European Zero Emission Technology and Innovation Platform

9th Trondheim Conference on CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage – TCCS-9

June 14, 2017

Claude Heller (Air Liquide), Guido Magneschi (GCCSI), Kristin Jordal (SINTEF)

Commercial scale feasibility of Clean

Hydrogen

The Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP)

• A unique coalition of stakeholders united in their support for CCS as a key technology for combating climate change. ZEP serves as advisor to the European Commission on the research, demonstration and deployment of CCS.

• The European utilities, petroleum companies, equipment suppliers, scientists, academics and environmental NGOs that together form ZEP have three main goals: 1. Enable CCS as a key technology for combating climate change. 2. Make CCS technology commercially viable by 2020 via an EU-

backed demonstration programme. 3. Accelerate R&D into next-generation CCS technology and its

wide deployment post-2020.

The ZEP report on Clean Hydrogen • Written by members of the ZEP NetWork

Technology (NWT)

Name Surname Organisation

Heller Claude Air Liquide (lead)

Maas Wilfried Shell

Gray Lily Shell

Jordal Kristin SINTEF

Berstad David SINTEF

Wolf Markus GE

Peeters Tim Tata Steel

van der Ben Cees Vopak

Santos Stanley IEAGHG

Magneschi Guido GCCSI

de Groot Arend ECN

Jammes Laurent Actys Bee

Millet Pierre Université Paris Sud

Alastair Rennie Amec Foster Wheeler

Viguier Romain SCCS

Pershad Harsh Innovate UK

Sadler Dan DECC

Howe Harriet CCSA

Ahn Hyungwoong SCCS

The report provides Main messages and Key Recommendations related to Commercial scale feasibility for Clean Hydrogen

Potential Hydrogen Demand

• Definition in report: Clean hydrogen = "low GHG emissions" hydrogen from natural gas

• Multiple studies present potential hydrogen demand for different countries and regions (e.g. Japan, UK, US, EU Commission)

• Areas of use: Transport, Power, heat, industry

Main message: There is significant future potential for hydrogen, both clean and

electrolysis-derived from renewable energy

Recommendation: Maximize cross cutting opportunities with other world initiatives around

low carbon hydrogen (Japan, China) and other EU hydrogen initiatives.

Areas for Hydrogen Use

• Buildings (heating and cooling), Japan: ENE-FARM stationary fuel cells project (>100 000 units installed)

• City gas: H21 Leeds City Gate, UK: technical and economic feasibility for conversion of NG grid to H2.

• Transport: Japan: aiming at 40 000 H2 fuel cell vehicles by 2020, Germany and California: building multiple H2 fuelling stations

Areas for Hydrogen Use (2)

• Multiple industrial possibilities: chemicals, refining, steel (often connected to CCU)

• Power generation: H2-fuelled Combined Cycle Gas Turbines in the future?

Recommendation: Identify local clusters where synergies could be established between

hydrogen production, hydrogen consumption and CCS. First targets are intensive

industrial areas like the industrial clusters of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Teesside,

especially where H2 or CO2 networks exists.

Recommendation: Investigate the role clean hydrogen could play in decarbonising the EU

power sector including an assessment of the ability to balance intermittent renewable energy

with hydrogen combustion in CCGTs.

Hydrogen Production with CO2 capture

Most mature technology pathway: Steam-methane reforming followed by water-gas shift, CO2 capture and H2 purification with PSA

Separation technologies

• The challenge: separate CO2 and H2 with sufficient purity of both and low energy consumption and cost

Absorption Chemical and physical solvents for CO2 removal are commercial technology in operation as part of a CCS

value chain at Quest since 2015 and applied in many existing SMRs.

Adsorption A PSA for H2 purification is commercial technology, A PVSA for CO2 capture from the syngas is also a

commercially available technology as its first plant has been operational in Port Arthur, Texas since 2013.

Membranes High-temperature membranes for H2 separation are widely being investigated and there are also commercial

products on the market, but they have not yet reached industrial-scale. Metallic membranes, typically Pd

membranes or Pd-alloy membranes theoretically have an infinite selectivity of H2, i.e. the ability to produce

pure hydrogen. These are progressing towards industrial manufacturing methods and demonstration.

Microporous membranes have lower H2 selectivity but are cheaper and have a higher stability.

Cryogenic separation Can produce moderately pure H2 from syngas. The technology is commercially available but refrigeration

demand is high, meaning that it is typically not used as the main separation technology. The main application

for cryogenic technology in hydrogen applications is H2 liquefaction for (long-distance) transport.

Low-temperature

separation of CO2 or CO2

liquefaction

Used e.g. at the Air Liquide Port Jerome plant. Has also been demonstrated by Tokyo Gas downstream

membrane separation of hydrogen in a hydrogen membrane reformer. The principle is that in a well-designed

compression and cooling process, CO2 condenses and can be separated from lighter gaseous components.

Recommendation: Support RD&I for emerging clean hydrogen production technologies

with a potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and/or cost.

Read more in: Voldsund, M. et al. "Hydrogen production with CO2 capture", Int. J of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2016) 4969-4992

Hydrogen plants with CO2 capture or CCS

Port Arthur, Texas, US

Quest, Alberta, Canada

Location Valero Energy refinery at Port Arthur, Texas, United States

CO2 capture capacity 1 Mtpa

CO2 capture source Steam Methane Reformer (Air Products)

Capture method Adsorption solid-based process - vacuum swing adsorption (VSA)

CO2 fate Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Location Scotford Upgrader in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada

CO2 capture capacity Approx.1 Mtpa

CO2 capture source Steam Methane Reformer

Capture method Chemical absorption - Shell activated amine technology ADIP – X

CO2 fate Dedicated geological storage

Hydrogen plants with CO2 capture or CCS

Tomakomai, Japan

Port-Jérome, France

STEPWISE pilot, Sweden

Location Tomakomai area (Hokkaido), Japan.

CO2 capture capacity 100,000 tonnes per year

CO2 capture source PSA off gas (hydrogen production plant)

Capture method Amine-scrubbing

CO2 fate Geological storage

Location Esso refinery in Port-Jérôme, France

CO2 capture capacity 100,000 tonnes per year

CO2 capture source Steam Methane Reformer

Capture method Cryogenic separation (Air Liquide Cryocap™)

CO2 fate No use or storage currently

Location Luleå, Sweden

CO2 capture capacity 14 tonnes per day of CO2

CO2 capture source Blast furnace gas from the nearby steel plant of SSAB

Capture method Pre-combustion (SEWGS technology)

CO2 fate Vented

Comparison of Clean H2 vs electrolysis-derived H2 from renewables

Current H2 production is predominantly from natural gas via SMR (Steam-methane reforming) ATR (autothermal reforming) is also proven. ATR is anticipated to offer lower-cost clean H2 and higher capacities

Electrolysis-derived hydrogen from renewable energy is anticipated to grow to form a large proportion of the future low-carbon hydrogen mix

Main message: Clean hydrogen production is cost competitive with electrolysis-derived hydrogen production from renewable energy, and also complementary.

H2 production cost: present and future

0,065

Carbon-intensity of Clean Hydrogen

• Clean Hydrogen from natural gas with CCS is not zero-emissions

• Can H2 from biomass play a role here?

Recommendation: Develop LCA for clean and electrolysis-derived hydrogen from renewable energy value chains to assess the CO2 abatement potential.

Growing Clean Hydrogen Value Chains

• There is a significant potential for hydrogen to contribute to future energy systems

• H2 for refineries is dominating today

• Mobility: growing (slowly) in Japan, California, Germany, Norway, UK, …

• Potential also in industrial and residential use

Main message: Collaboration and infrastructure are key to developing clean hydrogen value chains. For investment to progress in clean hydrogen there needs to be recognition of the differentiated value with stable support mechanisms

Collaboration is critical

• Key players along the value chain must be recognized: energy companies, industrial gas suppliers, OEMs for turbines and fuel cells, car manufacturers, customers and governments

• All the stakeholders need to be able to recognize the benefit of a new or growing industry for it to be successful

• Example: The H2 joint venture in Germany: Air Liquide, Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell, Total are developing a nation-wide network of 400 H2 refuelling stations. Funded by the German government and the European Union

Recommendation: Encourage collaboration along the clean hydrogen value chain to

promote new projects.

Recognition of CCS

• H2 from natural gas without CCS will have a lower production cost than with CCS or from electrolysis with renewables

• The value of decarbonisation must be recognized! – The positive impacts must be valorized

– A market mechanism is required for developing a clean + renewable hydrogen economy

– Long-term regulatory consistency will be required

– Users and producers will need incentives

Hydrogen infrastructure

• Clean Hydrogen can be an accelerator of the Hydrogen Economy

• Clean Hydrogen success will require both a hydrogen infrastructure and a CCS infrastructure

• Hydrogen transport: Compressed gas, liquid (or chemical), depending on volumes and distances

• Standards are required for hydrogen chains that enable development whilst ensuring safe transportantion and use

Recommendation: The establishment of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure should be initiated as soon as possible, recognising that the production of clean hydrogen can be one of the early suppliers of CO2 for geological storage or other uses, such as EOR.

www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu

http://www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu/library/publication/272-cleanhydrogen.html