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Commercialization strategies of technology: lessons from Silicon Valley Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Science and technology incubators play an increasing role in contributing to the entrepreneurial, venture and economic development. This paper is concerned with the strategies for technology commercialization and supports of new venture development. The study has applied the cluster-based strategies of the US Silicon Valley to the case of Thailand. The ndings highlight the role of the National Science and Technology Development Agency’s Science Park and the National Innovation Agency’s Innovation Park in supporting technology commercialization and development of the national inno- vation system. The future challenges to create effective system for entrepreneurial development and implications for entrepreneurial business management are discussed herein. Keywords Venture capital Á Entrepreneurial nancing Á Industrial clusters Á National system of innovation Á Technology commercialization JEL Classication O32 1 Introduction Entrepreneurial nancing is an important mechanism to engender economic advantages. In particular, the science and technology incubators play a vital role in supporting entre- preneurship and economic growth. To date, few studies have looked closely at the strategies and policies that are essential for creating an enabling environment for high-tech start-ups. It is argued that the strategic plans/policies to support the venture capital development should be in place if the country wants to increase its capacity to innovate and accelerate the process of national innovation system development. J. Wonglimpiyarat (&) The National Innovation Agency, Ministry of Science and Technology, 73/1 Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] 123 J Technol Transf DOI 10.1007/s10961-009-9117-3

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Commercialization strategies of technology: lessonsfrom Silicon Valley

Jarunee Wonglimpiyarat

ïŋ― Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

Abstract Science and technology incubators play an increasing role in contributing to the

entrepreneurial, venture and economic development. This paper is concerned with the

strategies for technology commercialization and supports of new venture development.

The study has applied the cluster-based strategies of the US Silicon Valley to the case of

Thailand. The findings highlight the role of the National Science and Technology

Development Agency’s Science Park and the National Innovation Agency’s Innovation

Park in supporting technology commercialization and development of the national inno-

vation system. The future challenges to create effective system for entrepreneurial

development and implications for entrepreneurial business management are discussed

herein.

Keywords Venture capital ïŋ― Entrepreneurial financing ïŋ― Industrial clusters ïŋ―National system of innovation ïŋ― Technology commercialization

JEL Classification O32

1 Introduction

Entrepreneurial financing is an important mechanism to engender economic advantages. In

particular, the science and technology incubators play a vital role in supporting entre-

preneurship and economic growth. To date, few studies have looked closely at the

strategies and policies that are essential for creating an enabling environment for high-tech

start-ups. It is argued that the strategic plans/policies to support the venture capital

development should be in place if the country wants to increase its capacity to innovate and

accelerate the process of national innovation system development.

J. Wonglimpiyarat (&)The National Innovation Agency, Ministry of Science and Technology, 73/1 Rama VI Road, Bangkok10400, Thailande-mail: [email protected]

123

J Technol TransfDOI 10.1007/s10961-009-9117-3

The present research study has applied the cluster-based strategies of the US Silicon

Valley to the case of Thailand. Silicon Valley is a relevant model to emulate since it is the

traditional model for early-stage financing. The growth of the US economy was in part

fueled by the emergence of the venture capital industry, making important impacts on

corporate innovation, job creation and economic growth (Birch 1979; Dushnitsky and

Lenox 2005; Global Insight 2007; Kortum and Lerner 2000). Silicon Valley thus provides

a useful model for innovation and economic development for developing economies. The

paper is organised as follows. Section 1 presents an introductory section. Section 2

reviews the literature on the venture capital financing, technology commercialization and

business incubators. Section 3 presents the case study organisations of the National Sci-

ence and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and the National Innovation Agency

(NIA) which are the major organisations initiating innovation policies to support the

process of technology commercialization. Section 4 discusses the future challenges to

create effective system for entrepreneurial development. Section 5 discusses strategic

managerial implications to support entrepreneurship and venture capital investment.

2 Theoretical framework

2.1 Venture capital financing

In knowledge-based economies, economic growth is increasingly dependent upon innova-

tion and access to finance is seen as a critical factor in this process (Bygrave and Timmons

1992; Freeman and Soete 1997; Pissarides 1999; Hyytinen and Toivanen 2005). Venture

capital (VC) is a high-risk, potentially high-return investment to support business creation

and growth. It is a source of funds that typically finance new and rapidly growing companies

through equity participation (Bygrave and Timmons 1992; Gompers and Lerner 2001). In

the context of developing countries, VC provides an opportunity of technology commer-

cialization when funds are not sufficient to pursue the possible avenues of research. VC also

plays an important role in economic development as it influences on the development of new

ventures (Barry et al. 1990; Fredricksen et al. 1997; MacMillan et al. 1989; Schefczyk and

Gerpott 2001).

Porter’s cluster concept explains the role of venture capital investments to complete

the commercialization and effectiveness of innovation (Porter 1990, 1998, 2001). The

underlying benefits of clusters include collective learning and knowledge spillovers among

participating institutions. Hamel and Prahalad (1994)’s Managing Migration Paths Model

is another relevant model focusing on the creation and management of coalitions to

engender innovations. In other words, Managing Migration Paths Model model stresses the

importance of networks in opening up opportunities to win the future market and cus-

tomers. Collaboration is therefore the main challenge of the model since the integration of

skills and capabilities provides a basis for future competition. In a modern management

approach, Hamel and Breen (2007) argue the use of collaborative strategy to reduce the

risk of competitive innovation. The model of Porter is, however, chosen for the present

study because it provides the importance of clusters on the development of innovations and

the creation of economic growth. Porter’s (1990, 1998, 2001) cluster concept emphasizes

interaction, cooperation and competition among firms as a basis for innovation develop-

ment (a cluster with the support among the group of industries to help diffuse innovations).

Venture capital supports the performance of new ventures and the growth of entre-

preneurship (Chen 2009; Thong 2001). However, there are difficulties with regard to fund

J. Wonglimpiyarat

123

raising and investment activities. The difficulties of entrepreneurial firms to acquire risk

capital vary depending on the stages of the innovation process. At the seed, start-up and

early stages, entrepreneurs seeking a bank loan are pressurised with collateral, which

makes start-ups especially difficult. It is the project risk at this stage that entrepreneurs face

difficulties in finding much-needed financial backing (Schwienbacher 2007; Wonglim-

piyarat 2007a). Given that there is a lack of risk capital to help entrepreneurial start-ups,

VC is therefore necessary to draw investments into the local economy.

2.2 Technology commercialization and business incubators

Technology commercialisation refers to the competence to use technologies in products

across a wider range of markets, incorporate a greater breadth of technologies in products,

and get products to market faster (Nevens et al. 1990; Wonglimpiyarat 2007b; Lee 2009).

Given the risks associated with new enterprise formation, many governments attempt to

overcome the barriers that hold back innovation by establishing business incubators to

exploit and commercialise the technological opportunities. Business incubator is defined as a

shared office space facility that seeks to provide its incubates with a strategic, value-adding

intervention system of monitoring and business assistance with the objective of facilitating

the new venturing development. In other words, business incubator is a business assistance

program that provides its tenants with a nurturing environment and a range of administrative,

consulting, and networking services for start-up companies (Hackett and Dilts 2004, 2008).

Business incubator is an innovative system designed to provide technology and man-

agement supports to assist entrepreneurs in the development of new ventures (Smilor 1987;

Sherman 1999). The incubator resources could help young entrepreneurial firms to access

new knowledge, expertise and industrial networks (Barrow 2001; Rothschild and Darr

2005). In the US, support for incubator initiatives is based on addressing specific gaps in

the market and institutional infrastructure for small and technology-based businesses.

Figure 1 presents a schematic presentation of incubators as a vehicle for linking tech-

nology, entrepreneurs, small and large firms and sources of capital.

Table 1 presents the characteristics of incubators. The incubators provide new firms and

entrepreneurs with physical facilities and a variety of business services to help them

increase their chances of survival in the early stages of development. Further, they can be

seen as a vehicle for linking technology, entrepreneurs, small and large firms and sources

Technology /Innovation Park

University Research

IncubatorsTechnologyTransfer

Agent

Venture Capital Business Angels

Graduatefirms

Spin-offs of large firms

Industrial base and science and technology infrastructure

Fig. 1 Schematic presentation of incubators. Source: The author’s design, adapted form OECD (1997b)

Commercialization strategies of technology

123

of capital for technology development and commercialization (OECD 1997a; Lofsten and

Lindelof 2005; McAdam and McAdam 2008).

Business incubators can stretch the scope of its services by integrating itself within the

operation of a science park. Science parks are areas with abundant R&D activities to help

high-tech start-ups commercialize their research (Sherman 1999; Millar et al. 2005).

Inspired by the success of California’s Silicon Valley, many developing countries employ

the establishment of science parks as a vital strategy to promote high-tech industries. For

example, Biotech-Information Technology (Bio-IT) park in India is established near uni-

versities and research institutions to promote the bioinformatics industry. Bio-IT

companies are encouraged to use resources in the park to develop new Bio-IT innovations

(Vaidyanathan 2008). In Taiwan, the Hsinchu Park Industrial Park is located near reputable

universities and Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) which helps firms to

exchange technological know-how, increase R&D efficiency and improve productivity of

firms (Motohashi 2005; Yang et al. 2009).

The university research park represents another form of Science Park which offers

competitive advantages for high-tech entrepreneurs. The university research functions as

an important infrastructural mechanism for the transfer of academic research findings. It is

a source of knowledge spillovers and as a catalyst for national and regional economic

growth. University research parks provide an environment to leverage the assets of a

university which would increase the chances for commercial success to companies and

entrepreneurs (Anselin et al. 1997; Motohashi 2005; Link and Scott 2007).

The Silicon Valley VC model represents a model of the universities working with

industries to form a cluster of high technology based firms. The entrepreneurial group work

closely with Stanford University and the industry with the support of venture capital finance

to produce new innovations (Saxenian 1994, 2007; Wonglimpiyarat 2005). Clusters are

geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and organisations which co-operate

but may also compete with each other. They can help incubator achieve critical mass and

enhance synergies between firms. According to Porter’s cluster concept, it is argued that the

cluster of collaborating businesses helps in the rapid dissemination of innovations (Porter

1985, 1990; Nelson 1993). The clustering network can be seen as a catalyst for regional

economic growth and competitiveness (Porter 1998; He and Fallah 2009). Section 3 will

present the case studies of National Science and Technology Development Agency

(NSTDA) and National Innovation Agency (NIA) in Thailand in their attempts to strengthen

the innovative capacity by stimulating entrepreneurship and cluster development.

Table 1 Characteristics of incubators

Host institution University Researchfacilities

Productionfacilities

Technologytransfer office

Parkfacilities

Incubator Venturecapital

Science andresearch parks

x x o x x x o

Innovation centre o o x x o x o

Technopolis/technology park

x x x x x x x

Notes: x, essential or integrated feature; o, desirable feature; accessible through the infrastructure andindustry

Source: Working group on Innovation and Technology Policy (TIP) of the OECD Committee for Scientificand Technological Policy (CSTP)

J. Wonglimpiyarat

123

3 Case studies of NSTDA and NIA on entrepreneurial development

The development of US Silicon Valley has shown that financing policies and clusters are

an effective economic development model. The transformation of the economy throughout

the history of Silicon Valley is the result of entrepreneurialism and venture capital finance.

This makes the challenge of the present study to focus on applying the model of effective

VC financing in the US to the case study organisations of National Science and Tech-

nology Development Agency (NSTDA)’s Science Park and National Innovation Agency

(NIA)’s Innovation Park in Thailand.

3.1 Analysis of NSTDA’s Science Park development model

The National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) was established by

the Act of Scientific and Technological Development of 1991 and officially commenced its

operation in 1992. It is a special kind of governmental organisation under the Ministry of

Science and Technology with the mission of supporting research, development, design and

engineering in scientific and technological areas critical to the country’s development.

Realising the potential of clustering effects in the US, NSTDA has strategically managed

the industrial clusters to invigorate the innovation system. NSTDA has brought Michael E.

Porter’s concept of ‘cluster’ to the level of practice for improving the national innovative

capacity. The major strategic clusters formed by NSTDA are, for example, hard disk drive,

radio frequency identification, smart cards, solar cell, bioenergy. The clusters of innovation

projects at NSTDA are built on the national competitiveness agenda (cluster initiatives)

recommended by Porter (1985, 1990, 1998, 2001) to explore and strengthen economic

clusters. Strategic clusters are the major innovative programmes having significant potential

for innovation commercialization. Industrial clusters are the clusters having potential for new

commercial product development. The industrial clusters at NSTDA are regarded as a model

of innovation management for improving Thailand’s technological capabilities.

NSTDA has established Thailand Science Park to strengthen Thailand’s capacity to

innovate and turn innovation into commercial opportunities. The Science Park is situated in

the location that provides genuine, practical access to the academic and research environment

of the universities and industries. Thailand Science Park takes an active role of innovation

management by helping small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to commercialize R&D

results, enhance the effectiveness of public-sector R&D, strengthen technological capabili-

ties and national competitiveness. In the next stage plan, NSTDA’s Thailand Science Park

would be a brokering agency (intermediary) providing matching services for:

(i) Banks Business Angels Venture Capitalist Businesses Corporate Venture Grants (public funds) (ii) Business(s)

Business(s) (iii) Financier(s)

Financier(s)

Thailand Science Park

Thailand Science Park

Thailand Science Park

To

To

To

Commercialization strategies of technology

123

NSTDA also provides tax privileges with a 200% of net-profit tax for companies

undertaking R&D. In other words, the companies would receive 200% tax deductible for

the amount paid on R&D activities. The policy would be an important mechanism to help

promote science and technology development for the future of Thailand.

Figure 2 presents the clustering plan of venture capital in the Northern Bangkok

Industrial Cluster to emulate the US Silicon Valley model. From the figure, it can be seen

that NSTDA is situated among the universities (Asian Institute of Technology, Sirindhorn

International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, Bangkok

University) which provide academic links to university research. Nevertheless, despite

NSTDA’s strong R&D base, the main obstacles are that it could not effectively turn the

knowledge to support new innovative entrepreneurs and start-up businesses. There are

multiple layers of government bureaucracy that unnecessarily delay the process to help

SMEs build their capacity.

3.2 Analysis of NIA’s Innovation Park development model

National Innovation Agency (NIA) is the national agency for innovation development in

Thailand. NIA was established in 2003 with the strategic vision towards enhancing the

entire innovation system of Thailand in support of national economic and social devel-

opment. NIA’s main mission is to conduct activities that accelerate innovation in industry,

business, government and society in systematic and sustainable ways. Given that the

present Strategic Plan and Science and Technology Action Plan of Thailand has placed

great importance on the concepts of the National Innovation System and industrial clusters,

NIA then focuses its role in building the innovative nation and fulfilling the goals of the

national clusters.

The strategies of NIA are derived from its vision and mission to be an expert agency in

promoting and supporting innovation for competitiveness. In its attempts to assist inno-

vative businesses to pioneer new product/process innovations and commercialization, NIA

has established Innovation Park as a true incubator to develop venture businesses. The

Innovation Park functions as an innovation centre to incubate and accelerate projects on a

larger scale.

ThailandScience Park NSTDA

Technology Clusters of North Bangkok

h Five Universities(AIT, Thammasat, SIIt, Rangsit, Bangkok)

h Four major Industrial Estates in the vicinity(Navanakorn, Rojana, Hi-tech, Bangkradi)

ThailandScience Park NSTDA Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

Bangkok University

Rangsit University

Thammasat University (TU)

Sir indhorn International Instituteof Technology (SIIT)

Bangkok International Airport

Technology Clusters of North Bangkok

Five Universities(AIT, Thammasat, SIIt, Rangsit, Bangkok)Four major Industrial Estates in the vicinity(Navanakorn, Rojana, Hi-tech, Bangkradi)

Fig. 2 The clustering plan ofventure capital in the NorthernBangkok Industrial Cluster toemulate the success of US SiliconValley. Source: National Scienceand Technology DevelopmentAgency

J. Wonglimpiyarat

123

To fulfill the responsibilities of assisting innovative businesses, NIA has focused on

promoting the development of technologies and commercialization of high value-added

products in three main areas of bio-business (biotechnology, natural products), eco-

industry (clean energy, bio-based materials, organic agriculture), and design and solutions

(software and mechatronics, nano-solutions, industrial and engineering design in medical

devices and branding of Thai products). NIA has initiated various financial schemes and

loan programmes to assist small businesses and encourage technology commercialization

like the Small Business Administration (SBA)/Small Business Investment Companies

(SBIC)-like programmes in the US. The financial programmes to support SMEs are, for

example, good innovation zero interest, technology capitalisation, innovation cluster grant,

venture capital.

Good innovationâ€Ķ zerointerest

Provide interest-support for an innovation project up to the maximum of THB 5million for the duration of the first 3 years

Technologycapitalisation

Provide grant support (75% of total expenses) up to THB 5 million for themaximum of 3 years

Innovation cluster grant Provide full grant support for cluster platform-based innovation project up toTHB 5 million for the maximum of 3 years

Venture capital Provide grant support for joint-ventured innovation project up to THB 25 millionfor the maximum of 7 years

Figure 3 presents the challenges of NIA’s Innovation Park in positioning itself as the

centre of innovation. The set up of Innovation Park incorporates the concept of ‘One Park

Multiple Offices’ to empower private sector development in Thailand. As the only national

agency supporting innovation development in the Asia Pacific region, NIA needs to for-

mulate strategies that would enhance its innovative capability and encourage investment in

its portfolio of companies. The emphasis on industry collaboration, marketing and business

opportunity is the direction of NIA. NIA aspires to rectify weak links to industry so as to

add the potential of Innovation Park for growing clusters and impacting on the economies

of the country.

4 Future challenges in entrepreneurial financing—cloning the success of US SiliconValley

Currently, Thailand has tried to identify important clusters that are necessary for accel-

erating its technological innovation. The Thai government hired Harvard economist

Michael E. Porter to assist in developing the cluster systems for Thailand. Porter had

indicated the industries of food, fashion, tourism, automotive, and software as national

strategic clusters (the national competitiveness agenda) for Thailand. Realising the limited

resources of developing country like Thailand (particularly in terms of financial capital and

human capital), the country takes a different approach from the US model by using the

government budget as VC funds. The stages in creating a clone of Silicon Valley comprise:

(1) managing knowledge, (2) managing university-industry relationships, and (3) manag-

ing technology and infrastructure.

Commercialization strategies of technology

123

Level of management Cluster management

1 Managing knowledge Educational and research institutions play pivotal roles in clusterdevelopment in terms of producing specialized workforce and skilledpersonnel needed within the clusters. The universities and academicinstitutions need to collaborate with other educational institutions toupgrade academic programmes as well as for joint research projects

2 Managing university-industry relationships

The university-industry cooperation would help promote R&D selling andbusiness spin-offs. The creation of technology transfer office/technology licensing office would improve the process ofcommercialization by bringing technology from the laboratory to themarketplace

3 Managing technology andinfrastructure

The management of technology and infrastructure includes promotingpublic investment in infrastructure, transportation link. For this stage, thegovernment would provide tax exemptions, grants and governmentlaboratories to institutionalise cluster upgrading. The infrastructurewould help create additional companies and introduce new technologiesinto other knowledge-based and traditional industry sectors

Fig. 3 Innovation Park—the centre of innovation, Source: National Innovation Agency

J. Wonglimpiyarat

123

Thailand has learned from the success of Silicon Valley regarding effective commer-

cialization. The challenges ahead for the developing economy like Thailand are that the

country needs the support of venture capital finance to promote the high-tech industry

development. Nevertheless, successful commercialization requires an environment con-

ducive to innovation. The government needs to encourage the environment for fostering

innovation and establish the linkages development between the Innovation Park and Sci-

ence Park (linkages between science, technology, and innovation—Fig. 4). Specifically,

the government puts a lot of emphasis on bringing new technology to market by way of

adopting technologies developed at NSTDA’s Science Park and incorporating them into

improved or new product/process innovations with the facilities and supports provided by

NIA’s Innovation Park. It is hoped that these efforts would enforce the process of tech-

nology commercialization.

5 Strategic managerial implications and conclusions

This study attempts to draw out transferable lessons for entrepreneurial development

in Thailand by analysing National Science and Technology Development Agency

(NSTDA)’s Science Park and National Innovation Agency (NIA)’s Innovation Park

development models. The paper illustrates the attempts Thailand is making in forging a

new venture development environment via the national agencies of NSTDA and NIA. The

findings suggest forward-looking strategies to develop an effective innovation system for

entrepreneurial development as follows:

Secondarywork activities

Upfront work

Upfront work

Secondarywork activities

Business issues

Enquiries on developing innovative businesses

Solutions on business model development

Enquiries on technological problems

Science and technology solutions

Problems

Technological issues

- Material - Capital - Labor NSTDA’s Science Park

NIA’s Innovation ParkSolutions

Dissemination of knowledge to the public

Emerging issues in science and technology

Fig. 4 Challenges in linking Innovation Park with Science Park. Source: National Innovation Agency

Commercialization strategies of technology

123

â€Ē The government funding support is very important in the developing economies since

there is a lack of risk capital to help technology entrepreneurs in the start-up period. To

catalyse cluster development, the government in developing countries should consider

establishing VC funds or providing an investment in partnership with the cluster

participants. This approach (the role of government as a venture capitalist) contrasts the

approach of the US where the government is kept out of venture capital financing

system since the private venture capitalists effectively invest in new start-ups. It is

argued that the public VC should play a catalytic role for cluster development at the

beginning, but in the long-term should facilitate the private sector to lead and drive the

economy (private sector-led initiatives).

â€Ē In many developing countries, venture capital is part of the government financial

policies to boost high-tech investment capacity. These financial innovation policies

should be in line with and support the current national economic and social

development policies. To drive the national innovation system, more entrepreneurial

support systems like micro-finance, business angels, venture capital funding should be

implemented. Given that the private sectors in developing economies are generally risk

averse, the government should initially implement the business angel system to catalyse

the economic growth (the angel investor network all over the country). In other words,

the government should take initiatives in intervening the VC system in order to support

new investments.

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āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ Commercialization Strategy of Technology : Lessons from Silicon

Valley āđ‚āļ”āļĒ āļ”āļĢ. āļˆāļēāļĢāļļāļ“āļĩ āļ§āļ‡āļĻāļĨāļīāļĄāļ›āļĒāļ°āļĢāļąāļ•āļ™ āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢ International Journal of Technology, Policy, and Management, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2009

āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļĄāđ€āļ›āļ™āļāļĨāđ„āļāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ”āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļ‚āļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ™āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļĨāļąāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļēāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđƒāļŠāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāļ„āļĨāļąāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™ āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒ (Silicon Valley) āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ™āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđāļāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļąāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāđāļŦāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē

1. āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļ‚āļĩāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™ āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒ

āđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđ āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ‡āļžāļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļēāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļķāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāđāļēāļ”āļąāļš āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ (Venture Capital) āđ€āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđˆāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđƒāļŦāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļŠāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļĢāđˆāļīāļĄāļ•āļ™āļĄāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ›āļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ—āļļāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ„āđāļēāļ•āļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđƒāļŦāđāļāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļŠāļ”āļķāļ‡āļ”āļđāļ”āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļēāļŠāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āļ§āļĒ

āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāđˆāļīāļĄāļ•āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđƒāļŦāļĄāļĄāļąāļāļĄāļēāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđˆāļĩāļĒāļ‡ āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđˆāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđ„āļ‚āļ­āļļāļ›āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļˆāđāļēāļāļąāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ€āļŠāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ‹āđˆāļķāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ„āđāļēāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āđ‰āļ·āļ­āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļ­āđāļēāļ™āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļ”āļ§āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđˆāļĩāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ”āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļ­āļĄ āļ”āļąāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āđāļēāļŦāļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ·āļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļ

2  

āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ/āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ

āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒ

āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ

āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļ™āļąāļāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™

āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ–āļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ

āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āđƒāļŦāļ āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļāļ”āļīāđƒāļŦāļĄ

āļžāđ‰āļ·āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļžāđ‰āļ·āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ

āđāļœāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 : āļ„āļļāļ“āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē

āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāđāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ”āđƒāļŠāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™ āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ™āđāļšāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ§āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻ (āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđƒāļŠāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ) āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļĩāļ§āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđƒāļ™āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āđ„āļ•āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļ™āļīāļ„āļĄāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‹āļīāļ™āļˆāļđ (Hsinchu Industrial Estate) āđƒāļāļĨāđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāđ‰āļąāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđƒāļ™āļ™āļīāļ„āļĄāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ”āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ• āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ— āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļĢāļļāļ› āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē 3 āļāļēāļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āļ§āļĒ āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļ„āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ

āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļŠāđāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ) āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļŦāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ™āļŠ.) āļ—āđāļēāļŦāļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ”āļēāļ™āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļœāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ„āļĨāļąāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļĩāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ‚āļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ—āļĒ

3  

2. āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē : āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļ—āļ§āļŠ. āđāļĨāļ° āļŠāļ™āļŠ. āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļĄ

āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™ āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļœāļĨāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™ āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ€āļ›āļ™āļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļ āđƒāļ™āļ—āđāļēāļ™āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ—āļĒāļŦāļēāļāđ„āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđāļĨāļ°āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ

2.1 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ.

āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļķāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2534 āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĢāđˆāļīāļĄāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļ› āļž.āļĻ. 2535 āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āļ™āļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļāļĢāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļīāļˆāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ

āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āđ„āļ”āļ™āđāļēāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļĨāļąāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļĄāđ€āļ„āļīāļĨ āļ­āļĩ āļžāļ­āļĢāļ•āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢ āļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđƒāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļī āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļĩāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ‚āļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļĨāļąāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆ āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āļ§āļĒ āļ„āļĨāļąāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļŪāļēāļĢāļ”āļ”āļīāļŠāđ„āļ”āļĢāļŸ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ”āļ§āļĒāļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āđˆāļĩāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļļ (RFID) āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āļ­āļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļĄāļ­āļšāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđƒāļŦāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđƒāļŦāđāļāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļ­āļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļˆāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļēāļŦāļļāļ™āļŠāļ§āļ™āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ•āļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ• āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļ„āđāļēāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļšāļ§āļ‡āļˆāļĢ

2.2 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļ™āļŠ.

āļŠāļ™āļŠ. āđ€āļ›āļ™āļŦāļ™āļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļļāļ‡āļŠāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļŠāļ™āļŠ. āļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļķāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ› 2546 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļīāļˆāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ‡āļĢāļąāļ”āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļŠāļ™āļŠ. āđ„āļ”āļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļķāļ™āļĄāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāļ‡āļšāļĄāđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ§āļ‡āļāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āļ­āđ„āļ›

āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒ āļŠāļ™āļŠ. āļĄāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ™āļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ (Strategic Industry) 3 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ— āđ„āļ”āđāļ āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āļīāđ€āļ§āļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļ„āđāļēāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļē

4  

āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđƒāļŦāđāļāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļāļđāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāđ‰āļĩāļĒāļ•āđāđˆāļē āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ™

āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 : āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ

āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”

1. āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ”āļĩ āđ„āļĄāļĄāļĩāļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāđ‰āļĩāļĒ āđƒāļŦāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ”āļ­āļāđ€āļšāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđāļāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđ€āļāļīāļ™ 5 āļĨāļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ— āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 3 āļ›

2. āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ āđƒāļŦāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™ (āļĢāļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 75 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļ­āļ”āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāļˆāļēāļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ) āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļĄāđ€āļāļīāļ™ 5 āļĨāļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ— āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 3 āļ›

3. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđƒāļŦāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™āđāļāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļĄāđ€āļāļīāļ™ 5 āļĨāļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ— āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 3 āļ›

4. āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđ„āļĄāđ€āļāļīāļ™ 25 āļĨāļēāļ™āļšāļēāļ— āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 7 āļ›

3. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āļēāļ—āļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āđāļāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļ­āļĄ – āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē

āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™ āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™ 3 āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđ„āļ”āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđ (2) āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āļēāļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļ„āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđāļĨāļ° (3) āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™

āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 2 : āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™ āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē

āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢ āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”

1. āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđ āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļœāļĩāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđˆāļĩāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐ āļ‹āđˆāļķāļ‡āļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āļ•āļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļąāļ™āļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļ›āļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰

2. āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļą āļ”āļ āļē āļĢāļ„āļ§ āļēāļĄāļŠāļą āļĄ āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜ āļĢ āļ°āļŦ āļ§ āļē āļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļ„āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ

āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āļēāļ‡āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļ„āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļˆāļ°āļŠāļ§āļĒāļœāļĨāļąāļāļ”āļąāļ™āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđƒāļŦāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļąāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ–āļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ€āļ›āļ™āļāļĨāđ„āļāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āđāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļˆāļēāļāļŦāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ

3. āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™

āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļĩ āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļŦāļ™āļļāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ•āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ”āđāļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆāļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāđāļēāļ„āļąāļ

5  

āļ­āļĒāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļąāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ•āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđƒāļŦāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāļ­āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļšāđ‰āļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļāđ„āļ—āļĒāļˆāđāļēāđ€āļ›āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŦāļĨāļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļ”āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđāļāļœāļđāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļąāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļ­āļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āđāļ•āļāļ•āļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļķāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™āļ”āļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ™āļąāļāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™ (Business Angel) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļž āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđ āļ­āļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ›āļ™āļœāļđāļ™āđāļēāļ•āļ­āđ„āļ›

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