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By Mr. R.S. Wijesekare
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jdKsc lDIsl¾uh
l¾;Dwd¾' tia' úfcafialr ^úIhdkqnoaO úfYaI{&
jHdma;s yd mqyqKq wxYh
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j
fmardfoKsh
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYkhls
2012
book-1_new18.indd 1 01/01/2008 03:03:47
book-1_new18.indd 2 01/01/2008 03:03:47
l¾;D
wd¾' tia' úfcafialr
WmfoaYkh
wdpd¾h frdydka úfÊfldaka
m%ldYkh ieliqu
pduÍ ksÆIs is,ajd
ks¾u,d nKavdrkdhl
msgq ieliqu
l=uqÿ fikúr;ak
Ysfrdañ chj¾Ok
msgljrh
.hdks È,areCIs Bßh.u
ks¾udKh
Y%jH oDIH uOHia:dkh" .kafkdrej
wkq.%yh
Asian Food & Agriculture Cooperation Initiative
uqøKh
lDIsl¾u uqøKd,h" .kafkdrej
book-1_new18.indd 3 01/01/2008 03:03:47
book-1_new18.indd 4 01/01/2008 03:03:47
wdishdkq wdydr yd lDIsl¾u iyfhda.s;d jevigyka f,alï ld¾hd,fha
iqN me;=ï mKsjqvh
Greetings from the Asian Food and Agriculture Co-operation Initiative (AFACI)!
AFACI is an intergovernmental and multilateral cooperation body established by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) of the Republic of Korea, aiming to improve food production, realize sustainable agriculture and enhance extension service of Asian countries by sharing knowledge and information on agricultural technology.
RDA, a governmental organization for agricultural research and extension services, has been trying to develop and distribute the agricultural technology for last fifty years.
As a part of these efforts, I am honored to have opportunity to publish agricultural books for AFACI member countries with a special fund from RDA.
This activity aims at facilitating the publication and distribution of agricultural tech-nology books for providing agricultural technologies directly to local farmers and sharing educational materials in their local languages or English. I believe that it is meaningless not to be distributed and practically used no matter how great the technol-ogy may be.
I truly hope that this book serves as a useful guide for farmers as well as becomes a touchstone for closer relationship between Sri Lanka and Korea.
Thank you very much.Sincerely,
Cho, Yang-Hee
Secretary General Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI) Secretariat
book-1_new18.indd 5 01/01/2008 03:03:49
book-1_new18.indd 6 01/01/2008 03:03:49
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j ishji iurk 2012 j¾Ifha§ YS% ,dxlSh
f.dú ck;dj fj; ;dlaIKh ,nd§u i|yd m%ldYk rdYshla ìyslrkq
we;' fuu ;dlaIK .%ka:ho tjka ishjia m%ldYkhls' ishji m%ldYk
j,§ wm úfYaIfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka yqfola .;dkq.;sl l%uhg
;dlaIKsl lreKq muKla wvx.= m%ldYk ìyslrkjdg jvd wog iy
fygg jeo.;a jk lDIsl¾ufha kj m%jK;d we;=¿ ;dlaIk .%ka:
hla m%ldYkhg m;a lsÍuhs' fuys§ lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
oekg isák m%ùK lDIs úfYaI{hka fukau úY%du ,;a lDIs
úfYa{hkaf.ao kùk ;dlaIK l%u iy wkd.; oelau ms<sn| woyia
m%ldY jkq we;' jdKsc lDIsl¾uh" mßir ys;ldó lDñ md,kh"
f.j;= j.dj, kj m%jK;d" N+ñ w,xlrKh yd m,;=re WoHdk md,kh jeks lafIa;% yryd fuu
ishji m%ldYk ksl=;a jkq we;' fuu m%ldYK i|yd Asian Food And Agriculture Cooperation Intaitive (AFACI) wdh;kfha wkq.%yh ,eî we;'
fla'Ô' Ys%hdmd,"
lDIsl¾u wOHCI ckrd,a"
Message from the Director General of AgricultureAt this juncture when our beloved Department of Agriculture is celebrating its Centenary, I am extremely proud and take pleasure in issuing this statement as the Director general of Agriculture.
The Departments of Agriculture has already initiated action to release number of publication with timely guidelines to the local farmers, educating them on the latest technologies developed.
The main objective of this publications is to create awareness of farmers regarding the timely need for them to adhere to the modern technologies developed by our scientist cater to the present national requirements instead of catering with the ancient proceediers which appear to be out dated for us to compete with the international levels in ensuring global self sufficiently in food. It provide a forecast on matters of relevant which will be beneficial to our farmers for their future development.
Valuable ideas and suggestions supported by the present officers as well as the retired scientist are duly composed through these publications.
These books provide content according to the present national importance such as commercial agriculture, Management of food orchard, intergrated pest management, Edible landscaping, Urban agriculture etc.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI) for their kind gesture for coming forward to provide sponsorship for these publications of historical value to the Department of Agriculture in its centenary year.
K.G. Sriyapala,Director General,Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka.
lDIsl¾u wOHCI ckrd,ajrhdf.a mKsjqvh
book-1_new18.indd 7 01/01/2008 03:03:49
book-1_new18.indd 8 01/01/2008 03:03:49
mgqk 01 ye`oskaùu''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''01-03
1'1 foaYSh lDIsl¾uh
1'2 fyaka j.dfõ l%u mshjr
1'3 jdKsc lDIsl¾udka;fha mshjr
02 jdKsclDIsl¾uhye¢kaùu''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''04-14
2'1 bvï yd c,h
2'2 bvï yd bvï ixj¾Okh
2'3 bvï ixj¾Okfha w;HjYH ms<sfj;a
2'4 bvï ixj¾Okhg wkql+, c, iïmdok moaO;s
2'5 jdKsc f.dúm, msysgqùfï wjYH;d"isoaOdka;$wfmaCIs; b,lal
2'6 jdKsc f.dúm, l<ukdlrKfhaoS ;sìh hq;= fnda. l<ukdlrK uÜgu
2'7 jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha§ h, uy lkak wdY%s;j wkq.ukh l< hq;= lreKq
2'8 jdKsc lDIsl¾uhla lrd .uka lsÍfïoS wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd
2'9 .il l;dj
03 jdKscf.dúm,msysgqùfïwd¾ÓllreKq''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''15-17
3'1 ia:djr j;alï CIh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels l%u
04 Agricultural turn project'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''18-19
05 Cold Chain project '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''20
06 Profit sharing Agri Business ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''21
07 Co-operative Farm ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''22
08 Secrets of yied enhanacing of plants(Commercial farming)23-24
09 jdKsclDIsl¾uhi|ydWiia;jdka;dCIKh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''25-26 10 ìxÿydúiqreïc,iïmdokhhgf;ajdKscf.dúm,msysgqùu'''''''27
11 wfmaCIs;wiajekakìxÿc,iïmdokhhgf;a'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''27
12 jdKsclDIsl¾uhi|ydiQ¾hc,úÿ,sn,ìxÿc,iïmdokfhkaiq¿
mßudKt<j¿j.dj''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''28
book-1_new18.indd 9 01/01/2008 03:03:49
13 i;a;ajfnda.taldnoaOf.dúm,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''29
14 wjdrhgrUqgkawiajekakla''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''30
15 wdrCIs;.DylDIsl¾uh'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''31
16 lgqlfoaY.=K;;a;ajhgf;a^wêlj¾Idj&t<j¿m,;=reksIamdokh
i|yd Poly net house fydajeiswdjß;.Dy'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''32-34
16'1 jeis wdj¾;s; .Dy j<j¿ j.dfõ wdodhï úhoï jd¾;dj
book-1_new18.indd 10 01/01/2008 03:03:50
book-1_new18.indd 11 01/01/2008 03:03:50
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01' jdKsc lDIslu_h (Commercial Agriculture) (Commercial Farming)
lDIslu_h u; jQ ,dxlSh ck iudch
wjqreÿ 2500g jeä ld,hla mqrd hemqï
lDIsld¾ñl rgdj ;=, yd jdß c, iïm-
dok lDIsld¾ñl rgdjl kshe,S foaYShj
iajxfmdaIs wydr ksIamdok hq.hlg Y%S
,xldj b;sydi.; ù we;'
mdrïmßl fukau foaYsh
;dCIKh yd ne÷kq tu nqoaêuh foam,
w;ska mßmQ¾K jQ f.dú iudcfhka ñ§
jdKsc lDIsld¾ñl rgdjlg wj;S¾K
ùfï ;on, wjYH;djhlg j¾;udk Y%s
,xldj m;aj we;' tf,i jdKsc rgdjlg
wj;s¾K ùfï wjYH;djhla mek ke.=fka
foaYShj ck;djg wjYH wydrmdk wms
úiskau foaYh ;=,u ksmojd .ekSughs'
fkdtfiakï th úfoaYSh rfgka fuys
f.kajd .ekSug isÿ ù we;' j¾;udkfhys
msgráka f.kajkq ,nk wdydr m%udK jeä
ùu;a iuÕ jdKsc lDIsld¾ñl rgdjlg
,dxlsl ck;dj fhduq lsÍu w;HjYH
lreKla ù we;'
1'1 foaYSh lDIslu_h
fuu "lDIsl¾uh" hkafkys w¾:h
jkafka hï YsIaGdpdrhl" iNH;ajhl yd
ixialD;sl rduqjla ;=, isg isÿlrkq ,nk
fnda. ksIamdok ld¾hhka f,i jpkd¾:
fhka oelaúh yel'
fuys bx.S%is jok jk Agiculture hkafkka
fmr i|yka l< hïlsis YsIaGdpdrhl
iNH;ajh yd ixialD;sl rduqjla ;=,
fnda. jeùu hkak iDcqju woyia fõ'
lDIslu_h yd fnda. jjkafkda ksIamdokh
lrk l¾udka;hla f,i w¾: oelaúh yels
jqjo tys bx.%Sis jpkh wkqj (Commercial Agriculture l¾udka; .ek woyila .eí
fkdfõ'
tjeks l%shdoduhla ;=, lDIsl¾uh
jdKsclrKh ^Commercialization& lsÍu
jdKsc lDIsl¾uh jk w;r" tjeks rgdjla
;=, jqjo fnda. ksIamdokh ,dN Wmhk
jdKsc uÜgulg f.k foaYsh ck;djg
foaYshj ksmo jQ wydr È.=ld,Skj
mßfNdackhg wjia:djla ,nd §u fuys
wruqKhs'
túg th Commercial farming fyda
Agri Bussiness ;;a;aajh ,d ie,flk
f.da,ShlrKfha m%uqL wjYH;djhla jkq
we;' fuu jdKscuh lDIsl¾u rgdjg
wj;s¾K ùfï wjYH foaYSh wydr
ksIamdokh ;yjqre lr ;sridr ;;ajhlg
f.k tau oejeka; wêIaGdkhla imqrd
.ekSuhs'
,xldfõ idïm%odhsl f,i f.dv fnda.
j.dflrek fyaka j.djo hemqï rgdjl
;snqK ñY% fnda. j.djls' tys YIH udrej
isÿlrkq ,enQjo bvï udrej fkdfyd;a
jir 2-3 lg miq kj fyakla f,i j.djg
N+ñh udreùfï l%uh ;sridr fkdjk
w;r jk iïm; úkdY ùu yd u;=msg
mi fidaodf.k hdfï jeks oreKq mdßißl
ydkska o isÿù we;'
fyaka j.dfõ my; oelafjk N+ñ udre
lsÍfï l%uh fjkqjg jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha§
ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h iu`. ridhksl
fmdfydr Ndú;h jeks mi irejk
j.d ms<sfj;a y÷kajd §u ;=<ska jdKsc
lDIsl¾uho mßir ys;jdÈ wldrhg
yeisrùfï ukd w;aoelSï j.dlrejdg
,ndfoa'
book-1_new18.indd 1 01/01/2008 03:03:50
�
kjoe,s fyak
kj oe,a,jir 2-3 miq w;yer ouhs
m<uq mshjr fyakmdxY= fmdaIl;ajh
b;d by<w;a ovqjdjl
m%udKhg jir 15§ muK mdxY=
fmdaIl;ajhuOHu isg wvq
uÜgug
mfiys idrj;a Ndjfha mqk¾Ôjh
we;sùu
jir 10- 15 miq
jir 10la 15la mqrka ùug yer
jir 15-20 miqmqrka ùug bv yer
w;a ovqjdj
kej; fy<s fmfy<s lr w;aovqjdj
njg m;a lrhs tho jir
2l muK j.dlr w;ayer ouhs
l=vd ,÷ le,Ejka njg m;afõ' fuhg t<slr j.djg iqÿiq ;;ajhg
m;alr .kS'fuh ,kao f,i kï flf¾
ksÈl=ïnd iys; msáh lk;a; njg yefrhs fuys§ j.d lsÍug
W;aiy oerEjo M,odh
Ndjh wju uÜgul mj;S
1'2 fyaka j.dfõ mshjr
book-1_new18.indd 2 01/01/2008 03:03:51
�
jdKsc lDIsld¾ñl rgdfõ§ fuu l%u bj;a lr mig ukd mqk¾Ôjhla ,efnk whqre
ldnksl fmdfydr tl;=j" mi mqrka ùug yer yk ^ikafyï& ffcùh ix>gl tl;= lsÍu
jeks fnda. j.d lr j.djg fhoùug rks, fnda. udrej isÿ lsÍu fyda N2S rhsfidaìhï
nelaáÍhdfõ y÷kajd§u fnda.h iYS%l lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
1'3 jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha mshjr
book-1_new18.indd 3 01/01/2008 03:03:55
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02' jdKsc lDIslu_h ye|skaùu Commercial Agriculture /Farming
jdKsc lDIslu_h hkq fnda. j.d lsÍfï§ th jdKsc uÜgulska mj;ajd .ekSfuka wfhdað;
uqo,g iß,k ,dN Wmhñka È.=ld,Skj ;sridrj isÿlrk fnda. jd.djla" jev igykla
fyda jHdmdrhls'
jdKsc lDIslu_fh§ isÿlrk wdfhdackh my; oelafjk m%Odk wjYH;djhka imqrd,k
jHdmdrhla f,i ie,lsh hq;=h'
jdKsclDIsl¾uh
bvïydc,h
Land and Water
m%d.aOkh
Capital
ie,iqïlsÍu
Planning
Y%uh
hf;%damlrK
uQ,H iy wdh;ksl
l<ukdldÍ;ajh
Technical and financial management
fj<|m,ydwf,úlrKh
Marketing channel
;dCIKsloekqu
Technical know - how
jdKsc lDIsl¾udka;fhaoS imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d
book-1_new18.indd 4 01/01/2008 03:03:56
�
2'1 bvï yd c,h jdKsc fyda fjkhï lDIsld¾ñl lghq;a;la i|yd bvï wjYH w;r lDIs jHdmdrfha
mßudKh wkqj iq¿" uOHu fyda úYd, mßudKfha f.dúm,a i|yd wjYH bvï m%udKh
úh hq;=hs'
iq¿mßudKf.dúm, -wla1olajdj'ó4000g
uOHumßudKf.dúm, -wla1-5j'ó4000-20000
úYd,mßudKf.dúm, -wla5gjeäj'ó20000gjeä
fuf,i i,ld n,k bvfuys N+ úIu;djh j.djg iqÿiq$kqiqÿiq Ndjh idrj;aNdjh
,jK;djh f.dÿre ù we;so hkak yd mfia c,h /§fï yelshdj yd c, jykh i,ld
ne,Su yd m%ùk mqoa.,fhl=f.a Wmfoia yd mi fyda c,h ms<sn|j ridhkd.dr jd¾;djla
,nd.; yelskï jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
book-1_new18.indd 5 01/01/2008 03:04:19
�
2'2 bvï yd bvï ixj¾O_kh
N+ úIu;djhla iys; fyda ;eks;,d bvula fyda ixj¾Okh lsÍfï§ m%uqL;djhg fhduqlr
tu f.dúmf,a jdß ud¾. yd c,jyk moaO;sfhys ie,eiau flfrys fhduqlr tu jdß
moaO;sfha jHqyhka Tiafiau f.dúm, ud¾. moaO;sh ilid .ekSu fhda.H fõ'
jdKsc f.dúm,a msysgq ùfï§ c, iemhqï we, fyda j.d <s`o mdol lrf.k fuu ld¾hh
isÿl, hq;=h'
iaNdúl c, iemhqula iys; jdKsc lDIsl¾uh i|yd iqÿiq N+ñhla
book-1_new18.indd 6 01/01/2008 03:04:23
�
2'3 bvï ixj¾Okfha w;HjYH ms<sfj;a
c, wmjyk moaO;s ieliSu
fnda. uÕskaa mdxY= ixrCIKh
.,a jeá uÕska mdxY= ixrCIKh
ifudaaÉp l%uhg N+ñh iEoSu
book-1_new18.indd 7 01/01/2008 03:04:26
�
jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha u;=msg c, iïmdok l%uhg jdßud¾. yd f.dúm,a ud._ ie,eiau
jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha iQCIu c, iïmdok l%u hgf;a k, ud¾. ie,eiau
2'4 bvï ixj¾Okh wkql+, c, iïmdok moaO;s
book-1_new18.indd 8 01/01/2008 03:04:31
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2'5 jdKsc f.dúm, msysgqùfï wjYH;d isoaOdka;$wfmaCIs; b,lal
jir mqrdu Èfjk wLKav ksIamdos;hla mdßfNda.slhd fyda fj<|m,g bÈßm;a lsÍug
yelsúh hq;=h'
Year around continaus Hedin supply to the co nsumar or Market
fuys§ lkakhg j.dj" ueo lkak j.dj" wjdrhg j.dj hk lreKq l%shd;aul l< hq;=h'
(Seosonal crop (off Seasonal crop) early or late season cultivation)
jdKsc f.dúm,a l%ufha§ uq¿ ksIamdok ^m%d.aOk$ mqkrdj¾;k& úhoï jeä úh yel'
kuq;a wiajekak$ksIamdokh jeälr ksIamdos;fha ls'.%Eï 1l ksIamdÈk úhou wvqlr
.ekSu Reduce the cost of production per unit volume or weight of the product
fuu wiajekak$ksIamdokh jeälr .ekSu jdKsc f.dúm, fj; iß,k
;dCIKhka ^Wiia lDIs ;dCIKhka& by, j.d l<ukdldÍ;ajfhka hq;=j
fhoúh hq;=fõ' Application of Appropriate (Advanced Agriculture) Technology fuys§ j.d jHdmdr fj; ffO¾hjka; jQ lemlsÍu;a isÿ lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls' (Sacrifisation)
jdKsc f.dúm, l<ukdlrKfha§ ;sìh hq;= l<uKdlrk uÜgu fnda. j.djka iu.
my; i|yka j.= wxl 01ka meyeÈ,s flf¾'
jdKsc mefmd,a j.djla
.ilg wiajekak ls'.%E' 120-140 ^jirlg&
book-1_new18.indd 9 01/01/2008 03:04:33
�0
fNda. j.d mr;r l<ukdldÍ;aj uÜgu
iudkH mr;r mefmd,a j.djNomal Density Plantationmr;rh óg¾ 3x3 wä 10x10wlalrhg me, 444
iudkH uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdldÍ;ajhla ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tu uÜgfï l<uKdldÍ;ajh ÿ¾j, ùfuka ,efnk m%;s,dN 50] lska muK wvqúh yel'
uOHu >k;aj mefmd,a j.djMidium Density plantationmr;rh óg¾ 3x2'5 wä 10x� 1$4 wlalrhg me, 533
uOHu by< uÜgfï l<uKdldÍ;ajhla ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tu uÜgfï l<uKdldÍ;ajh ÿ¾j, ùfuka ,efnk m%;s,dN 60-90] lska wvq úh yel'
by< >k;ajfha mefmd,a j.dfõHigh Density plantationmr;rh óg¾ 2'5x2'5 fyda 2'5x2 wä 8 x1$4 wä 8 x1$4wlalrhg me, 640 fyda 800
by< uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrkhka ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tu uÜgfï l<uKdldÍ;ajh ÿ¾j, ùfuka ,efnk m%;s,dN 75-90] lska wvq úh yel'
iqmsß by< >k;ajfha mefmd,a j.dfõSuper High Density plantationmr;rh óg¾ 3x 1'25 fyda wä 10 x4 wlalrhg me, 1066
iqmsß by< uÜgfï l<ukdldÍ;ajhlaa ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tu uÜgfï l<uKdldÍ;ajh ÿ¾j, ùfuka ,efnk m%;s,dN 80-90] lska wvq úh yel'
iqmsß by, mefmd,a j.dfõSuper high Density plantation
mr;rh óg¾ 3x1'25 wä 10x'''wlalrhg me, 1066
iqmsß by< uÜgfï l<ukKdldÍ;ajhla ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tu uÜgfï l<uKdldÍ;ajh ÿ¾j, jqjfyd;a ,efnk m%;s,dN 80-90] wvq úh yel'
by; WodyrK j.=fõ wxl 01 mߧ jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha§ flfi,a j.djla i|yd by<
>k;aj fyda iqmsß by< j.djla fhoúh' by< fyda iqmsß by< uÜgfï l<ukdldÍ;ajhla
fhoúh hq;=hs' túg wfmaCIs; ,dN Tfíf.a .sKqug nerfõ' by<$iqmsß by< ;;a;ajfha
j.djl l<uKdldÍ;ajh ÿ¾j, jqjfyd;a tu.ska idudkH >k;aj j.djl ;ruj;a wiajkq
,nd.ekSug fkdyelsjkq we;'
2'6 jdKsc f.dúm, l<ukdlrKfha§ ;sìh hq;= fnda. l<uKdlrk uÜgï
j.= wxl 01
book-1_new18.indd 10 01/01/2008 03:04:33
��
l=ulao fï l<uKdldÍ;ajh
i,ld nef,k fnda.fhka wfmaCIs; by<
uÜgfï wiajkq fyda M,odhs;djhka ,nd
.ekSug bvu - c,h jeks m%Odk idOl
we;=¿ ish¿u YIH úoHd;aul lreKq 90]
jvd jeä uÜgulska ksYaÑ; ld, rduqfõ
iSud fkdhslaujd m%Yia:fha isg Wmßuh
olajd md,kh lsÍuh'
2'7 jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha§ h, uy lkak wdY%s; wkq.ukh l, hq;= lreKq
Seasonal and off seasonal Cultivation/farming/marketing
jdKsc lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= j,§ h,-uy
f,i merKs lDIsl¾ufha isg mej; tk
h, - uy lkak wkq.ukh l, hq;=u
fkdfõ' h, uy j.d lkak j,ska neyerj
jvd;a fhda.H jkafka t<j¿" m,;=re"
l=¿ nvq fyda rks, OdkH i|yd tu
j.d lkak j,ska neyerj j.dlrk úg
mdßfNda.slhdg jir mqrd tu ksIamdokh
,ndÈh yels w;r j.d lkakfhka neyer
jQ úg ^wjdr& j.dlrejdg fj<|m,ska
,nd.; yels úl=Kqï ñ, jeä ù ,dNh
Wmßu ,nd.; yelsfõ'
"h,a lkakfhka wiajkq álla" hkak
^idfmaCIj& w¾:j;a lr we;'
Ndú;d lrk jir ckjdß j,ska wdrïN
jkafkao jif¾ m<uq ixjyk jeis Odrdj
wdrïNh ^ud¾;= 2-3 jk i;sh& h,
lkakh wdrïN jk w;r ixjyk jeis ̂ �st convectional Rain spells in the year& mQ¾j
ksß; È. fudaiu yd ksß; È. fudaifuka
end of August fmdaIKh jkakdjQ j.d
lkakh h, fõ'
"uy hkafkka wiajkq f.dvla" hkak
^idfmaCIj& w¾:j;a lr we;'
Ndú;d lrk j;=r ckjdß j,ska wdrïN
jkafkao jif¾ fojk ixjyk jeis Odrdj
wdrïNfhka ^�nd spells of in convectional Rain in the year& uy lkakh wdrïN
jk w;r �nd- �rd weeks of spells& iema 2-3
i;sh th Bidk È. fudaifuka fmdaIKh
ù ckjdß w.§ wjika jkafkah' fuu j.d
lkak folu hï hï ld, mßÉfPao j,§
fudaiï iudka;r ld, jljdkq j,§ jdiq,s
j¾Id j,ska ^Cyclonic rains& fmdaIKh ùu
fyda j.dj ydks ùï isÿúh yel'
book-1_new18.indd 11 01/01/2008 03:04:34
��
2'8 jdKsc lDIsl¾uh lrd .uka lsÍfïoS wkq.ukh l,hq;= l%shd
úoHd;aul ^Wmdhud¾.sl& c, md,k l%shd$ mdxY= fmdaIl md,k l%shd
.ilska by< wiajkq ,nd.ekSfï ryi
i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq i,ld ne,sh hq;= ;;a;ajh i,ld ne,sh hq;= iSudjka
1'Wiia lDIsld¾ñl ;dCIKfhka l%shdul lsÍug tuÕska ,dn ,eîug wYdjKs Wkkaÿj yd lemùu ;sfío hkak
b;d oeä Wkakaÿjla yd lemùula yd wdYdjla ;sìh hq;=h lDIs jHdmdr ysñhd ^owner& l<ukdlre^tager& l%shdlrjkakd hk f;md¾Yjhu ;dCIKh fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.; hq;= w;r l<ukdlrk uÜgu ;sìh h;=h'==
2'ixksfõokhKs ÿrl:kKs úoaHq;a ;emE, Comminication, Telephon email etchk wdÈh
On line..................to con sultant/supplies/byers ets
3' wdrCIs; .Dyh lDIsl¾uh hgf;a by< jákdlï iys; t<j¿ yd m,;=re High value vegetable and fruit crops. u,a yd úis;=re w;=$me, cut flowes/potted plants,etsfyda iqÿiq fjk;a fNda. ldKavh f;dard .; hq;=h'
tf,i f;dard.;a LKavhlg iqÿiq foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' Wod' ;lald,s" fn,a fmm¾" i,do iy úp,H fNda. ,xldfõ fndfyda m%foaY j,§ wdrCIs; .Dy ;=, j.dl, yels jqjo fNda. i|yd iqÿiq lDIs foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh iys; ia:dk f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' kuq;a fuu ;dCIKh hgf;a ´kEu fNda.hla úúO foaY.=Ksl l,dm j, j.d lsÍug wdrCIs; .Dy ;=< mdrißl ie,iqï l< yelsfõ'
4' f;dard.;a fNda. ldKavhg iqÿiq lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmhla ùu
fNda. ldKavhg iqÿiq lDIsld¾ñl foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhla iys; m%foaYhla f;dard .ekSfuka by< úNjhl wd¾Ól ,dN yd msßjeh uQ,sl
Wod( weka;=ßhï j.dj" hgf;a fjkalr we;s wdäwïn,u" ó.uqj" udoïfma"l=,shdmsáh" .ïmy m%foaY
5' ;dCIKh lsÍug iqÿiq bvï yd m%Odk ud._$w;=re m%jdykhg bv i,id ;sfío
;eks;,d N+ó iajrEmh jvd;a WÑ; w;r nEjqï iys; kï th mdxY= ud._ c,hg iïnkaO myiq wldrhg bvï ;eks;,d md;a;s f,i ilialr .; hq;=h' fuúg mdxY= lemSu yd msrùï we;s õg ^Earth cut & filling) jvd mdxY= ;o ùulg ,la lsÍu yd wdrCIs; .Dyh bÈlsÍfï§ wod, isú,a bxðfkarejkaf.a l%shdud._ .ekSï l, hq;=h' wrCIs; .Dyh bÈlsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bvfuka ,nd.; yels c,h jir mqrd m%udKj;a whqßka .=Kd;aul núka ^,jK fyda CIdÍh;djh fyda wêl hlv iys; frda. ldrl j,ska f;dr úh'
bvï j, nEjqï flfia jqjo bvfï nEjqug iß,k ifïÉc wldrhg iu;,d lr.;a ixrCIK l%u iys; j ifudach hq;=h'^PH w.h �.� g wvq 7'5 g jeä iqÿiqh' c,fha PH w.h 5'0 -7'5 olajd c,fha úoaHq;a ikakdhl w.h ógrhg$fi'ó ógrhg 0'00-2'00 b;d fyd|hs 2'00 - 3'00 fyd|hs3 jvd kqiqÿiq
6' fj<|m, ñ, foaYSh fyda úfoaYSh fj<|m,
1' foaYsh fyda úfoaYSh bÈß fj<| .súiqï2' .súiqï.; úl=Kqï ñ,3' ixúOdkuh jQ uÜgfï ffohsksl fyda i;sm;d úp,H jk úfYaIs; fj<|fmd,g ,nd§u
7 wdrCIs; .Dyh bÈlsÍu 1' hlv iels,a, 2' fmd,s;Ska fyda oe,a wdjrKh 3' lDñ m%;sfrdaO oe,a wdjrKh 4' c, fmdïmh iys; ìxÿ c, moaO;sh 5' j.d udOH iys; j.du¿
wdrCIs; .Dyfha uQ,sl iels,a, by< .=Khla ie,ajksia hlv ^ilS%hùï ld,h jir 15gjeä wju jeiqï fhdod yd hlv iïnkaOl ;dCIKfhka ksu lr ;sîu' m%Odk jYfhka Ndú;d lrk wfOda rla;kh m%;sfrdao fmd,s;Ska jeäu yd lDñfrdaOl ''''ie,iqï yd wdrCIs; .Dyh bÈ lsÍu tu ;dCIKfha m%ùkhla uÕska bgql< hq;=fõ' fyda
wdrCIs; .Dyfha hlv iels,a, jir 10l CIh ùï hgf;a yd fmd,s;Skh yd lDñ frdaOl oe, jir 4-5l CIh ùï hgf;a jQ wdfhdackh úYaf,aIkhlg Ndckh l, hq;=h'
8 îc"fmdfydr" lDIs ridhk øjH wod, ld¾h l%shdjg kexùug j.d lkakhg fmrd;=j iq¿ w;sßla; f;d. jYfhka .nvd .; ù ;sìh hq;=h'
úfoaY fj<|fmd, b,lal lrkafkakï ;;;; myiqlïo ;sfío hkak
9 wdrCIs; .Dyfha YIH úoHd;aul Wo( ;jdka md,kh lmamdÿ jQ fmdfydr fhoùu hkak
fuu .%ka;fhys olajd we;s ta'ta fNda.hg wod, jQ YIH úoHd;aulj l%shd l, hq;=h'
tla tla fNda.fha m%fNaohg wkq.; jQ YIH md,k l%u m%Yia: isg Wmßu uÜgul l<ukdldÍ;ajhg <Õd l< lreKq hq;= fõ'
book-1_new18.indd 12 01/01/2008 03:04:35
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2.9 Story of the Plant .il l:dj
Ydlhlska by< j¾Ok fõ.hla ,nd .ekSu by< wiajekakg fya;=jk w;r ̂ ndysr n,mEï
u; m,sfndaO ydks wju fyda rys; wjia:djl&
ta i|yd Ydlfhya jeo.;au fldgi jk tys uQ, uKav,fha ish¿ wjYH;d imqrd,Su uÕska
tu j¾.fha$m%fNaofha úNj ^Wmßu& wiajkq ,nd.; yel'
Ydl uQ, uKav,fha wjYH;d Ôúhl= uQ,sl wjYH;d yd iudk jk w;r m%Yia: whqßka
thg tu wjYH;d ,nd§u Wmßu wiajekafka ryihs'
.il l:dj
book-1_new18.indd 13 01/01/2008 03:04:38
��
fuu Ydl msysgq ùfï§ uQ,sl fmdfydr f,i
,nd§u muKla uÕska Ydlfha ðú; ld,h
;=, ksr;=reju wjYH ish¿ fmdiafmaÜ
^P�O� & ,nd§ug m%udKj;a fmdaIl tys
udi 3-5-6 wO_ jd¾Isl fyda jd¾Isl fnda.
j,g ksr;=rej fmdfydr ,ndÈh hq;=fõ'
fya;=j uQ,sl fmdfydr j, we;s fmdiafmaÜ
^P�O� &mfia pH w.h wkqj ,nd.; fkdyels
;;a;ajhg m;afõ' túg Ydlhg wjYH
ld,fha§ wjYH fmdiamria ,nd .ekSug
,nd.; yels fmdiafmÜ ^Available P�O�&
fkdue;s ùuhs' fuh mfia$udOHfha pH
w.h u; r\ mj;S' ^m%ia:drh n,kak&
tneúka mil fmdiamria i,ld ne,Sfï§
mfia pH w.h iudkfõ' w.h iudk fõ'
th ,nd.; yels Ndjh ^;srKh lrkak&
i,ld ne,sh hq;=fõ
me, wjêh
j¾Ol wjêh
mqIamSlrK wjêh
fïÍfï wjêh
mdxY= f;;ukh c,jykh
fCIa;% Odß;d
fCIa;%
Odß;d fCIa;% Odß;d
- úh<s
fCIa;% Odß;d - úh<
mdxY= fmdaIl ;;a;ajh
by< by< by< by<
m,sfndaO md,kh
ukd c, md,kh
ukd c, md,kh
ukd c, md,kh
ukd c, md,kh
jdKsc uÜgfï j.djl ,nd.; hq;=
wiajekak .fia M, orK wjia:dfõ
jirlg .ilska f.ä 60-75 (125kg/p lant/year) mefmd,a f.äj, meKsri î%laia
w.h ^Brix value) 13-15] uÜgfï mj;ajd
.ekSug isÿfõ'
jdKscuh frâf,aä mefmd,a j.djla
book-1_new18.indd 14 01/01/2008 03:04:39
��
03' jdKsc f.dúm, msysgqùfï wd¾Ól lreKq
wdrCIs; .Dy ;=< fnda. j.dfõ jHdmdr
msßjeh
uQ,slju fuu lDIs jHdmdr ;=,skao j.d
lkak mokï jQ jd¾Isl ,dN bmhSfï
m%Odk wruqK fmroeß lrf.k lDIs
jHjidhl;ajh ^lDIs jHdmdr& jdKsc
lDIsld¾ñl m%dfhda.sl l%shdoduhka woyia
fõ'
fuu jHdmdr fhdod .efkk $wjYH jk
bvu yd c, m%Nj ixj¾Okh .dia;=
fuu úYaf,aIKfha Y%h ùï j,g wh;a
fkdjk
by; olajd we;s lreKq ie,ls,a,g
Ndckh lr CIh .Kkh lr.; yel'
1'jHdmdrh úiska CIh l< yels j;alï
Ndú;d lsÍug wfmaCId lrk ld,mßÉfþoh
fyda
2' j;alfï úiska ,nd.ekSug wfmaCIs;
ksIamdok fyda ta iudk tall ixLHd
M,odhs ðú; ld,h ks¾kh lsÍfï§
1'wfmaCIs; fN!;sluh
f.ùhdu yd jeyeÍu
2'j;alfï Ndú;h iïnkaOj ks;Suh fyda
fjk;a iSudjka
3' h,a mekSu
4' tu j;alï$msßjeh mßfNdackh ^Wly
.ekSu& hk lreKq ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h
wdrCIs; .Dy lDIs jHdmdrh ;=, CIh jk
j;alï Ndú;hg .kakd ld,iSudj ;=<
tajd CIh l, hq;=h'
CIh .Kkh lsÍfï l%u
CIh .Kkh lsÍug úúO wd¾Ól úoHd;aul
l%u f;dard .ekSu l<ukdlrKh úiska
isÿl, hq;= w;r tu l%uh jHdmdrfha nÿ
m%;sm;a;sh fyda ,dNodhs;ajh fkdi,ld
ix.; Ndjhlska mj;ajd.; hq;=fõ'
tuÕska uQ,H m%ldYk ixikaokd;aulj
úYaf,aIKh lsÍug yels jk w;r
jHdmdrfha wruqK bgqlrjd .ekSug
iu;afõ'
3'1 ia:djr j;alï CIh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels l%u
1' ir, ud._ l%uh Strait Line method 2' ySkjk fYaI l%uh Strait Line method 3' m%;Hd.K l%uh fyj;a Revolïtion method l%uh
4'jI_ .Kkfha tl;=fõ wxl l%uh Sum of the years digits method
5' ksIamdok tall l%uh Production method 6' hka;% meh wkqmd;sl l%uh Machine horne based method
�. ydhkh Depletion
8' ksoka wruqo,a l%uh Sinking fund Line method
9' jd¾Isl l%uh Annuily method
10' rlaIK jdßl l%uh Annuily method
book-1_new18.indd 15 01/01/2008 03:04:39
��
1' ySkjk fYaI l%ufha CIh wkqmd;h
.Kkh lsÍu Annuily method
r. CIh wkqmd;h
n. j;alfï M,odhs ðú; ld,h
s. iqka nqka
c. msßjeh fkdfyd;a uQ,sl m%d.aOkh
01' ySkjk fYaI l%uh ld,h mokï
lr.;a neúka
uq,a jI_j, CIh m%;smdok jeä w;r" th
l%ufhka wvqfõ'
fuu l%ufha§ ksIamdok l%shdldÍ;ajh yd
iïnkaO;djhla fkdmj;S'
kuq;a l%shdoduh jgyd .ekSu yd .Kkh
myiqh'
fuu ^rw.h& CIh wkqmd;h ,nd.;a miq
wdrCIs; .Dyfha msßjeh ^uQ,sl úhou&
ld, iSudj wkqj .Kkh lr jd¾Isl CIh
,nd.; hq;=fõ'
02 'm%;Hd.Kk l%uh fyj;a f;d. l%uh
iuyr j;alïj, CIhjk m%udKh ;SrKh
l< fkdyels úg tu úIfhys Ys,amSh
oekqula we;s jD;slhkaf.a woyia ,ndf.
k tu j;alfuys uq,ska ;snQ jákdlu yd
j¾;udk jákdlu .Kka n,d tys wvqjla
;sfíkï th CIh ùï f,i i,lkq ,efí'
hï jeä ùula ;snqKfyd;a th fkdi,ld
yeßh hq;=h'
iS>%fhka fjkia jk i;=ka WmlK wd§
j;alï i|yd fuu m%;Hd.Kkh l%uh
fhdod.; hq;=fõ'
03' j¾I .Kkfha tl;=fõ oYd l%uhg
fnfyúka iudk fõ' fuys§ j¾Ij,
tl;=j f.k j¾I wxlhla i|yd fldmuK
m%udKhla CIh l< hq;=o hkak ;srKh
lrhs' ta wkqj CIh m%udKh .Kka ne,Sug
my; iq;%h wkq.ukh l, hq;=fõ'
04' ksIamdok tall l%uh
ksIamdokh flfrk ksIamdok tall
m%udKh u; mokï ù CIh m%udKh
.Kkh lrkq ,efí'
fuu l%ufha§ ksIamdok tall m%udKh CIh
m%udKhg iDcq iïnkaO;djhla fmkajhs'
ld,h ie,lSula rys; wjfndaOlr .ekSug
myiq fuu l%uh tall jYfhka y÷kd.;
ksIamdok tall j,g fhdod.; yel'
05' hka;% meh wkqmd;sl l%uh
hïlsis hka;%hla tu hka;%hg jevl,
meh .Kk wkqj CIh lsÍug Ndckh lrkq
,efí' fuh ir< l%uhla jk w;r jgyd
.ekSfï myiqjo iys;h' CIh iïnkaOfhka
uQ,H m%ldY j, i|yka l, hq;= lreKq
hï jHdmdrhl uQ,H m%ldYk j, CIh l,
yels j;alï i|yd l< hq;=h'
ld, mßÉfPaoh i|yd fjkal, uq¿
CIh m%udKh
CIh l,yels j;alïj, o< jákdlu
yd wod, iuqÉÑ; CIh m%udKhg
.Kkh i|yd fhdod.;a CIh l%uh
m%fhdackj;a ðú; ld,h CIh
wkqmd;h
CIh l%ufha fjkila lrk ,oafoa kï
thg fya;=j yd kj CIh l%uh úoyd
oelaúh hq;=h'
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
book-1_new18.indd 16 01/01/2008 03:04:40
��
wdrCIs; .Dy ;=, fn,afmm¾ ^Colourd Capcicum& j.djl jHdmdr msßjeh weia;fïka;=j
2008 ckjdß - cqks
wdrCIs; .Dyh - wdrelal= yeve;s u;=msg iys; m<, 30 È. 70
j._ m%udKh - wä 2100 j._ óg¾ 210
me< m%udKh - j._ ógrhg me,
uq¿ me< ixLHdj 1050
j.d ld, mßÉfPaoh 2008 ck-cQ,s ;jdka ld,h i;s 5 j.d ld,h i;s 20 ^udi(5&
wä 50 m<, wä 100 È. iu;,d bvula Ndú;d lr we;' bvu ixj¾Ok úhou ^m%d.aOk
úhoula f,i we;=,;a lr fkdue;' bvï m%j¾Ok jákdlu w;ßka my; i|yka úhoï
ixprl yd wodhï ie,ls,a,g f.k we;'
book-1_new18.indd 17 01/01/2008 03:04:41
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04. AGRICUITURE TURN - KEY PROJECT
fuhska woyia jkqfha hïlsis lDIsld¾ñl jHdmD;shla wdrïNfha ^inception of idea for a Agri business projct& isg ,dN ,nñka ;sridrj isÿlrf.k hdug wjYH my; i|yka
ish¿u wjYH;d imqrd,Suhs' fuys§ ysñlrejka úiska m%d.aOkh fhdojk w;r wod,
tackaish fyda WmfoaYlhka úiska tu m%d.aOkh ksis whqßka md,kh lrñka wjYH ish¿u
fhojqï fhdojd jHdmdrh wdrïN lr l%shd;aul lr ,dN jHdmdrhla nj wjOdkh lrhs'
fïfia Odjkh lrk lDIs jHdmdrfha l<uKdlrk YIH úoHd;aul yd miq wiajkq yd
wf,úlrK lghq;= fufyhqu ;=, jHdmdrh isÿlrf.k hkakka yd ysñlrejkaf.a .sKqï.;
tlÕ;djfha ^wkqmd;sl fyda m%;sY;& w.h u; ,dN fn§hkq we;'
úhoï ixprl úfYaI igyk CIh ùï wodhï ixprl
1'Wiia lDIsld¾ñl ;dCIKfhka l%shd;aul lsÍug tuÕska ,dN ,eîug wYdj Wkkaÿj yd lemùu ;sfío hkak
2'ixksfõokh ÿrl:k úoaHq;a ;emE, Comminication, Telephon email etc,efnk wodhu
3' wdrCIs; .Dyh lDIsl¾uh hgf;a by< jákdlï iys; t<j¿ yd m,;=reHigh value vegetable and fruit crops.u,a yd úis;=re w;=$me, cut flowes/potted plants,etsfyda iqÿiq fjk;a fNda. ldKavh f;dard .; hq;=h'4' wdrCIs; .Dy bÈlsÍfï5' fNda. j.d u¿ j.d udOHh6' j.d wjYH WmlrK yd fuj,ï 7' îc fyda me, frdamK øjH 8' lDIs ridhk øjH yd fmdfydr9' mqyqKq kqmqyqKq Y%uh10'lDIs WmlrK yd fuj,ï Wo¨$msysh$lmamdÿ msysh$uq,a¨$j.d ye¢$ Èhr bisk hka;%$ fmr yd mYapd;a wiajkq WmlrK yd fuj,ï
m%d.aOk úhoï
m%d.aOk úhoï
m%d.aOk úhoïmqkrdj¾:k úhoï
--
fj; úlsKSfuka miq
-
wdrCIs; .Dy hlv iels,a, jir 10 g o fmd,s;Skh jir 4go jir 5lgo CIh flf¾
wfmACIs; wiajekak fY%aKs.; lsÍ-fuka miq wod, fj<|fmd,
book-1_new18.indd 18 01/01/2008 03:04:41
��
jHdmdßl ysñlre yd l%shd;aul lrjkakd w;r tlÕ;djh
Agreement between Agri business Owner and turn key projcet implementery agency fuu
turn key projcet by; olajd we;s tla ixrplhlg muKla Wjo bgql, yelsh'
WodyrK ( j.d N+ñfha ie,eiau yd CIqø c, moaO;s ie,iqïlr Designer úIh bÈßm;a
lr tu NdKAv imhd iúlr ^Fertigation iys;& Ndr§u yd bÈßfha mj;sk lghq;= bgqlsÍu
f,ihs'
jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;k Project Implementery Agency
jHjidhlhd Agri bisnuness owner/ Agri enteprenus
ld¾hh Work Description
Busness aidea kj jHdmdr woyia iy l%ufõo$ Wmdhud¾.
bvï f;aÍu yd ,nd .ekSu' c,fha iq,N;djh" m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul Ndjh'
bvï$ mdxY= ixrCIKh$ mia mÍCIdj$ f.dúm, ie,eiau$jdßud¾." CIqø jdßud¾. ie,eiau
îc$ ridhk øjH$ hkaf;%damlrK iemhSu
mQ¾K j.d l<ukdlrK$ j.dj we;=¨ ishÆu YIH lghq;=$ fmdfydr wd§ fhohqï imhd j.dj by< wiajkq lrd f.k hdu
.nvdlrK fY%aKs .; lsÍu$ wf,ú lsÍu (Cold chain project)
book-1_new18.indd 19 01/01/2008 03:04:41
�0
05. COLD CHAIN PROJECT
hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha hïlsis lDIs ksIamdokhla f,dj ´kEu ia:dkhl mdßfNda.slhd
mdßfNda.sl uq¿;ekaf.hs mdßfNda.sl wydr fïihg fhduqjk f;la wod, lDIs fNda.
fha fmr wiajkq wjia:d md,kh lr wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq miq Ys; oxje,la ;=,§ th
fufyhjd ^handle) lr .nvd lr fY%aKs.; lr" weiqreï lr m%jdykh lr mdßfNda.s
lhdf.a ksjfia fyda uq¿;ekaf.a Ys;lrKh olajd fufyhùfï l%shdoduhhs' jdKsc
lDIsl¾uhla i|yd fj<|m, b,lal lr.;a f.dú ixúOdk$iñ;s$ iud.ï fufyh ùu
j.dlrejka iuQyhla úiska tla tla j.d lrejdf.a mqoa.,sl f.dúmf,ys lDIs ksIAmdok
j.dlr tla ia:dkhlg m%jdkh lr ilid Cold Chain l%uh hgf;a fj<|m,g ieliQ fyda
w.h tl;= l, ^Value aded) ksIamdokhka f,i wf,úlrKh lsÍu
fuu l%shdj i|yd j.dlrejka tl;= ù msysgqjd .kakd iñ;sh ,shdmÈxÑ iud.ï jdKsc
f.dúm, rdYshl tl;=j jk w;r fuh my; WodyrKfhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'
.=jka$keõ .; lsÍu
fmÜáj, weiqreï .; lsÍu
(Silika jel, Ice hgf;a&
ksYaÑ; wjia:dfõ wiajkq fk,Su
1 Èkfha Wfoa 10g miq
f.dúm, ;=,§ Ys;l, jdyk Retregereted Truck
��oC WIaK;ajh
wydr weiqreïlrK ia:dkh
Ys; .nvdj kej; msgg; f.k Y=oaO lsÍu ��oC
msßisÿ lr Wiia .nvdj �oC WIaK;ajh
.=jka f;dgqfmdf,ka miq ��oC Retregereted Truck u.Ska
m%jdykh lsÍu
f;d.$is,a,r fj<|m, ��oC WIaK;ajh
mdßfNda.slhdf.a ksjig f.kk f;la �oC WIaK;ajh
Shere Holding Agri Business
lDIs jHdmdrh fldgia ksl=;= lDIs jHdmdrhla njg m;alr tluq;= m%d.aOkhl ixÑ;hla
iod tu m%d.aOkfhka lDIs jHdmdrh isÿlrf.k hduhs' fuu Shere Hoading Agri Bisiness tlla ;=,o Turn key project jqjo ;sìh yel'
book-1_new18.indd 20 01/01/2008 03:04:42
��
fj<`ofmd, úl=Kqï ñ, ms<sn`o
;SrKh
,dNh fn§ hdu
miq wiajkq lghq;=
j.d yd kv;a;= lghq;=
fhojqï hdka;%SlrKh iy
hdka;%SlrKh ;=< c, moaO;s bvï
ixj¾Okh yd bvï ''''
wf,úlrKh
f.dúm, fj<`odu ixj¾Okh
m%d.aOk fhoùu
jHdmdßl ysñlu yd l%shd;aul lrjkakd w;r tl`.;djh
06. Profit sharing Agri Business
oekgu;a mj;s;akdjQ fyda kj lDIs jHdmdrhla jHdmdr ysñlre yd jHdmdrh lrf.k
hkakka w;r we;s .súiqï.; tlÕ;djh u; tu ,dN wkqmd;slj fyda m%;sY; wkqj fnod
isÿlrkakd jQ ;;a;ajhhs'
fuys§ tu lDIs jHdmdrh oekgu;a w,dNodhsj mj;ajdf.k f.dia we;akï jHdmdr
ysñlre yd tys l<uKdÍ;ajh isÿlrf.k hk ndysr tacka;jre fyda tu mqoa.,d úiska
tu jHdmdrh úúO ,dN uÜgï ,eîfï ;;a;ajhg f.ktaug .súif.k thg tla md¾Yjhl
fyda fomd¾Yjhl m%d.aOkh$mqkrdj¾:k úhoï fhdod by< l<uKdldÍ;ajhla ;=,
úúO wf,úlrK ud._ th fj<|m,lg ^b;d fyd| fj<|m,lg fhduqlr ;sridr by<
ñ,la ,nd§u tu ndysr l<uKdldÍ;ajfha m%Odk wx.hla ù we;&' fhduqlr tu ,dNh
wkqmd;slj fyda m%;sY; wldrfhka fnodf.k isÿ lrf.k hk jHdmdrhls'
book-1_new18.indd 21 01/01/2008 03:04:42
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07. Co-oper ative Farm iuQmldr f.dúm,
fuu jdKsc f.dúm, tu iuQmdldrfha iu odhl;ajfhka isÿjk w;r f.dúmf,a m%d.aOkh
fh§u" l<ukdldÍ;ajh" Y%uh fh§u" miq wiajkq ;dCIKh" .nvdlrkh$ wf,úlrKh
iu odhl;ajfhka isÿlrf.k hkakdjQ ;sridr jQ lDIs jHdmdrhls'
fuys ,dN fn§ hduo iu m%udK j,ska jk w;r ;sridr meje;au i|yd jk wdfhdackho
iuodhl;ajfhka isÿ lrhs'
Protected Agriculturel Enterprnus As sociation - PAEA
fuuÕska j.dlrejka yg fiajdjkays yd ;sridr Ndjhla we;' ^Services and sustain ability for growers&
fuu iud.u uÕska ixpdrl jHdmdrh" fj<|m, iuQyh" .=jka fiajd" keõ fiajd" wdydr
øjH i|yd iQCIu j.d l%u hgf;a j.dlr wLKavj imhkq ,efí'
lDIs fj<| jHdmdßl úNjhka
1'i;shlg ls'.%E 500 iemhSug yels wdfhdaclhska iuQy jHdmdrh i|yd iud.ulg
.súiqu l%shd;aul lsÍug újD; lr we;'
2' i;shlg kejqï iafg%danß ls'.%Eï 200la iemhSug
3' i;shlg foys ls'.%Eï 50la iemhSu
4' i;shlg herbs ls'.%E'
-Corriender-Baci-mint
fuu iñ;sfhys iud.fuys iudðl;ajh ,ndf.k j.dlrejkag .súiqï.; lDIs
jHdmdßlfhl= úh yel'
book-1_new18.indd 22 01/01/2008 03:04:42
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08. Secret of yield enhancing of plants (Commercial farming)
lDIsl¾u jdKsc;ajhg f.k hdug
fhdod.; hq;= Wmdh ud¾. Strategies to be used for commercial farming
lDIsl¾u jdKsc;ajhg f.k hdfï§ my;
Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh l,hq;= fõ'
Agriculture (Technical &Management
1' j.dfõ l<uKdldÍ;ajh by< uÜgul
mej;sh hq;=hs' jvd jeo.;a jkafka
hï moao;shl we;s l<uKdldÍ;ajh
u; tu moaO;sh r\ mj;akdf.a ^Wod(
mdi,l wOHdmkh r\ mj;skafka tys
l<uKdldÍ;ajfha uÜgï ;=,h&
lDIsl¾ufha§ fuu l<uKdlrKh uOHu
uÜgfï fkdj by< uÜgul isg yd bka
Tíng .sh tlla úh' fuh Agriculture (Technical) Management f,i ye¢kaúh
yel'
fï i|yd ukd Wkkaÿj yd lemùu
(Encorrage and sacrifisation& ;sìh hq;=h'
f.dúm,l ÿria: md,l mßmd,kh ̂Remort control Managment& isÿlr jdKscl;ajhg
hd fkdyel' l<uKdlre$whs;slre
f.dúmf,ys mÈxÑj isg isÿl,
l<uKdldÍ;ajh ^Resident Manager owner &fï i|yd ;sìh hq;=h'
2 ' .ilg wiajekak ^Yield per plants& hk m%dfhda.sl l%uhg m<uqj is;kak'
wlalrhg fyda fylaghdrhlg .ia
fldmuKo hkak is;kak$.Kka .;
lrkak' wjidk jYfhka Tng ,nd.;
yels Wmßu wiajekak$úNj wiajekak
ms<sn| wkqudk lrkak' tu wiajekak
,nd.ekSug wêIaGdk lr .kak' tu
wiajekak ,nd .ekSug my; Wmdh ud¾.
m%dfhda.slj ^wksjd¾fhkau& l%shd;aul
lrkak'
Wod( ;lald,s fnda.h
3' m%dfhda.sl yd fj<|m, b,lal
lrf.k l%shd;aul lrk j.d ie,eiau
$j.dlrejkaf.a ;sìh hq;=h' (Market Oriented Copping plan Calender)
4' mdxY= ixrCIKh$mfia c, jyk
lghq;= f.dúm, ud¾. yd c, iïmdok
moaO;shg wkqj id¾:lj fNda. msysgqùug
ixj¾Okh lr .kak'
5' jk i;=ka $óhkaf.a ydks we;s úg
f.dúm, wdrCIl jeg i;aj wdrCIl
oe,la ^Animal Protection Net& fhdod
wdrCId lr .kak'
6' .=Kd;aufhka hq;= îc f;dard .kak'
foaYsh m%fNao fyda foaYsh fouqyqï
m%fNao fï i|yd Ndú;d l, hq;= w;r"
foaYsh m%fNao uÕskao ìxÿ$úiqreï c,
iïmdok iuÕ fmdfydr c, iïmdokh
hgf;a wfmaCIs; wiajekak ,nd.;
yels nj fuys l;=jrhdf.a m%dfhda.slj
w;aoelSu ,nd we;'
7' ;jdka Ndú;dlrk fNda. j, ;jdka me,
,nd.ekSu i|yd n÷ka ;jdka ;dCIKh"
;eá ;jdka" l=Üá ;jdka" merIqÜ ;jdka
;dCIKh Ndú;d l, yelsh'
idïm%odhsl ;jdka l%u j,g jvd kj
;dCIKsl ;jdka l%u j,§ me, .,jd
bj;a lsÍfï§ 20]-28] jeä wiajekakla
,nd.; yelsh'
8' fnda. me< wjêfha isg wiajekak fk,d
bj;a lrk ;=re c, iïmdokh ksisf,i
bgqlr fnda.fha uq¿ ld,h ;=,u mi
u;=msg f;;ukh r|jd ;ndf.k mdxY=
book-1_new18.indd 23 01/01/2008 03:04:43
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f;;uk ;;a;ajh fCIa;% Odß;d w.hg
wdikak w.hl mj;ajd .ekSu uÕska fnda.
uQ, uKav,fha jdhq ^O2& wjYH;djh yd
c,ho imqrd,ñka úNj wiajekak lrd
fnda.h mj;ajd.; yelsfõ'
fuf,i imhk c,hg fmdaIl ̂ fmdfydro&
tl;= lr fmdfydr c, iïmdokh
^Fertigation& isÿ lrñka j¾Ol wjêfha
wjYH fmdfydr ,nd §fuka idudkH
wiajkq j,g jvd fo;=ka .=Khlska wiajkq
jeälr .; yelsh' ^msgqj Ydlhl l:dj
n,kak& fuys§ taldnoaO me<Eá fmdaIK
l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
9' fnda. msysgqùfï isg yels iEu wjia:d
jl§u lDIsld¾ñl hkaf;%damlrK Ndú;d
lrkak' ^msgqj - hdka;%SlrKh&
10' lmamdÿj yd mqyqKq lsÍu wdOdrl
iemhSu ̂ Trenching and pruning of the plant& t<j¿ fnda. jk ngq" ñßia" ;lald,s"
m,;=re Ydl fuka lmamdÿ lrkak'
11' m,sfndaO md,kh
fnda. j.dfõ§ uq, isgu j¾Ol wjêfha§
fnda.hg ydksodhl jk frda. m,sfndaO
ksis wjia:dfõ§ y÷kd.ksñka wju
lDIs ridhkslhka Ndú;d lr fnda.h
ikSmdrCIlj mj;ajd .ekSu fuys§ isÿl,
hq;=hs' fuúg taldnoaO me<Eá ixrpl l%u
fh§u fhda.H fõ' lDñ yd frda. fukau
j.dj j,a me<Eá j,ska f;dr ùu ^Weed free crop cultivation& úNj wiajkq ,nd
.ekSfï jvd;au jeo.;a lreKq fõ'
12' ksis fj,djg wiajekak fk,Su m%jdykh"
ieliSu" fY%aKs.; lsÍu" weiqreï.;
lsÍu" fj<|m, fj; m%jdykh ^Cold chane project n,kak&jeo.;a fõ'
wf,úlrKh
jir mqrd iaÓr ñ,la hgf;a
wf,úlrKh
wjdrhg wiajkq bÈßm;alr by,
ñ,la ,nd.ekSu
úfoaY fj<|fmd< b,lal lr
ksmoùu$fj<\u
13' w.h tl;= l< (Value addition) ksIamdok ieliSu
f.dúmf,a isg mßfNdack wjYH;d wjia:
dj f;la ksIamdÈ;hka ieliSu fyda
ksIamdÈ;hg w.hla tl;= lsÍu fuhska
woyia flf¾'
book-1_new18.indd 24 01/01/2008 03:04:44
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09' jdKsc lDIsl¾uh i|yd Wiia ;jdka ;dCIKh
^Advance Nursery Technology for commercial farming&
jdKsc lDIsl¾ufha§ Wiia ;dCIK fõohka fhdod .ekSfï§ ;jdka ;dCIKho Ydlfha j¾Ok
l%shdj,shg ndOdjla fkdjk whqre m%Yia: uÜgñka mj;ajd .ekSu w;HjYH lreKls'
iïm%odhsl ;jdka l%u fjkqjg fhdod .; yels Wiia ;djdka ;dCIK l%u fõohka '''''''''"
idïm%odhsl ;jdka l%umd;a;s l%uhg ;jdka oeóu
Wod( ;lald,s$ñßia$ud¿ñßia$ ngq
fuys ;jdka mi ms<siaiSfuka fyda fjk;a l%u fõohka uÕska cSjdKqyrkh lr ;jdka
md;a;s j, tla me,hla ia:dmkh lrk ;=re tla me,hla i|yd úhoug
îc we;=,;a lr fkdue;
book-1_new18.indd 25 01/01/2008 03:04:45
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Wiia ;jdka ;dCIK l%u
n÷ka l, ;jdka fkdßfvdflda l=Üá ;jdka
;eá ;jdka iaghsfrdf*daï ^frðf*daï ;eá ;jdka&
me, 63 la ,nd.; yels ;eá ;jdkla uÕska fCIA;%fha me, ia:dms; lrk f;la tla
me,hlg úhou
;eáhl m%d.aOk úhou re' 115 jir 10 Ndú; l< yels neúka tla ;jdkla i|yd ;eáfha
CIh jákdlï úhou re'15'00 f,i fhdod we;'
;eáh i|yd úhou re'15'00
udOH 2(1(1 re'25'00
^fldïfmdaiaÜ ÈrE f.du ms<siaiQ oyhshd" fldyqn;a&
îc i|yd hk úhou tla tla fnda. wkqj fjkiafõ'
book-1_new18.indd 26 01/01/2008 03:04:47
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10' ìxÿ yd úiqreï c, iïmdokh hgf;a
jdKsc f.dúm, msysgqùu
CIqø c, iïmdok ;dCIKh hgf;a m%Odk
wx.hla jk ìxÿ fyda úiqreï ^Drip and spriter srrition& c, iïmdokh ;dCIKh
hgf;a c, iïmdokh yd fmdfydr c,
iïmdokh l%shd;aul lsÍfuka my;
oelafjk M,odhs;djhka ,nd.; yelsfõ'
fjk;a c, iïmdok l%u yd iei§fïÈ
ìxÿ yd úiqreï c, iïmdokfhka wiajkq
fo.=K f;.=K lr.; yels ùu'
ìxÿ yd úiqreï l%ufhka ms<sfj;a c,h
40] yd 25] 30] b;sß lr .; yel fï
wkqj c, fmdïm l%shd;aul lsÍfï§
bkaOk fyda úÿ,s n,ho" c, fmdïmfha
l%shdldß l,o b;sßfõ'
mdxY= Ldokhka isÿ fkdjk ;rïh
c, iïmdok l%uh Wfoid N=ñfhys
we,ud._ fyda fj;a wjYH i`oyd bvfï
fjka lsÍu wjYH fkdjk neúka bvfuys
j.d l, yels im, ìï m%udKh 20] 28]
la jeä fõ'
fmdfydr c, iïmdok (fertigation and chamigation Tecology) ;dCIKh
l%shd;aul lsÍu u`.ska fnda.fha fmdaI
l wjYH;djh ld,skj ñkqï .;lr
,ndÈh yels ùu' ukd fmdaIl l,jï
lrf.k ridhksl fmdfydr 20] muK
b;sßlr.; yels fõ'
fjk;a c, iïmdok l%u j,g jehjk
Y%uh yd iei§fñ§ c, iïmdokhg je-
hjk Y%uh 80] muKp j,a me, md,kh
ioyd jehjk Y%ufha 40] la o 60] lDIs
ridhk fh§fïÈ jehjk Y%ufhka 40] la
muK o b;sß lr .; yels fõ'
11' wfmaCIs; wiajekak ìxÿ c, iïmdokh
hgf;a
.ilg lsf,da .%Eï 5-8 ^kg/Plant&wlalr 1g .ia .Kk 20000
wiajekak .ilg lsf,da .%Eï 6x 20000 uq¿ wiajekak lsf,da .%Eï 120000
.f,aj, Mï'tï' rKanxvd uy;d ,nd.;a
wiajekak 18000 lska wlalrhg iudkH
c, iïmdokfha w;S; 9750 l wla 1g
úiqreï c, moaO;shg c, fmdïmh rys;j
wdfhdackh l, uqo, re'180"000 2011 jir
úiqreï c, moaO;shl iM, Ôú; ld,h
jir 10
book-1_new18.indd 27 01/01/2008 03:04:48
��
12' jdKsc lDIsl¾u i|yd iQ¾h n, úÿ,s
n, ìxÿ c, iïmdokfhka iq¿ mßudK
t<j¿ j.dj
Solar powered drip irrigation technology for small land holdings vegetable cultivation
(Hydro power or Fossil energy free water pumping for drip irrigation)
iQ¾h mek,hla ^fudähq,hla& uÕska
úÿ,sh ^��0 Whr& ksmojd tu úÿ,sh
Maxcimum powerpoint tracker Wmßu
úÿ,s Woamdol veye.ekSfï WmlrKhla
uÕska /f.k (Positive displacement water pump) c, fmdïmhg /f.k wla' 1$2 l
^j'ó' 4000l& ìxÿ c, iïmdokh l< yels
Inline driper (�Lph at �0cm spacing) k<
moaO;shla uÕska fmdfydr c, iïmdokh
iys; (Fertigation technology) t<j¿ j.d
N+ñhla j.d lsÍu'
uQ,sl wdfhdackh
bvu wla 1$2 j'ó 2000 fyd¢ka c, jykh
jk je,auh mil fkdúh hq;=h'
iu;,d kï jvd;a WÑ; kuq;a 20-30]
olajd nEjqï bvul j.dl, yel' fuúg
c, m%jdyk bvug wka;¾.; l, ;sìh
hq;=h'
Èklg ,Sg¾ 8000l ,nd.; yels fyda
^mmjkj& c, m%Njhka bvu wdikakfha
msysàu jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
iQ¾hh ìxÿ c, iïmdok lÜg,hg re'
35000 jákdlula j.d lkakh 3-4 §
uQ,sl m%d.aOkh Wmhd.; yels ñßia" ud¿
ñßia" ;lald,s fjk;a t<j¿ wkakdis"
nq,;a meKs flduvq jeks fnda. b;d fyd|
fj<|fmd, ñ,l§ fuu j.d lkakh 3-4 §
uq¿ m%d.aOkh mshjd .; yelsfõ'
book-1_new18.indd 28 01/01/2008 03:04:49
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13' i;aj - fnda. taldnoaO f.dúm,
"INTEARATED FARM"
úúO i;aj ksIamdok ixrplhka iuÕ úúO fnda. j.dlr ;sridr jQ jdKsc f.dúm,
fujeks jdKsc f.dúm,l jeo.;afõ'
fj<|m,g Assortment of Agriculture Projcet and value added Product bÈßm;a lsÍu
fnda. i;aj ksIamdok fjk;a fhojqï
t<j¿m,;=rel=¿ nvq fnda.ù$iy,afld< t<j¿ñá uqrex.dfjka;a w,xldr Ydl
l=l=<a uia - ì;a;r jgq l=re¿ ì;a;r W!rE uiat¿ uiat<lsß"ólsßfhda.Ü ksIamdokñßÈh u;aiHl¿ l=x
ó meKsìïu,a
ldnksl fmdfydr Vermi Conpest.j fmdfydrl=l=,a fmdfydr t¿ fná fmdfydr
book-1_new18.indd 29 01/01/2008 03:04:51
�0
14' wjdrhg rUqgka wiajekakla
Y%S ,xldfõ fndafyda m,d;a j, rUqg-
ka j.dfõ wiajekak wfm%a, - uehs j,È
,efí fuys lkak jdrhg ,efnk wia
jekak fú'
fïjeks wiajekak Y%S,xldfõ wjdrhgo
,nd.; yel'
ta fldfydauo Y%S,xldfõ fldia,kao"
y,aÿïuq,a, l¨ - Ysfnr m%foaYfha lDIsf-
nda. wNsck rUqgka ioyd isÿlrkak
fuu m%foaYh RA idfmaCI wd¾O;djh -
WIak;ajh fuu mrdihla jk w;r jdf¾
fkdjeïn¾ foieïn¾ ckjdß fmnrjdß
wiajekak /f.k rUqgka wkjHY fukau
fyda thg jvd jeä jdKsc;djh f.ä
1000 Y;lhg f.ähl ñ, re 30 i`oyd
jehjk Y%ufha 10] 50] o b;sß lr .;
yels fõ'
fmdfydr c, iïmdok ;dCIKh l%shd;aul
lsÍfu§ fhdokakdjq fmdfydr N=.; c,hg
tl;= fkdùu ksid N+.; mdßißl jYf-
hka ÿIKh fkdfõ'
isudldß idOl
ìxo yd úÿreï c, iïmdok ;dCIKfha iSudldÍ iOl f,i uq,Sl wNsckh idfmaCIj jeä
nj ukd
;dCIKhlska l%shd;aul lsÍu ,jK iys; c,h Ndú; flf¾ iqm¾ ysrúfï ^cogging drippe& ^fuu iqm¾ ysrùuo laf,daÍ m%;sYIh yd wdï,sl;djh hgf;a ìxÿ bj;a l< yel
& hk lreKo ;dCIKh we;s nj ;yjqre lró'
book-1_new18.indd 30 01/01/2008 03:04:51
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15' wdCIs; .Dy lDIsl¾uh
Green house Farming Cultivations under Plant house
bxðfkareuh úHQyh(- Arch Irigation
j.dl, yels fnda. (- fn,a fmm¾" i,do" msmsCoaCod" ;lald,s"fld,s*j¾"i,do" fyda
fjk;a ´kEu t<j¿ m,;=re" u,a j¾. cfnrd" ldfkaIka" frdai" weka;=ßhï
wdfhdackh(- j._ wählg re'350-400 ^2012& ìxÿ c, iïmdokh yd c, fmdaIs; yd forga-tion iys;
Breek þlant :- High year �� month � seeson
book-1_new18.indd 31 01/01/2008 03:04:54
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16' lgql foaY.=K ;;aj hgf;a ^wêl j¾Ij& t<j¿ m,;=re ksIamdokh i|yd Plant net house fyda jeis wdjß; .Dy
wêl jeis j,ska fmd,s;Ska fyda fnda. wdrCId jk w;r .Dyfha we;=,; ì;a;s Wiska
isú,su;a wldrhg fmdÿ 50] fijk oef,ka we;=,g wjYH fijk ,nd.; yel'
fu jeis wdjß; .Dyfha ie,l= úg yd tys iudkH fnda. f,i wuqñßia j.dfõ isÿ lsÍu
.Dyfha jmißh j'wä 1000 j'ó 100
j'ó' me< - 4-5 uq¿ me< .Kk - 400
me<hl wiajekak - 1'5-2'5 Kg uq¿ wiajekak 800 Kgf.dúm,a úl=Kqï ñ, yd uq¿ wodhu re ' 100 uq¿ wodhu re' 80000
j¾;udk wiajekk 1000
book-1_new18.indd 32 01/01/2008 03:04:55
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16'1' jeis wdj¾;s; .Dy j<j¿ j.dfõ wdodhï úhoï jd¾;dj
jmißh j'wä'�000 ��' x ��' (�x�� met) me;s Wi'�.� m
úhou m%d.aOk úhou CIh jákdlu
01' bÈlsÍï úhoï iys;j m%Odk ie,ls,a, 1 1$4 GI Ndú;h
02' bÈlsÍï úhoï iys;j yd fijk oe,a i|yd
03' wYaj n, 1 c, fmdïmh fmdfydr fmd-fydr gexlsh iuÕ ìxÿ c, moaO;sh
04' ;jdka ;eá 10 mqkrdj¾;k úhoï>k wä 1 fldïfmdaiaÜ ñY%K j.d u¨ 420 re' 60 neÕska
05' îc yd ;jdka md,k úhou
06' fmdfydr i|yd úhou
07' lDIs ridhk i|yd úhou
08' j.dfõ wiajekak fk,d wjidkh olajd Y%u úhoïY%u tall �00x�00
100000 jir 10lg CIh jákdlu 10"8000
24500'0015000'0039500'00
jir 4g 9875'00
50"000'00 jir 10l CIh jákdlu 5000'00
1250'00
5000 '00
4950'00
2500'00 675'00
6300'00
10000'00
2500'00
60000'00
117525'00
me, .Kk 500me, wiajekak 3 kg 1500 kg
uq¿ wiajekakidudkH f.dúm, úl=Kqï ñ, re' 125'00 wodhu re' 187500'00 úhou re' 117525'00
book-1_new18.indd 33 01/01/2008 03:04:55
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CIh ùï Depreciation
j;alul CIh l< yels jákdlu tys weia;fïka;=j .; m%fhdackj;a Ôú; ld,h mqrd
l%uj;a wldrhg fnod yeÍu fuuÕska isÿ flf¾' fuúg .sKqï ld, mßfÊofha Y=oaO
,dNhg w,dNhg tl;= lÍu l, hq;=h' fuu CIh hgf;a tu NdKavfha$fiajfha j;_
udk jákdlu tys ßú ld,h ;=< CIh ùug ,lalr tlatla jirlg$uy lkakhg th
m%d.aOkfha úhoï fldgila '''úhoug tl;= flf¾' wdrCIs; Ydl lDIsl¾ufhao my;
j;alï CIh lsÍugh'
j;alï ft;sydis fyda j¾;udk msßjeh fjkqjg uQ,H m%ldYj, oelafjk wdfoaYs; m%udKfhka
CIh l, yels jákdlu msßjeh fyda jákdlu
wjfYaI
1' jHqy.; bxðfkareuh ie,iqula hgf;a bÈlrk ,o .e,ajkhsia hlv wdrCIs; .Dy iels,a, yd jHqyh Wod( j'wä 2000 j'w' úhou
��0 �0
2' wdrCIs; .Dyfha jy,hg fhdok fmd,s;skh
�0 �0
3' wdrCIs; .Dy iels,a,g .Dyhg �0 �04' ìxÿ c, iïmdokh moaO;sh c, fmdïmh iys;
�0 �0
5' j.d udOH we;=¿ j.d u,a, yd j.d WmlrK
�0 �0
6' ;jdka ;eáKs iafm%a hka;% yd fuj,ï �� ��
j;alfï weia;fïka;a .; wjfYaI jákdlu wvq lsÍfuka m;% ,efnk w.hhs'
wjfYaI jákdlu fyj;a iqkanqka jákdlu
hï j;alul M,odhs ðú; ld,h wjidkfha tys wjfYaI$iqkanqka w.h b;d iq¿ m%udKhla
kï th fkdi,ld yer msßjeh fyda uq,a ;lafiare w.h iïmQ¾Kfhkau CIh l, yel'
CIh m%udKh ;SrKh lrk idOl
j;alfï msßjeh fyda m%;siïmdok w.h
j;alfï M,odhs wdhQ ld,h
j;alfï weia;fïka;=.; wjfYaI jákdlu
j;alfï m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh
1.
2.
3.
4.
book-1_new18.indd 34 01/01/2008 03:04:55
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