•Commander-In-Chief•Article II Section 2: the president controls the United States military by working through the Department of Defense. Originally called the Department of War

•Secretary of defense, who is also a Cabinet member, as well as the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who are the leaders of each branch of the military.

•Chief Executive•Article II Sections 1 and 3: president is the champion of the United States Constitution. He is sworn to uphold and defend its laws, as well as to make sure those laws are executed.•Chief Administrator (Bureaucracy) vs. Chief Crisis Manager

•Head of State •Article II Section 3: president attends state dinners, acts as the ceremonial leader of the nation, and meets with foreign leaders in Washington, D.C. represents the people of the United States at official functions, such as funerals or weddings of important foreign officials, treaty signings, and goodwill trips abroad.

•Chief Diplomat•Article II Section 3: meeting with foreign diplomats, appointing ambassadors, and fulfilling obligations to negotiate treaties, agreements, and understandings with foreign powers.

•Powers of the President Alone•Commander in Chief•Grant Reprieves (postpone or cancel punishment), pardons /clemency (release from punishment)•Commission officers of the armed forces•Convene Congress in Special Sessions•Receive ambassadors•Appoint lower officers

•Powers of the President Shared with Senate•Make treaties•Appoint ambassadors, judges, and high officials

•Powers Shared with Congress as a whole•Approve legislation

Departments Date Created

State 1789

Treasury 1789

Defense (War developed in 1789) 1947

Justice 1789

Interior 1849

Agriculture 1889

Commerce 1913

Labor 1913

Health and Human Services 1953

Housing and Urban Development 1965

Transportation 1966

Energy 1977

Education 1979

Veterans Affairs 1989

Homeland Security 2002

http://www.ucopenaccess.org/courses/APUSGovV2/course%20files/multimedia/lesson22/explore/l22_t01_xp1.htm

•What trends do you notice?•How could you explain these specific trends?

•Decline in popularity•“honeymoon period” first 100 days of presidency•Economic Recessions and American Conflicts

Part A: 2 Points (1 for description)Part B: 4 Points (1 for each identification, 1 for each explanation)

Part A: Possible Solutions• greater policy conflict likely•Narrows field for potential candidates•Offices go unfilled•Tougher committee scrutiny•Harder to get congressional, Senate, Legislative Approval/Confirmation/ Ratification of Appointments•More frequent character attacks on nominees

Part B: Possible Solutions• use of media to get public support•Compromise on choices•Making deals (Using veto)•Building coalitions in Congress/Interest groups•Making recess/interim appointments•More intense background screenings of nominees (looking for bulletproof candidates)•Selecting more minority nominees