COMMERCIAL LAW REVIEWCORPORATION LAWCourse OutlineAtty. Maria Zarah R. Villanueva-Castro4-S and 4-BI. INTRODUCTIONHistorical Background of Phillippine Corporate LawII. CONCEPT AND ATTRIBUTES OF A CORPORATIONA. Statutory definition of a corporation (Section 2, CC)B. Attributes of a corporation1. Artificial beinga. Doctrine of Corporate Entity(i) residence and nationality(ii) constitutional rights(iii) criminal liability(iv) right to recover moral damagesb. Doctrine of Piercing the Veil of Corporate Entity(i) alter ego principle and instrumentality rule(ii) probative factors of identity2. Creature of Law (See constitutional limitations on the creationof a private corporation, Article 12, Section 16, Constitution; Concession theory)3. Right of Succession4. Creature of Enumerated Powers, Attributes and Propertiesa. Doctrine of limited capacities as compared to the Doctrine of general capacities)b. Ultra vires doctrineClassification of Private Corporations1. stock and non-stock2. domestic and foreign3. dejure and de facto (Sec. 20, CC)(See: doctrine of corporation by estoppel [Sec. 21, CC])4. holding, affiliate and subsidiary5. open and closeCASES: Feliciano vs. COA, January 14, 2004; Manila International Airport Authority vs. CA, 20 July 2006; Magsaysay-Labrador vs. CA, 180 SCRA 266; Sulo ng Bayan vs. Araneta, 72 SCRA 247; Bataan Shipyard vs. PCGG, 150 SCRA 181; Luxuria Homes vs. CA, 302 SCRA 315; Concept Builders vs. NLRC, 257 SCRA 149; Villarey Transit vs. Ferrer, 25 SCRA 845; Francisco Motors vs. CA, 309 SCRA 72; Lipat, et al. vs. Pacific Banking Corp., GR No. 142435, April 30, 2003; Times Transportation Company vs. Santos Sotelo, et. al., GR No. 163786. February 16, 2005; Yao, Sr. vs. People, et al., 19 June 2007; Hall vs. Piccio, 86 Phil 603; Seventh Day Adventist vs. Northeastern Mindanao Mission, 21 July 2006; Lim Tong Lim vs. CA, 317 SCRA 728; International Express Travel and Tour Services vs. CA, October 19, 2000; Filipinas Broadcasting Network, Inc. vs. Ago Medical and Educational Center-Bicol Christian College of Medicine, G.R. No. 141994, January 17, 2005; Coastal Pacific Trading, Inc. vs. Southern Rolling Mills Co., Inc. 497 SCRA 11, 28 July 2006III. FORMATION AND ORGANIZATION OF A PRIVATE CORPORATIONA. Submission of articles of incorporation; contractual significanceB. Contents and form of the Articles of Incorporation (Sec. 14 & 15, CC)1. corporate namea. statutory limitations on the use of corporate name (Sec. 18, CC)b. SEC guidelines on the use of corporate namec. Doctrine of secondary meaningd. Change of corporate name2. purpose clause3. principal office4. term of existencea. doctrine of relation5. incorporators6. directors and trustees7. capitalization8. shares of stock (Sec. 6, CC)a. doctrine of equality of sharesb. classes of shares(i) par and no par(ii) voting and non-voting(iii) common and preferred(iv) redeemable, treasury and founder's shares9. treasurer's affidavitC. Grounds for rejection of the Articles of Incorporation (Sec. 17, CC)D. Commencement of corporate existence (Sec. 19, CC)E. Amendment of the articles of incorporation (Sec. 16, CC)F. Effects of non-use of corporate charter (Sec. 22, CC)CASES: Lyceum of the Philippines vs. CA, 219 SCRA 612; Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios vs. Iglesia ng Dios Kay Kristo Jesus, December 12, 2001; Industrial Refractories Corporation of the Phils. vs. Refractories Corp. of the Phils., Oct. 3, 2002; JG Summit Holdings vs. CA, September 24, 2003; Young Auto Supply vs. CA, 223 SCRA 670; Republic Planters Bank vs. Agana, 269 SCRA 1; Castillo, et. al. vs. Balinghasay, et. al. G.R. No. 150976, October 18, 2004IV. CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF A CORPORATIONA. Levels of corporate controlB. Board of Directors/Trustees1. general powers of the board (Sec. 23, CC)2. business judgment rule3. qualifications of the board members (Sec. 23 & 27, CC)4. election of the board members (Sec. 24 & 26, CC); See cumulative voting procedure5. term of office6. quorum requirement in board meetings (Sec. 25, CC)7. removal of board members (Sec. 28, CC)8. vacancies in the board (Sec. 29, CC)9. compensation of board members (Sec. 30, CC)C. Corporate Officers1. concept of corporate officers2. validity and binding effect of acts of corporate officers3. doctrine of apparent authorityD. Liability of directors, trustees and officers1. instances when corporate officers/directors are held solidarily liable (Sec. 31, CC)2. self-dealing directors/officers (Sec. 32, CC)3. contracts involving inter-locking directors (Sec. 33, CC)4. doctrine of corporate opportunity (Sec. 34, CC)E. Executive committee (Sec. 33, CC)CASES: Grace Christian Highschool vs. CA, 281 SCRA 133; Gokongwei vs. SEC, 89 SCRA 336; Western Institute of Technology vs. Salas, 278 SCRA 216; Nacpil vs. International Broadcasting Corp., March 21, 2002; People's Aircargo vs. CA, Oct. 7, 1998; Prime White Cement vs. IAC, 220 SCRA 103; Santos vs. NLRC, 254 SCRA 673; Sps. David, et al vs. Construction Industry and Arbitration Commission, G.R. No. 159795, July 30, 2004; Malayang Samahan ng mga Manggagawa vs. Ramos, April 20, 2001; Inter-Asia Investments Industries vs. CA, GR 125778, June 10, 2003; Lapu-lapu Foundation, Inc. vs. CA, GR 126006, January 29, 2004; Hydro Resources Contractors Corporation vs. National Irrigation Administration, G.R. No. 160215 November 10, 2004; Monfort Hermanos Agricultural Development Corp. vs. Monfort, III, et.al., G.R. No. 152542, July 8, 2004; McLeod vs. NLRC, et al., 23 January 2007; Carag vs. NLRC, 02 April 2007

V. CORPORATE POWERSA. Doctrine of limited capacity; concept of ultra vires act (Sec. 45, CC)B. Classes of corporate powers (express, implied and incidental)C. Statutory powers of a corporation and the limitations on their exercise (Sec.36, CC)1. amendment of articles of incorporation (Sec. 16, CC)2. extension/shortening of corporate term (Sec. 37, CC)3. increase or decrease of capital stock (Sec. 38, CC)4. incurrence, creation or increase of bonded indebtedness (Sec. 38, CC)5. sale or disposition of assets (Sec. 40, CC)6. acquisition of corporate shares (Sec. 41, CC) (See Trust Fund Doctrine)7. investment of corporate funds (Sec. 42, CC)8. declaration of dividends (Sec. 43, CC)9. management contract (Sec. 44, CC)10. adoption/amendment of By-lawsa. Concept, use and nature of by-lawsb. By-laws in relation to articles of incorporationc. Adoption of by-laws (Sec. 46, CC); effect of non-filing within theprescribed periodd. Contents of by-laws; requisites of a valid by-law provisione. Amendment to by-laws (Sec. 48, CC)f. By-laws in relation to third parties11. merger and consolidationa. Requisites of and procedure for merger and consolidation (Sec. 77,CC)b. Effects of merger or consolidation (Sec. 80, CC)CASES: Nielson & Co. vs. Lepanto Consolidated Mining Co., 26 SCRA 540; Islamic Directorate vs. CA, 272 SCRA 454; Dee vs. SEC, 199 SCRA 238; PNB vs. Andrada Electric, April 17, 2002; Loyola Grandvillas Homeowners Association vs. CA, 276 SCRA 681; China Banking Corporation vs. CA, 270 SCRA 503; Associated Bank vs. CA, 291 SCRA 511; Babst vs. CA, January 26, 2001; Mindanao Savings vs. Willkom, 11 October 2010VI. RIGHTS OF SHAREHOLDERSA. Right to attend meetings1. Kinds of meetings2. Requirements of a meetingB. Right to vote1. instances when voting right not available2. rules on:a. delinquent shares; (Sec. 71, CC)b. escrow shares;c. unpaid shares; (Sec. 72, CC)d. sequestered shares;e. pledgor, mortgagor, or administrator of shares (Sec. 55, CC)f. shares jointly owned (Sec. 56, CC)B. Right to appoint proxy (Sec. 58, CC)C. Right to execute voting trust agreement (Sec. 58 & 59, CC)D. Right of Inspection1. Books required to be kept by a corporation (Sec. 74, CC)2. Right to inspect corporate books3. Basis and extent of the right of inspection4. Limitations on the right of inspection5. Remedies to enforce right of inspectionE. Pre-emptive right (Sec. 39, CC)F. Appraisal Right1. Concept of appraisal right2. Instances of appraisal right (Sec. 81, Sec. 77, Sec. 42, CC)3. Requirements for a valid exercise of appraisal right (Sec. 82, CC)4. Effects of exercising appraisal right (Sec. 83, CC)E. Derivative suit; concept and requisitesCASES: Lee vs. CA 205 SCRA 725; Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, April 30, 2003; Republic vs. Cocofed, December 12, 2001; Evangelista vs. Santos, 86 SCRA 387; Chua vs. CA, GR No. 150793, November 19, 2004; Expert Travel & Tours, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals and Korean Airlines GR No. 152392, May 26, 2005; Gonzales vs. PNB, 122 SCRA 489VII. SUBSCRIPTION CONTRACTA. Ways to become a stockholder of a corporationB. Concept of subscription contractC. Kinds of subscription (pre and post incorporation subscription, Sec. 61, CC)D. Consideration for the issuance of shares (Sec. 62, CC)E. Payment of subscription1. remedies to enforce payment of subscription (Sec. 68, 69 & 70, CC)2. when shares are considered delinquent (Sec. 67, CC)F. Certificate of Stock (Sec. 63, CC)1. doctrine of indivisibility of subscription contract2. certificate of stock, quasi-negotiableG. Transfer of sharesH. Lost and destroyed certificate of stock (Sec. 73, CC)CASES: Nava vs. Peers Marketing, 74 SCRA 65; Lim Tay vs. CA, August 5, 1998; Rural Bank of Lipa vs. CA, Sept. 28, 2001; Ponce vs. Alsons Cement, Dec. 10, 2002; Ong Yong, et al. vs. Tiu, et al., G.R. Nos. 144476 & 144629, April 8, 2003VIII. NON-STOCK CORPORATIONSDefinition and purposes of a non-stock corporation (Sec. 87 & 88, CC)Distinguished from stock corporationMembership in a non-stock corporationRule on distribution of assets (Sec. 94, CC)CASES: Long vs. Basa, et al. , Sept. 27, 2001; Sta. Clara Homeowners' Association vs. Sps. Gaston, Jan. 23, 2002; Padcom vs. Ortigas Center, May 9, 2002; Tan vs. Sycip 17 August 2006IX. CLOSE CORPORATIONSA. Concept; distinguished from open corporations (Sec. 96, 97, 101, & 102, CC)B. Permissive provisions in the articles of incorporation (Sec. 97, CC)C. Restrictions on transfer of shares (Sec. 98 & 99 CC)CASES: Dulay Enterprises vs. CA, 225 SCRA 678; San Juan Structural Steel Fabricators, 296 SCRA 632X. RELIGIOUS/EDUCATIONAL CORPORATIONSA. Classes of Religious Corporation1. corporation sole2. religious societyB. Educational CorporationCASE: Iglesia Evangelica vs. Bishop Lazaro, 6 July 2010XI. CORPORATE DISSOLUTION/LIQUIDATIONA. Methods of voluntary corporate dissolution and the requirements thereforB. Concept of involuntary dissolution and the grounds therefor (Sec. 121, CC)C. Corporate liquidation (Sec. 122, CC)D. Methods of liquidation or winding upE. Concept of Rehabilitation; Effects of appointment of management committeeor receiverCASES: Gelano vs. CA, 103 SCRA 90; Vesagas vs. CA, Dec. 5, 2002; Phil. Veterans vs. Vega, June 28, 2001; Tan Tiong Bio vs. CIR, 4 SCRA 986; Rebollido vs. CA, 170 SCRA 800; Clarion Printing House, Inc. vs. NLRC, GR No. 148372, June 27, 2005; Lingkod Manggagawa sa Rubberworld vs. Rubberworld Phils., Inc. 29 January 2007; Garcia, et al vs. PAL, 29 August 2007; Sobrejuanite vs. ASB, 30 September 2005; RCBC vs. IAC, 09 December 1999;XV. FOREIGN CORPORATIONSA. Concept of foreign corporationB. Tests to determine nationality of a corporationC. Concept of "doing business" and the license requirement therefor; See also Sec. 3(d), RA 7042D. Effects of being issued a licenseE. Revocation and withdrawal of licenseCASES: Facilities Management vs. De la Osa, 89 SCRA 131; Home Insurance vs. Eastern Shipping Lines, 123 SCRA 424; Mentholatum, Inc. vs. Mangaliman, 73 Phil 524; Eriks vs. CA, 267 SCRA 567; MR Holdings vs. Sheriff Bajar, April 11, 2002; Hutchison Ports vs. SBMA, August 31, 2000; Antam Consolidated vs. CA, 143 SCRA 288; Mentholatum vs. Mangaliman, 72 Phil 524; Merrill Lynch Futures, Inc. vs. CA, 211 SCRA 824; Agilent Technologies Singapore vs. Integrated Silicon Technology Philippines Corporation, G.R. No. 154618, April 14, 2004; Expertravel & Tours, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals and Korean Airlines GR No. 152392, May 26, 2005; B. Van Zuiden vs. GTVL, 28 May 2007XVI. SEC JURISDICTIONA. Powers and functions of the SECB. Cases transferred to the RTCCASES: Yujuico vs. Quiambao, 29 January 2006; Baviera vs. Paglinawan, 08 February 2007; SEC vs. Performance Foreign Exchange Corp., 20 July 2006