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This section is based on section 3 (1) (b) of the Substitute Decisions Act, which has been in force in Ontario since 1995. !
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!Comment: This section is intended to unify the law on contracts for necessaries with persons with diminished capacity. Currently, a rule applying to contracts for necessary goods is found in section 7 of the Sale of Goods Act, while a broader rule, applying to contracts for necessary goods and services, continues to exist at common law. An amendment to section 7 of the Sale of Goods Act, removing the potential redundancy of two statutory provisions applying to contracts for necessary goods with people with diminished capacity is set out, below, at section 9. The section is based on section 7 of the United Kingdomʼs Mental Capacity Act 2005. !
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!Comment: Section 8 of the Adult Guardianship Act will, when it is brought into force, carry forward the concept of nominating a committee that is currently found in section 9 of the Patients Property Act. (Under the Adult Guardianship Act a guardian will be the equivalent of a committee.) This amendment to section 8 will change the common-law test of capacity to nominate a committee (or guardian), which is understood to be similar to the test of capacity to make a will. This proposed amendment replaces the common-law test of capacity with a test of capacity that is the equivalent of the statutory test of capacity to make a representation agreement with non-standard provisions. That statu-tory test of capacity is found in section 10 of the Representation Agreement Act, which provides that “[a]n adult may authorize a representative to do any or all of the things re-
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ferred to in section 9 unless the adult is incapable of understanding the nature and con-sequences of the proposed agreement.” The operative language of this test is found in the reference to being capable of “understanding the nature and consequences of the proposed agreement,” which sets a much lower threshold than the common-law test of capacity to make a will. In the committeeʼs view, the proposed amendment will improve the law by encouraging people to nominate committees or guardians (which is a useful personal planning device), by making the applicable test of capacity clearer and more certain, and by harmonizing this test of capacity with the test of capacity for another per-sonal-planning document (a representation agreement). An equivalent amendment for section 9 of the Patients Property Act is found in section 7, below. !
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Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($("9$_V[a$!Comment: This section will make it clear that a person whose capacity is at issue in proceedings under the Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act will not be barred from obtaining legal representation due to the personʼs diminished capacity. Section 33.4 of the act, which has been in force since 1 September 2011, authorizes an application to the supreme court for directions and orders. A personʼs capacity may be at issue in an application under section 33.4. This section parallels the provisions recom-mended for the Adult Guardianship Act (see, above, section 1), the Mental Health Act (see, below, section 5), and the Patients Property Act (see, below, section 6). !
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!Comment: This section is intended to clarify the test of capacity to make an inter vivos gift. Some cases on this issue have applied a test of capacity that is similar to the con-tractual test, while others have endorsed a test that is similar to the testamentary test. This section will make it clear that the test of capacity to make an inter vivos gift should be similar in nature to the test of capacity to make a will. Subsection (1) sets out the scope of this section by defining the key term gift to exclude testamentary gifts. The section is not intended to affect the law relating to capacity to make a will. Subsection (2) contains the restated test of capacity to make an inter vivos gift. !
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(Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act (see, above, section 3), and the Patients Property Act (see, below, section 6). !
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!Comment: This section will make it clear that a person whose capacity is at issue in proceedings under the Patients Property Act will not be barred from obtaining legal rep-resentation due to the personʼs diminished capacity. This section parallels the provisions recommended for the Adult Guardianship Act (see, above, section 1), the Health Care (Consent) and Care Facility (Admission) Act (see, above, section 3), and the Mental Health Act (see, above, section 5). !
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!Comment: An adult may make a representation agreement with standard provisions un-der section 7 of the Representation Agreement Act if the adult meets the “test of incapa-bility for standard provisions” set out in section 8 of the act. It is generally accepted that section 8 sets a very low threshold of mental capacity: an adult may meet its test of ca-pacity even if, for example, the adult is “incapable of making a contract.” This low thresh-old of capacity has created an anomaly in the law, where an adult may have the mental capacity needed to make a representation agreement with standard provisions, but may be unable to obtain legal advice on and assistance to prepare the agreement, because the adultʼs diminished capacity makes it unclear whether the adult has the capacity to re-tain and instruct legal counsel. This section will alleviate this anomaly, by making it clear that that the adult has the capacity to retain and instruct legal counsel for the purpose of advising on and drafting the representation agreement. The section should enhance ac-cess to representation agreements, a valuable personal-planning document, and strengthen the safeguards in place around the creation of those agreements. !
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!Comment: This amendment is necessary to remove a potential redundancy in British Columbiaʼs statutory law. The committee has recommended unifying the two rules re-garding contracts for necessaries with a person who has diminished capacity. These rules are a common-law rule that applies to contracts for necessary goods or services and a narrower statutory rule—currently found in the Sale of Goods Act—that applies only to contracts for necessary goods. The committeeʼs proposed unified rule is set out, above, at section 1. This unified rule is to be located in the Adult Guardianship Act, which is a more logical place to find provisions dealing with mental capacity. But its enactment would raise the question of what to do with the existing statutory rule in section 7 of the Sale of Goods Act. It would obviously be undesirable to have two statutes addressing the same subject. But section 7 addresses a broader range of topics than contracts for nec-essary goods with a person who has diminished capacity, so it canʼt simply be repealed.
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Subsection (3)—the provision in the section dealing with necessaries—also has a broader reach than contracts involving a person with diminished capacity. In addition to dealing with this topic, the subsection also states a rule for contracts for necessary goods with a person who is intoxicated. As it would be anomalous for a rule on intoxication to be located in the Adult Guardianship Act, the committee recommends striking out the reference to mental capacity in subsection (3) and leaving the rest of the subsection in place to deal with the intoxication issue. After it is amended by this section of the draft legislation, subsection (3) will read as follows: “[d]espite subsection (2), if necessaries are sold and delivered to a person who because of drunkenness is incompetent to con-tract, that person must pay a reasonable price for them.” !
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!Comment: Subsections (1) and (3) of this section add a presumption of capacity to the Wills, Estates and Succession Act that is similar to the presumptions of capacity found in section 11 of the Power of Attorney Act and section 3 of the Representation Agreement Act. Subsection (2) relates to an issue that is unique to wills. Under section 58 of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act a court is empowered to admit to probate a record that does not meet all the formalities required of a will. This power is new to British Columbia law, so the committee decided that the presumption of capacity should not immediately be extended to records that are the subject of an order under section 58. This decision should be revisited once the courts have had some time to apply this power. This section is not intended to affect the common-law presumption of capacity to make a will or the common-law doctrine of suspicious circumstances. !
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!Introductory comment: This new division will implement the committeeʼs proposal to create a court-based system that would allow the creation of a will for a person who lacks testamentary capacity. The provisions that follow are largely based on Australian legisla-tion, particularly sections 21–28 of Queenslandʼs Succession Act 1981 and sections 39–48 of Western Australiaʼs Wills Act 1970. But this division does not follow the Australian legislation in providing for a two-stage application, so it departs significantly from its models in certain areas. Note also that this division is drafted in an inclusive manner, to give a full picture of the committeeʼs proposals. There may be some scope to implement some of its provisions as regulations or rules of court, rather than as legislation. !
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Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($(7*$!Comment: This definition is included to allow for a relatively simple way to refer to the person without testamentary capacity who is the subject of a court application under this division. !
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Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($(".9$_ba,$_[a,$_ca,$_Ya$!Comment: This section is the heart of the division. It authorizes, in subsection (1), the British Columbia Supreme Court to order the making, alteration, or revocation of a will for a person who lacks testamentary capacity. (“Court” is defined in section 1 of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act to mean the supreme court.) Subsection (2) restricts the op-eration of this division to persons who lack testamentary and who are older than 16 years (the age at which the Wills, Estates and Succession Act allows a person to make a valid will). Subsections (3), (4), and (5) provide the court with additional powers in carrying out its jurisdiction under this section. !
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!Comment: This section represents a significant departure from the Australian legislation that serves a model for much of this division. The section sets out an expansive list of persons who are entitled to apply for an order from the court making, altering, or revoking a will for a person who does not have testamentary capacity. This is in contrast to the Australian approach, which places no limits on who may apply for such an order. The benefit of restricting the pool of potential applicants is that it allows this proposed division to avoid the need for a two-step court application, which is used in Australian legislation as a means to weed out frivolous or vexatious applications. Note that “Division 6” con-cerns variation of wills. A person with a claim under that division is a spouse or child of a will-maker, who asserts that the will fails to make adequate provision for his or her proper maintenance and support. !
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Q&:"%%&(3*+'"($(7*$!Comment: The court must have as full a picture as possible of the person who is the subject of an application under this division and that personʼs property, if the court is to be in a position to make an order under this division. This section requires an applicant to provide the court with a comprehensive set of information about the person, the personʼs property and relationships, and the application itself. !
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!Comment: This section is intended as an additional safeguard for applications under this division. The section provides an extensive list of persons who must be notified of an ap-plication and given a right to participate in it. As with the previous section, the goal is to ensure that the court has as full and complete a picture of the circumstances surrounding the person before making an order under this division. But there may be practical difficul-ties in some cases in locating all the people embraced by this section. For example, some applicants (particularly those who do not have authority over the personʼs financial affairs) might find it difficult to determine the identity of a beneficiary under a life-insurance policy. In other cases, it might be difficult to locate a prospective intestate suc-cessor. Subsection 83.7 (1) (a), which gives the court a wide jurisdiction to give direc-tions on an application under this division, may be a source of relief for applicants who encounter such practical problems. !
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!Comment: The key provision in this section is found in paragraph (1) (b). This paragraph calls on the court to take a substituted-judgment approach to decision-making under this division. This means that the court, in crafting its order, should aim to adopt the subjec-tive wishes of the person who is the subject of the application, to the extent that those wishes are known. !
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Comment: This section is meant to support the broadly remedial purpose of the division. It gives the court a flexible array of powers and relaxes some of the stricter aspects of civil procedure and evidence. Subsection (1) (d) refers to notices of wills and revocations of wills, which are enabled under division 7 of part 4 of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act. Such notices are useful safeguards. This reference confirms that the court may di-rect such a filing for a will, or a revocation of a will, made by way of an order under this division. !
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!Comment: This section is intended to make it clear that the applicant is the proper per-son to execute a will (or other instrument) made under this division. !
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!Comment: This section is included to remove any doubts as to the status of a will—or a revocation or an alteration of a will—made under this division. They are to have the same effect under the law as a will or an instrument executed by a will-maker with testamen-tary capacity. !
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!Comment: This section is included to confirm that wills (or instruments altering wills) made under this division may be the subject of an application for variation on the basis that the will fails to make adequate provision for the maintenance and support of a spouse or child of the person concerned. This is consistent with the point made ex-pressly in section 83.9, above, that a will made under this division is in all respects the same as a will made in other circumstances. !
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