Paul urges Timothy to stand strong in the face of such adversity.

Paul was facing death convicted as a follower of Jesus, Paul was imprisoned in a Roman prison, which usually

consisted of a being chained in a small cold and damp stone room cut off from the world. Paul would of had just a

few visitors and his writing materials. Paul knew that soon he would be executed and so he wrote his final thoughts

to his Timothy who he considered a "son" in the faith; passing to him the torch of leadership, reminding him of what

was truly important, and encouraging him in the faith. Paul in his letter warns Timothy of the opposition that he and

other believers would face in the last days and the false doctrines that would no doubt abound. Paul instructs

Timothy to be prepared by remembering his example and to understand that the real source of the opposition is

Satan and to look to the Word of God for strength and power to continue the good fight.

Common Name: Titus

Testament: New


Where Written: Rome

Why Written: Written to encourage the church to help those in need, do good works through their faith in Christ

Jesus through the power of the Holy Spirit.

Key Idea: Sound Doctrine

Key Verse: "But when the kindness and the love of God our Savior toward man appeared, not by works of

righteousness which we have done, but according to His mercy He saved us, through the washing of regeneration

and renewing of the Holy Spirit, whom He poured out on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Savior, hat having

been justified by His grace we should become heirs according to the hope of eternal life." (Titus 3:4-7)

Key People: Paul, Titus, Artemus, Tychicus, Zenas, Apollos



Intended Audience: To a Greek man named Titus and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting takes place on Crete a large island located in the Mediterranean Sea. The island itself was approximately

160 miles long and 35 miles wide and is located about 100 miles southeast of Greece. Paul had brought Titus to faith

in Christ and later Titus had ministered with Paul on the Island of Crete. Paul had left Titus in Crete to continue the

ministry and Paul wrote this letter to encourage Titus in the work of the ministry.

Book Overview:

Paul wrote this letter to an earlier associate that he had left on the island of Crete to help strengthen the churches.

Paul’s letter to Titus while short provides an important demonstration of the discipleship process. Paul is helping a

young pastor grow in his leadership role within the church. As we read this epistle, we gain insight into the

organizational and operational life of the early church and learn principles which are still used for structuring

contemporary churches today. Titus's task was to select leaders in the church and to instruct believers in basic

Christian teachings. In this letter it was necessary for Paul to go into detail regarding the qualifications of a church

"elder ", and to give instructions for others in the church as well. Paul touched on the problems that affect the

servants of God and how to deal with these problems when encountered.

Paul emphasizes the importance of living a good Christian life, explaining to Titus the importance of relating to the

various age groups within the church. For example Paul urges Titus to be a godly example of a mature believer, to

teach with courage and conviction and then discusses the general responsibilities of Christian and their role in

society: Paul also reminds Titus that he should avoid divisive arguments.

Common Name: Philemon

Testament: New



Why Written: This letter was written to an individual called Philemon to exhort him to forgive a runaway slave

called Onesimus, who had since came to faith in Christ and changed his life.

Key Idea: Forgiveness

Key Verse: "If then you count me as a partner, receive him as you would me. But if he has wronged you or owes

anything, put that on my account. I, Paul, am writing with my own hand. I will repay-not to mention to you that you

owe me even your own self besides." (Philemon 1:17-19)

Key People: Paul, Philemon, Onesimus, Timothy, Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, Luke



Intended Audience: To Philemon on behalf of a runaway slave named Onesimus and all believers everywhere.

Setting:

Colossae or Colosse, was an ancient city of Phrygia, on the Lycus, which is a tributary of the Maeander River. It was

situated about 12 miles above Laodicea, and near the great road from Ephesus to the Euphrates. Philemon had come

to faith in Christ as part of Paul's ministry and had become good friends with Paul. Later Paul had met a runaway

slave named Onesimus who also had become saved. Onesimus had become a trusted friend and valued helper to

Paul in Rome; however it turns out Onesimus had runaway from Philemon and Paul was writing him to forgive

Onesimus and let him return back to Rome to assist him.

Book Overview:

Written by the apostle Paul from Rome, it regards a slave named Onesimus who was owned by Philemon, a Christian

in Colosse. Onesimus ran away and ended up in Rome and helped Paul after his conversion. During this period a

slave who ran away could face the death penalty if caught and returned to their master. Onesimus had heard the

Christian message from Paul and became a believer and Philemon the master of Onesimus was also Christian and

Paul felt confident that Philemon and Onesimus would both do the right thing. This letter was written to encourage

Philemon to take Onesimus back not only as a slave but as a Christian brother, the name Onesimus means “useful”

and Paul uses a play on words to help Philemon understand that Onesimus is not only useful to him but also the

church. Paul’s letter encourages Philemon to not only forgive Onesimus but to view him as a brother in Christ and

give him restoration and freedom for service to the body of Christ.

Philemon was a Christian and local leader who served as a pastor of the church that met in his home. Onesimus was

a slave who not a Christian at that time he stole and ran away from Philemon. Later he met Paul and accept Jesus as

his Lord and Savior. Most scholars believe that the Onesimus mentioned here is the same Onesimus who later

became the Bishop of Ephesus.

Common Name: Hebrews

Testament: New


Where Written: Unknown

Why Written: Written to inform believers of the superiority of Jesus over the Old Testament Covenant and how

Jesus is a fulfillment of the Old Testament Covenant.

Key Idea: Christ is the Reason

Key Verse: "Looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who for the joy that was set before Him

endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God." (Hebrews 12:2)

Key People: Jesus, Moses and the Priest

Who Wrote the Book: It's unknown who authored the letter to the Hebrews. The book definitely shows Pauline

influence; however because the author claims to have received Christ's message from others that rules out Paul

because Paul received his teaching directly from Christ himself. Suggested authors include Barnabus, Silas, Apollos,

Luke, Philip, Pricilla and Aquila her husband.

Intended Audience: Hebrew Christians who because of persecution were thinking of returning to Judaism and


Setting: The setting for the letter to the Hebrews was the entire Mediterranean basin and the cities of the Roman

Empire from Alexandria, Israel and around the Mediterranean ocean to Rome. The writer of this letter was focusing

on Jews who had grown up in the Temple worship and Jewish customs and practices. This letter systematically

explains the superiority of Christianity and how Jesus completes the Jewish Law.

Book Overview: This letter was influenced by Paul; but written by fellow believers. The most popular guess is

Apollos a fellow Christian who was taught by Pricilla and Aquila who themselves were taught by Paul. Regardless the

author’s writings reflect pure Pauline teachings. The letter to the Hebrews is an important letter written to Jewish

believers who were thinking of returning back to the old way of Judaism. It shows that because Jesus Christ came

and shed his blood for the remission of sins that additional religious acts are unnecessary in order to have a

relationship with God. Why return to the old life when Jesus Christ as given believers a new life? Christ is superior to

angels, superior to Moses and to the Old Testament priests. His death was the final sacrifice, the ultimate payment

for our sins, thus ending the Old Testament system of animal and crop sacrifices. The author also explains that the

new life of the Christian is better than the old life in Judaism and that Old Testament heroes led lives of faith

believing in the future coming of the Messiah.

Hebrews begins by explaining that Judaism and Christianity are both religions revealed by God. And that Jesus Christ

is a fulfillment of Old Testament Laws and Promises. The writer shows his audience how Jesus is superior to angels,

to Moses, to the prophets and the priest and how Jesus died once for all sins ending the sacrificial system in place.

Christianity surpasses Judaism because it has a better covenant and a better propitiation for sins. Having established

the superiority of Christ, the writer moves on to the practical implications of following Jesus. The readers are

exhorted to hold on to their new faith, encourage each other, and look forward to Christ’s return. They are further

warned of the consequences of returning back to Judaism thus rejecting Jesus and the Salvation He only can

provide. Then the author explains how to live by faith, giving illustrations of the faithful men and women in Israel’s

history and giving encouragement to continue living by faith in Christ Jesus.

Common Name: James

Testament: New


Where Written: Jerusalem (Southern kingdom)

Why Written: Written as encouragement to Christians to live out their faith. not for works sake; but because of our

love for Christ Jesus our Lord.

Key Idea: Action Reveals Faith

Key Verse: "So then, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath; for the

wrath of man does not produce the righteousness of God." (James 1:19-20)

Key People: James, Jesus, Abraham, Isaac

Who Wrote the Book: There are four men named James in the New Testament, they include James the less the

son of Alphaeus, James the father of Judas (not Iscariot), James the son of Zebedee and brother of John and James

the older half brother of Jesus. Out of these four the first two are not considered as the authors and James the son

of Zebedee was martyred too early to written this letter. However James the brother of Christ as a leader in the early

Christian church, he witnessed the risen Lord and this letter bears his writing style as well as early church fathers

confirm he was the author.

Intended Audience: First century Jewish Christians living among the Gentiles and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the letter James was the entire Mediterranean basin including all of the cities of the Roman Empire

from Alexandria all around the Mediterranean ocean to Rome. James himself was living in Jerusalem; however he

was writing to Christians throughout the Roman Empire. James in his letter explains the difference between works

and faith and explains to his readers that the fruit of true and honest faith is works pleasing to Christ.

Book Overview:

This letter written by James the brother of Jesus was to Jewish Christians who were scattered abroad. The letter was

meant to provide them some practical instructions for living. In contains many short, proverbial sayings and reflects

in a remarkable way Jesus' teachings from the Sermon on the Mount. The problems James addresses include pride,

discrimination, greed, lust, hypocrisy, lack of compassion and conformity to a world that was very un-Christian.

James confronts the conflict that often plaques those claiming to be Christian. That it is not enough to talk the

Christian faith; but that we must also live it. James writes, “Dear brothers and sisters, what’s the use of saying you

have faith if you don’t prove it by your actions? That kind of faith can’t save anyone”. The proof of the reality of our

faith is a changed life, that's not to argue that we are saved through works, what James is saying is that if we are

truly saved by faith, then that faith is the product of true repentance and faith in Christ that brings salvation which in

turn produces in us fruits of the spirit which can be seen on our good works.

Common Name: 1st Peter

Testament: New


Where Written: Rome

Why Written: A call to all believers in Christ Jesus to live lives of Holiness.

Key Idea: Hope During Trial

Key Verse: "But the end of all things is at hand; therefore be serious and watchful in your prayers." (1st Peter 4:7)

Key People: Peter, Silvanus, Mark

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verse as well as early church fathers and Christian tradition state Peter is the

author.

Intended Audience: First century Jewish Christians who were driven out of Jerusalem and scattered through out

Asia Minor and believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the for First Peter would have been Asia Minor or modern day Turkey, the letter would have traveled

through most of the cities of Asia Minor. Including areas of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia. Peter

most likely write this epistle while in Rome and used the code word "Babylon" to keep authorities from persecuting

the church there. Peter wrote the letter to encourage Christians to victorious living during persecution and hostility.

Book Overview:

Written by the apostle Peter possibly from Rome near the end of his life. This epistle was written to encourage and

strengthen Jewish Christians living in Asia Minor (now the land of Turkey). He points out that suffering is part of the

Christian life and that God will reward those who trust in him through his Son, Jesus Christ. Peter was concerned for

the Jewish believers scattered during the Diaspora who were thinking of returning to Judaism to avoid persecution as

well as non-Jewish Christians who many for the first time were facing persecution because of their Christian faith.

During the time of this letter Christians in Asia Minor were facing persecution under Nero and many were beginning

to second guess their faith in Jesus. Peter points out the suffering that Jesus endured and reminds believers that the

Body of Christ was meant to help others find salvation through Jesus. Peter presents the example of Christ's suffering

and urges believers to be prepared for the same experience.

Many of the Christians under Nero's reign were suffering and being abused and persecuted for believing in and

obeying Jesus. Beginning in Jerusalem at the hands of their Jewish brothers, the persecution spread to the rest of

the world wherever Christians gathered. It climaxed when Rome determined to rid the empire of the “Christ-ones”

those who would not bow to Caesar, Christians were blamed for numerous societal problems under the Roman

Caesar and many were tortured and killed for their faith.

Common Name: 2nd Peter

Testament: New


Where Written: Rome

Why Written: Written as a warning against false teachers and false doctrine.

Key Idea: True Knowledge of God

Key Verse: "For prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the

Holy Spirit." (2nd Peter 1:21)

Key People: Peter, Balaam Son of Peor

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verse as well as early church fathers and Christian tradition state Peter is the

author.

Intended Audience: General letter to the church at large for all believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for the for Second Peter would have been Asia Minor or modern day Turkey, the letter would have

traveled through most of the cities of Asia Minor. Including areas of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia.

Peter wrote his second letter in an effort to deal with the false teachers who were creeping into the church. He did

not any further damage caused by their false doctrine and flagrant lifestyles.

Book Overview:

Written by the apostle Peter possibly from Rome near the end of his life, this book was written to deal with the

problems that Peter knew would still remain after his death. This epistle was written to encourage and strengthen

Christians living in Asia Minor (now the land of Turkey). Peter was dealing with false doctrines that were starting to

creep into the church and he urges Christians to continue their spiritual growth, remembering the good news of

Jesus Christ. And that His death and resurrection is not some fable but the truth. Peter warns of false teachers that

will destroy the truth by teaching their own ideas and philosophies. Finally he points out that Christ will return

someday and destroy the old world order, and therefore as Christians we can not become attached to the things of

this world.

In his letter Peter reiterates the authority of himself and the other apostles and explains that righteous living is

following Christ and that Jesus Himself will return and that following or accepting false doctrine can have eternal

consequences. Peter’s first letter was to comfort and encourage those facing tribulation; however this second letter is

to warn against following false doctrine.

Common Name: 1st John

Testament: New



Why Written: Written to remind believers to show love in Christ for one another.

Key Idea: Fellowship with God

Key Verse: "He who does not love does not know God, for God is love." (1st John 4:8)

Key People: God the Father, Jesus Christ, Apostle John

Who Wrote the Book: John and his authority as an Apostle of Jesus was well know to his readers, early church

fathers as well as Christian tradition ascribe the Apostle John as the author.

Intended Audience: General letter to un-specified church referred to as the "Chosen Lady" and for all believers

everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for 1st John is the Asia Minor and the Mediterranean basin, including the cities of Ephesus, Smyrna,

Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. By the time John had penned this letter he was well

advanced in age and he was the only sole surviving apostle who had first hand seen, spoken to and been with Jesus.

John at this time was living in Ephesus and was writing the churches to combat false teachings and the early forms

of Gnosticism a heresy concerning hidden or secret knowledge putting forth that Jesus was not a real person. John

having been an eye witness affirmed the physical reality and divinity of Jesus.

Book Overview:

Though uncertain 1st John was probably written from Ephesus. John wrote this letter to the believers that were dear

to him. He addresses them as though they were his little children giving them practical instructions for Christian

living. He begins his letter stressing the Jesus Christ is God in human form, and that to know Jesus is to know God,

and that to not know Jesus is to not know God or his love for us. Christians however have the experience of knowing

God's love in their lives and because of that we have no reason to fear; either in this life of the next.

John had written this letter in part to counter the teachings of the false preachers who were claiming to have great

knowledge regarding the nature and deity of Jesus Christ. John reminds his readers that he himself is an eye witness

and that Jesus did indeed come in the flesh and was fully human and fully God. John explains that any other doctrine

is heresy and could lead to eternal death.

During the time that John wrote this letter Gnosticism (a teaching claiming to have secret or hidden knowledge) was

creeping into the church and gain popularity. These teachings blended mysticism and dualism into a single doctrine.

Dualism basically stated that only the spirit is good and all flesh is bad, therefore Jesus could not have come in the

flesh and that God did not really create the universe. They also taught that the God of the Old Testament and the

God of the New Testament were two different god’s. Both of these teachings were complete heresy and threaten to

lead people away from salvation and eternal life through Christ Jesus.

Common Name: 2nd John

Testament: New



Why Written: Written to warn against heresy and false teachers.

Key Idea: Abide in Truth

Key Verse: "Look to yourselves, that we do not lose those things we worked for, but that we may receive a full

reward." (2nd John 1:8)

Key People: God the Father, Jesus Christ, Apostle John, the Chosen Lady

Who Wrote the Book: John and his authority as an Apostle of Jesus was well know to his readers, he describes

himself in the books verse and early church fathers as well as Christian tradition ascribe the Apostle John as the

author.

Intended Audience: General letter to un-specified church referred to as the "Chosen Lady" and for all believers

everywhere.

Setting:




John at this time was living in Ephesus and was writing the churches to combat false teachers who in this case were

taking advantage of the hospitality of Christians and assuming the role of teacher in order to make a living.

Book Overview:

There were problems in the early church including false teachers and Judaizers. Judaizers were teachers who taught

that the sacrifice of Christ at the Cross of Calvary was not sufficient and that gentile believers had to also follow all of

the Mosaic laws. These were strict laws that they themselves were unable to keep. In addition to the Judaizers there

were other groups including the Gnostics who claimed to have secret knowledge regarding the nature and deity of

Jesus.

John wrote this second letter to combat the false doctrines that were creeping into the church from these various

groups. One of the latest teachings was Doceticism, this idea taught that Christ did not come in the flesh; but rather

Jesus was a divine spiritual being that only appeared to have a body, this teaching nullified the sacrifice of Jesus on

the Cross and left all of us still under our sins. By denying the human nature of Jesus He could no longer be a perfect

sacrifice for our sins.

John wrote the second letter to the “elect body and her children”. Most scholars believe that this either a direct

reference to a specific person and their children or to the church. However during this period of time the church wad

referred to as the “Body of Christ”.

Common Name: 3rd John

Testament: New



Why Written: Written to individual, specifically to praise Gaius for his loyalty and to rebuke Diotrephes for his pride

and arrogance.

Key Idea: Practice Truth

Key Verse: "I have no greater joy than to hear that my children walk in truth." (3rd John 1:4)

Key People: God the Father, Jesus Christ, Apostle John, Gaius, Diotrephes, Demetrius

Who Wrote the Book: John and his authority as an Apostle of Jesus was well know to his readers, he describes

himself in the books verse and early church fathers as well as Christian tradition ascribe the Apostle John as the

author.

Intended Audience: Gaius a notable Christian and for all believers everywhere.

Setting:




John at this time was living in Ephesus and was writing the churches to combat false teachings. In this letter John

had to correct the actions of an elder named Diotrephes who had taking John's first letter to an extreme even to the

point of slandering John while using his authority to silence anyone in the church who challenged him.

Book Overview:

Though uncertain First John was probably written from Ephesus. This short letter is a personal note from John to his

personal friend Gaius, encouraging him to support the Christians who are traveling to preach and teach about Jesus

Christ. He warns Gaius about men such as Diotrephes, who refused to help spread the Good News. John also

commends others such as Demetrius for helping.

Common Name: Jude

Testament: New


Where Written: Unknown

Why Written: Written to warn against heresy, bad doctrine and false teachers.

Key Idea: Contend for the Faith

Key Verse: "Now to Him who is able to keep you from stumbling, And to present you faultless Before the presence

of His glory with exceeding joy." (Jude 1:24)

Key People: Jesus Christ, Jude, James, Michael the Archangel, Enoch, Korah,

Who Wrote the Book: It has been generally accepted that Jude the half-brother of James wrote this letter and not

Jude the apostle of Jesus. Internal as well as external evidence and Christian tradition support Jude the half-brother

of Jesus as the author.

Intended Audience: Jewish Christians and all believers everywhere.

Setting:

The setting for Jude is the Asia Minor and the Mediterranean basin and Israel, extending from Athens in the west to

Antioch in the east and as far down as Gaza in Israel. Jude wrote his letter during a time of severe political attacks

on Christianity from Rome as well as Gnosticism. Jude speaks to fellow Christians regarding Spiritual warfare and

faith in Christ.

Book Overview:

Though uncertain who this letter was originally written to Jude the brother of Jesus was clear on the problems the

letter addresses. This was the problem false doctrine; Jude is urging the believers to stand firm against tales teachers

and their philosophies. In one passage Jude gives examples of God's judgment against sinners on the past and

describes the vile lives of those people who are trying to confuse and mislead others. Jude closes by urging the

Christians to stand their ground, relying on God's power to keep them from failing.

Common Name: Revelation

Testament: New


Where Written: Island of Patmos

Why Written: Written to reveal the divinity and glory of Jesus Christ and to encourage believers going through

trials that Jesus is returning and in the end will establish His kingdom forever.

Key Idea: Culmination of Gods Plan

Key Verse: "Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away.

Also there was no more sea." (Revelation 21:1)

Key People: God the Father, Jesus Christ, Holy Spirit, John, Twenty-Four Elders, Four Living Creatures

Who Wrote the Book: One or more verse as well as early church fathers and Christian tradition state John is the

author. Also internal and historical evidence point to John as the author.

Intended Audience: The Seven Churches of Asia Minor and all believers everywhere.

Setting:

John wrote his letter to the seven churches while exiled on the Island of Patmos whish is small island in the Aegean

Sea off of the Mediterranean basin approximately ninety miles off of the coast of Ephesus. John wrote his prophetic

letter to give the churches hope and insight into the final glory and victory of Christ Jesus. John's letter gives

Christians the insight into what will happen just prior to and during Christ's return.

Book Overview:

Written by the apostle John while exiled on the island of Patmos, this letter contains two major sections the first is

the letters written to the seven churches in Asia Minor, and the second is a series of visions dealing with the life and

persecutions of the people of God, the over throw of evil, the return of Christ and the last judgment. This prophetic

book and the end times, gives a major portion of it's writings dealing the judgments poured out on the earth during

the end times prior to the return of Jesus Christ. There are visions of those who died for their faith and the

persecuted believers on the earth. The vision progresses to the final confrontation between God's kingdom and evil.