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"Organisational Learning & Knowledge Management in "projectised" environments: what is at stake"

Commonalities & Differences

In Project Management

Around the World

A Survey of Project Categories and Life

Cycles

Russell D. Archibald

& Vladimir Voropaev


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Purpose of This Survey

To encourage global agreement on:

Definition of basic project categories & sub-

categories in common use for essentially all

types of projects

Identification & definition of life cycles in use

for each project category

To identify differences in these areas sothat these can be understood and

minimized


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Presentation Outline

1. A Global Vision: PM Practices

2. Systematic Model of Project

Management

3. Proposed Project Categories/Sub-

Categories

4. Life Cycles for Various Categories5. Survey Questionnaire and Conduct

6. Next Steps


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1. A Vision of Global Project

Management Practices Widely used set of concepts, methods,

systems and tools

High degree of uniformity and

understanding across economic, cultural &

political boundaries

Enabling broad collaboration with

minimum conflict

Interchangeable managers & specialists


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2. Systematic

Model of Project Management

The following figure is from

Voropaev et al, Systematic Model ofProject Management, presented at the

17th IPMA World Congress 2003 in

Moscow


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This Survey Focuses On:

Managed Objects: Projects and Programs

Life cycle phases of projects


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Projects:

Are the common denominator for all

aspects of project management

Exist in many sizes & types

Produce many different products & results


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Required

Analytical Framework Systematic grouping into defined

categories and sub-categories

Many possible classification schemes

Most practical scheme reflects the

productsof the projects at the first levelsof classification


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3. Proposed Major Categories

of Projects1. Aerospace/Defense

2. Business &

Organizational

Change Projects3. Communication

Systems Projects

4. Event Projects5. Facilities Projects

6. Information Systems

7. International

Development

8. Media &Entertainment

9. Product/Service

Development10.Research & Dev.


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Other Major Categories

May Be Required See Table 1 in the paper

Survey will determine how practical and

complete these recommended categories

are

Further breakdown is obviously required

A few examples follow


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3. Communication Systems Projects

3.1 Network communications systems

3.2 Switching communications systems

Microwave communications network.

3rd generation wireless communication system.

4. Event Projects

4.1 International events

4.2 National events

2004 Summer Olympics; 2006 World Cup Match.

2005 U. S. Super Bowl; 2004 Political Conventions.

5. Facilities Projects

5.1 Facility decommissioning

5.2 Facility demolition

5.3 Facility maintenance and modification

5.4 Facility design/procurement/construction

Civil

Energy

Environmental

High rise

Industrial

Commercial

Residential

Ships

Closure of nuclear power station.

Demolition of high rise building.

Process plant maintenance turnaround.

Conversion of plant for new products/markets.

Flood control dam; highway interchange.

New gas-fired power generation plant; pipeline.

Chemical waste cleanup.

40 story office building.

New manufacturing plant.

New shopping center; office building.

New housing sub-division.

New tanker, container, or passenger ship

6. Information Systems (Software) Projects New project management information system. (Information system hardware is considered to be in the

product development category.)

7. International Development Projects

7.1 Agriculture/rural development

7.2 Education7.3 Health

7.4 Nutrition

7.5 Population

7.6 Small-scale enterprise

7.7 Infrastructure:energy (oil, gas, coal, power generation and distribution), industrial,

telecommunications, transportation, urbanization, water supply and sewage, irrigation)

People and process intensive projects

in developing countries funded by The World Bank, regional development banks, US AID, UNIDO,other UN, and government agencies; and

Capital/civil works intensive projects

often somewhat different from 5. Facility Projects as they may include, as part of the project, creating

an organizational entity to operate and maintain the facility, and lending agencies impose their project

life cycle and reporting requirements.

8. Media & Entertainment Projects

8.1 Motion picture

8.2 TV segment

8.2 Live play or music event

New motion picture (film or digital).

New TV episode.

New opera premiere.


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Example:

Category 5. Facilities ProjectsSubcategories:

Facility decommissioning

Facility demolition Facility maintenance & modification

Facility design/procure/construct1.Civil 2.Energy 3.Environmental 4.Industrial 5.Commercial

6.Residential 7.Ships 8.Other:

Other: ?


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Categories Are

Not Mutually Exclusive Programs and large projects usually

involve more than one category or sub-

category

These projects are placed in their

predominate category

Must Mega projects be treated

separately? Probably: yes


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Classifying Within Categories &

Sub-Categories Project size

Project complexity

External or internal customer Degree of customer involvement

Levels of risk

Other:


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Classifying

Within Categories (Contd) Major & minor projects

Mega projects: not categorizable

Stand-alone versus create supportinginfrastructure

Standard versus transitional

Other: ?


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Commonalities & Differences: A

Framework for Analysis Define appropriate project categories and

sub-categories

Identify life cycles within each of these

Identify PM practices & tools in use by life

cycle phase within various regions or

countries


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4. Life Cycles: Searching for

Common Processes Life cycle definition enables:

All involved persons to understand the

processes to be used

Capture of best experience

Assignment of responsibilities

Repetition of success

Important starting point in our search forcommon processes


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Generic Life Cycle Phases

General agreement on four generic life

cycle phases:

1. Concept

2. Definition

3. Execution

4. Closeout

However these are too broad for our

purposes


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Designing Life Cycles:

Phases and Decision Points Three basic design parameters:

Number and definitions of phases/sub-phases

Whether sequential or overlapping, once-

through or re-cycling, predictive or adaptive

Number and placement of decision points

(approvals, go/kill, go/hold, go back)


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Basic Life Cycle Model Types

Predictive

Most common

Generic, waterfall, other

Adaptive/heuristic

Incremental build

Short-term cycles

Evolutionary


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Life Cycle Models

Differ by Category Different project categories (and sub-

categories) often require very different life

cycle designs

Incomplete literature search produced list

shown in Table 2 of our paper


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Examples of

Predictive Life Cycles Generic/Standard:

Concept, definition, execution, closeout

Waterfall:

Generic with overlapping, more detailed

phases

Cyclical (when number is known)

Spiral


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Examples of

Adaptive Life Cycle Models Adaptive Software Development/ASD:

Component based, iterative time-boxed cycles, risk-

driven, change tolerant

Extreme Programming/XP: Programming in pairs, teams include managers &

users, each team codes & tests, fluid cost & schedule

SCRUM:

Iterative 30 day sprints, short daily meetings (scrums),several small teams

Source: Desaulniers & Anderson 2002


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Extreme Programming/XP

A cooperative style of software

development promises to deliver better

applications on time and on budget.

PC Magazine, Feb. 25, 2003 p. 68

For helpful links, see ExtremeProgramming Resources at

www.pcmag.com/onlineextras/


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NASA Process Based Mission

Assurance Program Life Cycle1. Program Management

2. Concept Development

3. Acquisition

4. Hardware Design

5. Software Design

6. Manufacturing

7. Pre-Operations Integration & Test

8. Operations


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Information Systems

Life Cycle Examples Desaulniers & Anderson 2002:

Predictive (waterfall, prototyping, rapid

application development/RAD, incremental

build)Adaptive (ASD, XP, SCRUM)

Whitten 1995:

Code and fix, waterfall, incremental,interative


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Product & Service Development

Life Cycle Examples

Cooper & Kleinschmidt 1993:

Stage-Gate Process Model

Thamhain 2000:

Phase-Gate Model

Murphy 1989:

Pharmaceutical Model


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Stage-Gate Model


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5. Global Survey: Project

Categories & Sub-Categories Purpose: To determine:

If such a concept is used & if so how common

it is around the world

Whether the recommended categories areused or useful

What additions or changes are needed

What are the common practices in furtherclassification within sub-categories


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Global Survey: Project

Life Cycles Within Categories Purpose: To determine for each

category/sub-category within eachcountry:

Which of the listed life cycles are in use

Whether other life cycles are used, & if so

their names and references

How the life cycle models are used and thebenefits they produce


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Conducting the Survey

The questionnaire is available on-line at

http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com

Completed questionnaires are to be

completed on-line prior to November 1st,

2003
http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com/http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com/


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Project Categories Survey

Enter These Codes for Each Item in Table 1:

U Universally accepted and used

W Widely accepted and used

A Accepted and used by some

R Rarely accepted and used

N Never accepted or usedALT Alternative term used as noted


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Project Categories Survey (Contd)

Questions:

Useful to have an agreed list of project

categories? Why?

What other classification systems are in

use?

What subordinate classifications are

used?


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Project Life Cycle

Survey Codes Each CategorySEQ Sequential

WF Waterfall Model

PAR Parallel

CYC Cyclical

Spir Spiral

INCR - Incremental

ITER Iterative

ADAP Adaptive

GATE Stage-Gate

CFIX Code and fix

Spec Special

(describe)


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Project Life Cycle Survey -

Other Information Number of life cycle phases

Number of decision points

Additional comments

.for each project category listed in Table 2

plus any that have been added by therespondent


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Project Life Cycle Survey

Questions:

Useful to have an agreed list of project life

cycle types? Why?

List any other life cycle models or type

that you know are in use, with descriptions

or references.

Any other comments or suggestions


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Promoting the Survey

ISGI Workshop participants are invited to

respond and encourage their

colleagues to do the same

The survey is being publicized through

appropriate PM associations around the

world primarily using the Internet and

Web

I d


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Inducements

To Complete the Survey Respondents will receive a complete copy

of the survey report

Their names will be listed in the report (ifdesired)

They will have the satisfaction of havingcontributed to the advancement of theproject management profession


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6. Next Steps

Survey conduct: June October

Compilation of results and preparation of

the survey report: Sept. December

Release of final report:

December 31, 2003

Presentation of results at the 18th

IPMAWorld Congress in Budapest June 2004


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Download this paper &

complete the on-linesurvey questionnaire at:

http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com

The site, paper & questionnaire areavailable in English & Spanish
http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com/http://ipmaglobalsurvey.com/


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Volunteers Welcome!

We would like to have a survey leader

within each country to promote the widest

possible participation Please contact us:

Russ Archibald: www.russarchibald.com

[email protected] Voropaev: [email protected]
http://www.russarchibald.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.russarchibald.com/


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Your Feedback Is Requested!

Thank you for listening

Please complete the on-line survey

questionnaire prior to November 1st

Please give us your comments or

suggestions on the survey

Is this worth all the effort?

Documents

Comm Diff Slides Lille Aug 103