Commen Part 1 of Para CD

8/13/2019 Commen Part 1 of Para CD

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Phylum: Protozoa

Class: Sarcodina Entamoeba histolyticaDisease: Amboebiasis (amoebic dysentery)Distribution: Cosmopolitan

Infective stage: Mature cyst (Tetranucleated cyst)

Diagnostic stage: Trophozoite and cysts in faeces

Habitat of parasite: Large intestine

Mode if infection: Salloing the mature cyst

Diagnosis: Stool e!amination

Phylum: Protozoa

Class: Ciliphora Balantidium coli Disease: "alantidiasis (balantidial dysentery)

Distribution: Cosmopolitan

Infective stage: cyst

Diagnostic stage: Trophozoite and cyst in faeces

Habitat of parasite: lumen of the large intestineMode if infection: by salloing cysts

Diagnosis: Stool e!amination- 2 -

Phylum: protozoaClass: Mastigophorae.g. Leishmania

e.g. Trypanosoma

Leishmania donovani Disease: #isceral leishmaniasis $ %ala&azar$ blac' sic'ness

Distribution: ndia$ ast Africa$ parts of China

Infective stage: Leptomonad forms in proboscis of sandfly (promastigote)

Diagnostic stages: Leishmania form in cells (amastigote)Diagnosis: !amination of blood (Thin and thic' smear)$ spleen$ li#er$

lymph nodes

Serological methods

Mode of infection: "y bite of sandfly containing promastigotes

Vector: Sandfly Phlebotomus (old orld) , Lutzomyia (ne orld)

Reservoir: *odents


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Trypanosoma !frican"Disease: sleeping sic'ness (trypanosomiasis)

Distribution: +est and central Africa

Infective stage: metacyclic trypanosome in sali#ary glands of the testse fly

Diagnostic stage: Trypanosoma in blood

Diagnosis: "lood e!amination (Thin and thic' smear)$ Serological methods

Mode of infection: "y bite of the tsetse fly containing metacyclic

trypanosome (anterior station)

Vector: Tsetse fly$ Glossina palpalis

Reservoir: +ild animals

Trypanosoma cruzi !merican"Disease: American trypanosomiasis (Chagas, disease)Distribution: central and south America

Infective stage: metacyclic trypanosome in feaces of bugDiagnostic stage: Trypanosoma in blood

Diagnosis: "lood e!amination (Thin and thic' smear)

Mode of infection: "y bite of the tsetse fly containing metacyclic

trypanosome (posterior station)

Vector: inged bug (*edu#id bug$ 'issing bug$ cone&nosed bug)$ Triatoma

Reservoir: Armadillo$ -ogs$ Cats$ *odents- 4 -

Phylum: protozoa

Class: Sporozoae.g. Plasmodium (vivax, falciparum, malaria, ovale)Disease: malaria

Distribution: +est and central Africa

Infective stage: sporozoites in sali#ary glands of female Anopheles

mos.uitoes

Diagnostic stage: *ing stage and amoeboid stage (trophozoite) in */"/C/

Diagnosis: e!amination of blood film (Thin and thic' film)$ Serological

tests (LSA)

Mode of infection: bite of female Anopheles mos.uitoes containing

sporozoits in sali#ary glands

Vector: female Anopheles mos.uitoes (0inal host) (-efiniti#e host)

Habitat: n man$ li#er (!oerythrocytic schizogony)

"lood (rythrocytic schizogony)- 5 -

Phylum: Platyhelminthes


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Class: Trematoda

#rder: -igeneae.g.$: Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola ianticaDisease: 0asciolasis (li#er rot)Distribution: cattle raising countries$ commen in gypt

Infective stage: encysted metacercaria on grass or in ater

Diagnostic stage: gg in faeces

Habitat of parasite: "ile passage of man

Mode of infection: ingestion of ra #egetation or ater containing encysted

metacercaria

%inal host: Man

Intermediate host: Lymnaea cailliaudi

Reservoir: 1erbi#orous animals- 6 -

e.g.&: !eterophyes heterophyes Intestinal flu'e"Disease: 1eterophyiasisDistribution: *egion of la'es in the 2ile delta in gypt

Infective stage: encysted metacercaria in fish muscle


Habitat: "eteen #illi of small intestine

Mode of infection: ngestion of ra undercoo'ed or under salted fish

containing encysted metacercaria

%inal host: ManIntermediate host:

: Pirenella conica

_ : Tilapia nilotica, Mugil cephala

Reservoir: -ogs and cats (fish&eating animals)- 7 -

e.g.(: "chistosoma haematobiumDisease: Schistosomiasis (urinary bilharziasis)

Distribution: 2ile #alley$ Africa$ Asia

Infective stage: cercaria in ater Diagnostic stage: gg in urines (terminal spine)

Habitat of parasite: #esicle and pel#ic #enous ple!us

Mode of infection: by penetration of cercaria%inal host: Man

Intermediate host: Bulinus truncatus

e.g.(: "chistosoma mansoni


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Disease: Schistosomiasis (intestinal bilharziasis)Distribution: 2ile delta$ Africa$ South America

Infective stage: cercaria in ater

Diagnostic stage: gg in faeces (lateral spine)

Habitat of parasite: mesentric #enous ple!us

Mode of infection: by penetration of cercaria

%inal host: Man

Intermediate host: Biomophalaria alexandrina- 8 -

e.g.): #lonorchis sinensisDisease: Clonorchiasis

Distribution: China$ South %orea 3apan$ 2orth 4ietnam

Infective stage: ncysted metacercaria in fish muscles


Habitat of parasite: Li#er$ common bile duct and gall bladder Mode of infection: ngestion of undercoo'ed or smo'ed fish containing

encysted metacercaria

%inal host: Man

Intermediate host:

: Parafossarulus manchauricus snail

_ : fish and crustacea

Reservoir: 0ish&eating animals (-ogs$ cats$ pigs$ rodents)- 9 -

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Cestodae.g.$: Taenia sainata, Taenia solium tape *orm"Disease: Taeniasis


Infective stage: Cysticercus bo#is (T. saginata) scole! ithout hoo's

Cysticercus cellulosae (T. solium) scole! ith hoo's

Diagnostic stage: gg and gra#id segment in faeces

Habitat of parasite: 5pper part of small intestine of man

Mode of infection: $+ ngestion of undercoo'ed beef (T. saginata)

6& ngestion of undercoo'ed pro' (T. solium)ngestion of eggs (cyticercosis) (T. solium)

%inal host: Man

Intermediate host: cattle (T. saginata)$ pig (T. solium)

e.g.&: Echinococcus ranulosusDisease: chinococcosis$ hydatidosis



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Infective stage: gg in faeces of carni#oresDiagnostic stage: 1ydatid cyst in #iscera

Habitat: adult orm in the small intestine of dogs

Mode of infection: ngestion of hydatid cyst

%inal host: carni#ores

Intermediate host: Man and herbi#ores- 10 -

e.g.(: !ymenolepis nanaDisease: 1ymenolopiasis


Infective stage: Cysticercoid in body ca#ity of fleas and mature eggs

Diagnostic stage: gg in feaces

Habitat: Small intestine of man and rodents

Mode of infection: Salloing eggs in food$ drin'

"y autoinfection%inal host: Man

e.g.): $ipylidium caninumDisease: -ipylidiasis


Infective stage: Cysticercoid in body ca#ity of insects

Diagnostic stage: gg capsule in feaces

Habitat: Small intestine of dogs$ cats and occasionally man

Mode of infection: ngestion of insects (such as fleas) containing the

cysticercoid lar#a

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Phylum: Aschelminthes (2ematohelminthes)

Class: 2ematodae.g.$: %scaris lumbricoidesDisease: Ascariasis

Distribution: cosmopolitan

Infective stage: embryonated egg

Diagnostic stage: fertilized egg in feaces

Mode of infection: salloing ater or ra #egetables polluted ith

embryonated eggs containing the infecti#e lar#a or through contaminated

hands by polluted soil

Habitat: small intestine of man

Diagnosis: 0aecal e!amination

e.g.&: Enterobius vermicularis pin*orm or seat *orm"Disease: nterobiasis$ o!yuriasis


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Distribution: cosmopolitanInfective stage: embryonated egg

Diagnostic stage: egg on perianal region

Mode of infection: by salloing eggs by one of the ays:

7&Autoinfection

6&n food or drin'

8&1andling contaminated clothing or bedding

9& nhalation of air borne eggs in dust

& *etroinfection: eggs hatch in the perianal region and lar#ae migrate bac'

through the anus to the large intestine

Habitat: large intestine of manDiagnosis: Stool e!amination- 12 -

e.g.(: %ncylostoma duodenale hoo' *orm"

Disease: AncylostomiasisDistribution: tropical and subtropical regions

Infective stage: filariform lar#a

Diagnostic stage: egg in feaces (embryonated)

Mode of infection: s'in penetration by the filariform lar#ae (L8&stage

Habitat: small intestine of man

Diagnosis: Stool (0aecal e!amination)

,issue nematodese.g.$: Trichinella spiralis

Disease: Trichinosis$ trichiniasis$ trichinelliasisDistribution: Temperate regions here por' is eatenInfective stage: ncysted lar#ae in pig muscle

Diagnostic stages: ncysted lar#ae in pig muscle

Mode of infection: - 1uman infection by ingestion of ra or undercoo'ed

por' containing infecti#e lar#ae

- Pig infection by eating infected flesh from other pigs or ingestion of

infected dead pigs and rats

Reservoir: pigs and rats

Habitat: Small intestine of man and pigs- 13 -

e.g.&: &uchereria bancrofti Disease: "ancroftian filariasis$ elephantiasis$ uchereriasis

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical countriesInfective stage: nfecti#e lar#ae in labium of mos.uitoes (ulex pipiens)

Diagnostic stages: Microfilaria in blood (Thic' and thin smear)

Mode of infection: "y bite of mos.uitoes containing infecti#e lar#ae in


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their labium%inal host: Man

Intermediate host and Vector: Mos.uitoes (ulex pipiens )

Habitat: Adults li#e in lymphatics and lymph nodes of man

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Commen Part 1 of Para CD