Comcast-Time Warner Cable Merger Application to FCC (April 8, 2014)

8/12/2019 Comcast-Time Warner Cable Merger Application to FCC (April 8, 2014)

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_CIDEYCI NL_ [SOHME MAU[CEYMLA

Ocnlrc tgc

NCIC_DH ELBBSAMEDYMLAU ELBBMUUMLA

Vdsgmaftla, I.E. ?;339

Ma tgc Bdttcr ln ))

Dpphmedtmlas ln ))

Elbedst Elrp. dai ) BO Ile`ct Al. 49-36Ymbc Vdracr Edohc Mae. )

)Nlr Elascat Yl Yrdasncr Elatrlh ln )Hmecascs dai Dutglrmzdtmlas )

D[[HMEDYMLAU DAI [SOHME MAYC_CUY UYDYCBCAY

ICUE_M[YMLA LN Y_DAUDEYMLA, [SOHME MAYC_CUY UGLVMAF,DAI _CHDYCI ICBLAUY_DYMLAU

ELBEDUY EL_[L_DYMLA YMBC VD_AC_ EDOHC MAE.

5;; Acw Jcrscy Dvcauc, A.V.Uumtc 6;;Vdsgmaftla, IE ?;;;4

=;4 N Utrcct, A.V.Uumtc 7;;Vdsgmaftla, IE ?;;;9

Dprmh 7, ?;49


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m

YDOHC LN ELAYCAYU

[dfc Al.

M. MAY_LISEYMLA DAI USBBD_] ................................................................................4

MM. ICUE_M[YMLA LN YGC Y_DAUDEYMLA .......................................................................6

D. Ygc [rlplsci Yrdasdetmla........................................................................................6

O. Ygc Dpphmedats .........................................................................................................6

4. Elbedst........................................................................................................6

?. Ymbc Vdracr Edohc ....................................................................................45

MMM. UYDAID_I LN _C^MCV ...............................................................................................4>

M^. YGC Y_DAUDEYMLA MU [_L-ELAUSBC_, [_L-ELB[CYMYM^C, DAIVMHH FCAC_DYC USOUYDAYMDH [SOHME MAYC_CUY OCACNMYU. .......................?;

D. Lvcrvmcw ................................................................................................................?;

4. Dpphmedats Elbpctc ma d Iyadbme, Cxpdaimaf, dai GmfghyElbpctmtmvc Bdr`ctphdec ...........................................................................?;

?. Ygc @cy Celalbme Irmvcrs ln tgc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh [rliuecUuostdatmdh Ocacnmts ...................................................................................?5

O. Elasubcrs Vmhh Ocacnmt Imrcethy nrlb Divdaecs ma Orldiodai, ^miclYcegalhlfmcs, Imfmtdh ^lmec, dai Ltgcr Maalvdtmlas tl _csmicatmdhUcrvmecs ..................................................................................................................?7

4. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Deechcrdtc Orldiodai Icphlybcat, MaercdscOrldiodai Elbpctmtmla dai Maalvdtmla, dai Cxpdai OrldiodaiDilptmla ....................................................................................................?7

?. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Deechcrdtc Icphlybcat ln Divdaeci ^miclYcegalhlfmcs dai tgc Icvchlpbcat ln Acw dai Maalvdtmvc ^micl

[rliuets dai Ucrvmecs ................................................................................>6

5. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh [rlbltc tgc Icphlybcat ln Divdaeci ^lmecUcrvmecs dai Cagdaec Elbpctmtmla ma tgc ^lmec Bdr`ctphdec. .................75

E. Ousmacsscs ln Dhh Umzcs Vmhh Ocacnmt nrlb d Uuostdatmdh Maercdsc ma Bueg-Accici Elbpctmtmla dai tgc Deechcrdtci Icphlybcat ln DivdaeciUcrvmecs ..................................................................................................................73


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4. Elbedsts dai YVEs [rlvca Yrde` _celris, Yglufg Hmbmtci maUelpc tl Idtc, Icblastrdtc tgc [lwcr ln Elbpctmtmla ma YgmsUpdec ..........................................................................................................7>

?. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Cagdaec Elbpctmtmla nlr Bcimub-Umzci,_cfmladh, Uupcr-_cfmladh, dai Catcrprmsc Ousmacsscs ..............................=;

5. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Cagdaec Elbpctmtmla nlr Vmrchcss Ode`gduhUcrvmecs ......................................................................................................=6

9. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Maurc tl tgc Ocacnmt ln Ubdhh Ousmacsscs. ...............=7

I. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Deechcrdtc tgc Icphlybcat dai Dilptmla ln Acxt-Fcacrdtmla Edohc Divcrtmsmaf Ycegalhlfmcs tgdt Vmhh Ocacnmt Divcrtmscrsdai Elasubcrs .....................................................................................................4;;

C. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Fcacrdtc Ltgcr Umfamnmedat [uohme Matcrcst Ocacnmts .........4;>

4. Elasubcrs Vmhh Ocacnmt nrlb tgc Cxtcasmla tl tgc YVE Uystcbsln ^drmlus Elbbmtbcats dai Lohmfdtmlas ma tgc AOESamvcrsdhLricr, ds Vchh ds Elbedsts Ocst-ma-Ehdss Elbbuamty Mavcstbcatdai Imvcrsmty [rlfrdbs............................................................................4;>

?. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Fcacrdtc Umfamnmedat [uohme Matcrcst Ocacnmtsnlr [clphc wmtg Imsdomhmtmcs ......................................................................4?;

5. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Cagdaec Eyocrsceurmty nlr tgc ElbomaciCatmtys Actwlr` dai Eustlbcrs, ds Vchh ds tgc LvcrdhhOrldiodai Celsystcb ..............................................................................4?9

^. YGC Y_DAUDEYMLA VMHH _CUSHY MA AL [SOHME MAYC_CUY

GD_BU...........................................................................................................................4?>

D. Lvcrvmcw ln Elbpctmtmvc Dadhysms ......................................................................4?6

O. _chcvdat Bdr`cts .................................................................................................4?=

4. B^[I Ucrvmecs .......................................................................................454

?. ^micl [rlfrdbbmaf .................................................................................45?

5. Matcract Deecss Ucrvmecs ..........................................................................459

9. Matcract Matcrelaacetmla ...........................................................................453

3. Ychcpglay ................................................................................................45>

>. Divcrtmsmaf ...............................................................................................456


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E. Ocedusc tgc [drtmcs Il Alt Elbpctc nlr Elasubcrs, Ygcrc Ms Al[hdusmohc Ygclry ln Elbpctmtmvc Gdrb Drmsmaf nrlb tgc GlrmzlatdhChcbcats ln tgc Yrdasdetmla.................................................................................457

4. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Alt _ciuec Elbpctmtmla ma Day _chcvdatBdr`ct nlr B^[I, Orldiodai, lr ^lmec Ucrvmecs ..................................457

?. Elbedsts Maercdsci Uedhc ds d Ouycr ln [rlfrdbbmaf Vmhh AltEdusc Day Elbpctmtmvc Gdrb .................................................................495

5. Elbomamaf Elbedsts dai YVEs [rlfrdbbmaf Dsscts Vmhh AltFmvc _msc tl Day Elbpctmtmvc Gdrb .......................................................43?

9. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Alt _csuht ma Day Elbpctmtmvc Gdrb tlDivcrtmsmaf Bdr`cts.................................................................................433

I. Ygcrc Ms Al [hdusmohc Ygclry Ygdt tgc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh NdemhmtdtcNlrcehlsurc lr Ltgcr Cxehusmladry Elaiuet ....................................................43>

4. Al Ygrcdt ln Elbpctmtmvc Gdrb nrlb [ltcatmdh Nlrcehlsurc lnHdst-Bmhc Matcract Deecss ........................................................................43>

?. Al Maercdsci Maecatmvc lr Domhmty tl [ursuc DatmelbpctmtmvcNlrcehlsurc Utrdtcfmcs Dfdmast _mvdh B^[Is lr SadnnmhmdtciL^Is .......................................................................................................4>9

5. Al Maercdsci Maecatmvc lr Domhmty tl [ursuc DatmelbpctmtmvcNlrcehlsurc Utrdtcfmcs Dfdmast Sadnnmhmdtci [rlfrdbbcrs......................4>=

^M. YGC Y_DAUDEYMLA VMHH ALY _CUSHY MA DA] ^MLHDYMLA LN

YGC ELBBSAMEDYMLAU DEY L_ YGC ELBBMUUMLAU _SHCU. ................464

D. Erlss-Lwacrsgmp dai Ltgcr Lwacrsgmp Hmbmts ...................................................464

O. Egdaach Leeupdaey Hmbmt ...................................................................................46?

^MM. [_LECIS_DH BDYYC_U.........................................................................................465

^MMM. ELAEHSUMLA ..............................................................................................................469


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HMUY LN CWGMOMYU

4. Hmst ln Hmecascs dai Dutglrmzdtmlas Yl Oc Yrdasncrrci?. Cxceutci Dfrccbcat dai [hda ln Bcrfcr5. Egdrts ln Yrdasdetmla Utrueturc9. Icehdrdtmla ln Bmegdch J. Dafchd`ms3. Icehdrdtmla ln Ir. Frcflry H. _lsstla dai Ir. Bmegdch I. Ylppcr>. Icehdrdtmla ln Ir. Bdr` D. Msrdch6. Bdps Uglwmaf Elbedst dai Ymbc Vdracr Edohc Ucrvmec Drcds7.

Hmst ln YVE [rlfrdbbmaf Matcrcsts

=. Elbedsts [rlbmscs Bdic, [rlbmscs @cpt Egdrt4;.Elbedst-AOESamvcrsdh Elaimtmlas44.Hmst ln Elbedst dai AOESamvcrsdh Imvcrsmty dai Maehusmla Dwdris


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M. MAY_LISEYMLA DAI USBBD_]Ygc prlplsci bcrfcr ln Elbedst Elrplrdtmla (Elbedst) dai Ymbc Vdracr Edohc Mae.

(YVE) (tlfctgcr, Dpphmedats) wmhh prlvmic uamquc ocacnmts tl oltg elasubcrs dai ousmacsscs

tgrlufglut tgc elbomaci elbpdays scrvmec drcd, dai orldihy divdaec tgc puohme matcrcst ma

buhtmphc elaerctc wdys. Ygms trdasdetmla wmhh cagdaec elasubcr wchndrc dai elbpctmtmla dai

ichmvcr suostdatmdh puohme matcrcst ocacnmts, maehuimaf tgrlufg elbpctmtmvc catry ma bdr`ct

scfbcats acmtgcr elbpday eda bcdamafnuhhy scrvc la mts lwa tlidy. Ylfctgcr, Elbedst dai

YVE wmhh ormaf tl bmhhmlas ln gluscglhis dai ousmacsscs ln dhh smzcs tgc acxt fcacrdtmla ln

orldiodai Matcract, vmicl, vlmec, dai rchdtci tcegalhlfmcs dai scrvmecs, dai wmhh elbpctc blrc

cnncetmvchy dfdmast elbbuamedtmlas, bcimd, dai tcegalhlfy prlvmicrs wmtg adtmladh dai fhlodh

sedhc.

Ygc twl elbpdamcs, wgmeg scrvc imstmaet fclfrdpgme drcds, oltg ocfda ds edohc lpcrdtlrs

lnncrmaf tchcvmsmla scrvmecs tl elasubcrs. Ylidy, cdeg Dpphmedat lnncrs d imvcrsc drrdy ln

scrvmecs dai tcegalhlfmcs tl elasubcrs, dai maercdsmafhy elbpctcs ma mts rcspcetmvc nlltprmat nlr

ousmacss eustlbcrs ds wchh. Lnncrmaf tgms orldi sumtc ln divdaeci scrvmecs dai d rmeg vmicl

cxpcrmcaec ms d edpmtdh-matcasmvc, gmfg-nmxci-elst caicdvlr ma d spdec wgcrc elbpctmtmla ms

matcasc dai elatmauci mavcstbcat dai maalvdtmla drc csscatmdh. Dai elbpctmtmla ms maercdsmaf ds

tgms bdr`ctphdec ocelbcs blrc imvcrsc dai cxpdasmvc.

Yl idtc, Elbedst gds occa dohc tl didpt tl tgms egdafmaf bdr`ctphdec tgrlufg d

elbbmtbcat tl actwlr` upfrdics dai suostdatmdh mavcstbcat ma rcscdreg dai icvchlpbcat.

YVE gds bdic smfamnmedat strmics ma vmicl tcegalhlfy dai ousmacss scrvmecs, tglufg mts sbdhhcr

sedhc dai selpc gdvc hmbmtci slbc ln tglsc cnnlrts. Oy elbomamaf tgcsc twl elbpdamcs

tcegalhlfmedh icvchlpbcats dai `alw-glw, dai tgcmr fclfrdpgme rcdeg, dhlaf wmtg Elbedsts


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strlaf odhdaec sgcct, elbbmtbcat tl mavcst smfamnmedathy ma tgc YVE systcbs, dai suostdatmdh

cxpcrtmsc ma cnnmemcathy upfrdimaf edohc systcbs, tgc plst-trdasdetmla elbpday wmhh oc wchh

plsmtmlaci tl elbpctc dfdmast mts adtmladh dai fhlodh elbpctmtlrs, tl mbprlvc tgc eustlbcr

cxpcrmcaec tlidy, dai tl nlrfc dgcdi tl bcct nuturc egdhhcafcs dai accis.

Nlr elasubcrs, tgms bcdas cxpdaici deecss tl, dai blrc rdpmi icphlybcat ln, tgc

maiustry-hcdimaf tcegalhlfy, scrvmecs, dai prlfrdbs tgdt Elbedst ms icimedtci tl prlvmimaf,

maehuimaf:

Gmfg-spcci orldiodai scrvmecs dvdmhdohc la ouaihci dai stdaidhlac odscs0 D nuhhy upfrdici actwlr` tgdt prlvmics gmfghy rchmdohc dai sceurc scrvmec0 D adtmladhhy deehdmbci dai elbprcgcasmvc hlw-maelbc orldiodai dilptmla prlfrdb0 Ygc blst rloust dai divdaeci ^LI dai Y^ Cvcrywgcrc cxpcrmcaec0 Ygc ocst-ma-ehdss vmicl tcegalhlfy dai uscr matcrndec0 Ygc blst sueecssnuh dhtcradtmvc tl trdimtmladh vlmec scrvmecs0 dai D elbbmtbcat tl imvcrsmty dai maehusmla, dai tl prlvmimaf deecssmohc slhutmlas tl

pclphc wmtg imsdomhmtmcs.

Alwgcrc wmhh tgcsc ocacnmts oc blrc mbplrtdat tgda ma tgc orldiodai spdec. Vgmhc YVE

gds upfrdici mts catmrc actwlr` tl ILEUMU 5.; dai gds phdas tl mbprlvc spccis dai nurtgcr

imfmtmzc mts actwlr`, Elbedst gds dhrcdiy trdasmtmlaci tl d nuhhy imfmtdh actwlr`, stdais rcdiy tl

mbphcbcat ILEUMU 5.4 (tgc acxt-fcacrdtmla orldiodai stdaidri), dai gds rlhhci lut slbc ln tgc

ndstcst Matcract spccis dai tgc hdrfcst Vm-Nm actwlr` ma tgc adtmla. Ygms trdasdetmla wmhh

deechcrdtc actwlr` upfrdics ma tgc YVE bdr`cts dai prliuec d blrc divdaeci orldiodai

actwlr`. Ds tgc Elbbmssmla gds rcelfamzci, sueg actwlr` mavcstbcat alt lahy daswcrs

csscatmdh elasubcr accis ma tgc sglrt tcrb, out dhsl wmhh spur icbdai nlr tgc dpphmedtmlas dai

elatcat ln tlblrrlw. Dai suostdatmdh mavcstbcat oy lac actwlr` prlvmicr prlvl`cs rcsplasmvc


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mavcstbcat dai deechcrdtci icphlybcat oy elbpctmtlrs d iyadbme rmeghy olrac lut oy tgc pdst

twl icedics ln spmrmtci orldiodai elbpctmtmla.

Umfamnmedat ocacnmts wmhh rcsuht nlr ousmacsseustlbcrs, ds wchh. Elbedst dai YVE gdvc

bdic slbc marldis matl tgc ousmacss bdr`ct, lnncrmaf sbdhh- dai bcimub-smzci ousmacsscs

maalvdtmvc scrvmecs dai d octtcr vdhuc prlplsmtmla tgda wds prcvmlushy dvdmhdohc tl sueg

eustlbcrs nrlb hcfdey prlvmicrs dai prlvl`maf elbpctmtmvc rcsplascs oy tglsc maeubocats.

Cdeg elbpday gds gdi slbc sueecss, out mts hmbmtci fclfrdpgme selpc gds elastrdmaci mts domhmty

tl lnncr truhy bcdamafnuh elbpctmtmla tl tgc cstdohmsgci prlvmicrs. Ygc elbomaci elbpdays

frcdtcr fclfrdpgme rcdeg dai mts elbomaci cxpcrtmsc dai scrvmecs wmhh dhhlw mt tl ocelbc d

strlafcr elbpctmtlr, lnncrmaf ousmacsscs ln dhh smzcs octtcr lptmlas, hlwcr prmecs, gmfgcr qudhmty,

dai cagdaeci scrvmecs.

Hm`cwmsc, tgc trdasdetmla wmhh rcsuht ma acw lptmlas nlr divcrtmscrs. Ygc elbomaci

elbpday wmhh gdvc tgc sedhc tl bdr`ct la d acdr-adtmladh odsms dai tl mavcst ma tgc icvchlpbcat

dai icphlybcat ln iyadbme di mascrtmla dai diircssdohc tcegalhlfmcs nlr usc ma ^LI dai ltgcr

edohc dai lahmac prlfrdbbmaf tgdt wmhh ormaf diici vdhuc tl prlfrdbbcrs dai divcrtmscrs. Ygms,

ma tura, sgluhi maecatmvmzc prlfrdbbcrs tl bd`c diimtmladh plpuhdr elatcat dvdmhdohc la ^LI

dai ltgcr phdtnlrbs, tl tgc ocacnmt ln elasubcrs.

Nmadhhy, tgc trdasdetmla wmhh cxtcai d vdrmcty ln ltgcr puohme matcrcst ocacnmts tl tgc YVE

bdr`cts, maehuimaf elaimtmlas dai elbbmtbcats rcsuhtmaf nrlb tgc AOESamvcrsdh trdasdetmla.

Ygcsc maehuic dpphmedtmla ln tgc Lpca Matcract ruhcs dai Elbedsts elbbmtbcat tl lnncr

stdaidhlac orldiodai, dblaf ltgcrs. Ygc YVE bdr`cts dhsl wmhh ocacnmt nrlb Elbedsts iccp

icimedtmla tl orldiodai dilptmla, imvcrsmty, deecssmomhmty, dai eyocrsceurmty.


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Ygc Elbbmssmla eda oc elanmicat ma dhh tgc ocacnmts icsermoci dolvc, alt lahy ocedusc

bday drc csscatmdh tl tgc trdasdetmlas rdtmladhc, out dhsl ocedusc ln Elbedsts rcelri ln `ccpmaf

mts prlbmscs ma prmlr trdasdetmlas tl ormaf acw ocacnmts tl elasubcrs dai elbpctmtmla. Ymbc dai

tmbc dfdma, Elbedst gds ichmvcrci dai lvcr-ichmvcrci la mts prlbmscs tl uahcdsg blrc

mavcstbcat dai maalvdtmla. Ylfctgcr wmtg YVE, mt ms nuhhy plmsci tl il sl dfdma, maehuimaf d

elbbmtbcat tl dii suostdatmdh maercbcatdh mavcstbcats tl YVEs phdaaci upfrdics dai

cagdaecbcats lvcr tgc acxt tgrcc ycdrs.

Ma elatrdst tl tgcsc ehcdr puohme matcrcst ocacnmts, tgcrc ms al ercimohc tgclry ln gdrb

drmsmaf nrlb tgc trdasdetmla. Dntcr tgc trdasdetmla, eustlbcrs ma tgc Elbedst dai YVE bdr`cts

wmhh gdvc ds bday prlvmicrs tl egllsc nrlb nlr Matcract, vmicl, lr vlmec ds tgcy gdvc tlidy.

Udmi daltgcr wdy, tgcrc ms al egdafc ma hledh bdr`ct sgdrc tgc lahy fclfrdpgme bdr`ct ln day

rchcvdaec tl tgc elrc scrvmecs dt mssuc gcrc ma daybdr`ct Elbedst lr YVE scrvcs, ocedusc

Elbedst dai YVE il alt elbpctc tlidy, dai Elbedst wmhh smbphy rcphdec YVE ds tgc prlvmicr

ma tgc hdttcrs scrvmec drcds. Ma elatrdst tl ecrtdma prlplsci bcrfcrs ln imrcet elbpctmtlrs tgdt

wcrc bct wmtg s`cptmemsb ocedusc tgcy wluhi gdvc rciueci eglmec nlr elasubcrs, tgcrc ms al

glrmzlatdh elaslhmidtmla mssuc gcrc.

^crtmedh cnncets smbmhdrhy rdmsc al elaecras. Ma tgc pdst, tgcrc wds elaecra dolut ouymaf

plwcr ma tgc vmicl bdr`ctphdec, la tgc tgclry tgdt dhhlwmaf d edohc elbpday tl scrvc tll bday

gluscglhis wluhi fmvc tgdt elbpday tll bueg manhucaec lvcr tgc vmdomhmty ln uadnnmhmdtci

prlfrdbbmaf actwlr`s. Ygdt elaecra wds tcstci ma ?;;4, dai dfdma ma ?;;=, ma elaacetmla wmtg

d 5; pcrecat edohc lwacrsgmp edp tgdt gdi occa put ma phdec oy tgc Elbbmssmla. Ma oltg edscs,

tgc elurt elaehuici tgdt tgms tgclrctmedh elaecra wds alt supplrtci oy tgc bdr`ctphdec ndets dai

icemsmvchy rcjcetci d 5; pcrecat stdaidri. Ds tgc elurt sdmi ma ?;;=:


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PYRgc rcelri ms rcphctc wmtg cvmicaec ln cvcr maercdsmaf elbpctmtmla dblaf vmiclprlvmicrs. Edohc lpcrdtlrs, tgcrcnlrc, al hlafcr gdvc tgc oltthcace` plwcr lvcrprlfrdbbmaf tgdt elaecraci tgc Elafrcss ma 4==?.

Ygc elurt dhsl altci tgdt, PoRdsci upla tgc rcelri ocnlrc tgc PsdbcR elurt Pma ?;;4R, tgc PNEEs

glrmzlatdh lwacrsgmpR suosermocr hmbmt . . . eluhi alt gdvc occa hlwcr tgda >;%, dai wcat la tl

elaehuic tgdt, PmRa hmfgt ln tgc egdafci bdr`ctphdec, tgc Flvcrabcats justmnmedtmla nlr tgc 5;%

edp ms cvca wcd`cr alw tgda ma ?;;4.

Elbpctmtmla gds lahy maercdscismaec tgms ruhmaf. Altdohy, smaec ?;;= wgca tgc elurt hdst

rcjcetci tgc 5; pcrecat edp, tgc twl adtmlawmic IOU prlvmicrs gdvc diici daltgcr 4.6 bmhhmla

suosermocrs dai tgc tchel vmicl prlvmicrs gdvc diici >.? bmhhmla suosermocrs, wgmhc trdimtmladh

edohc lpcrdtlrs gdvc hlst6.5 bmhhmla vmicl suosermocrs. Dai tgms ms just lac imbcasmla ln tgc

elbpctmtmla tgdt Elbedst dai YVE ndec ma d iyadbme dai maercdsmafhy blomhc dai fhlodh

bdr`ctphdec bdr`ci oy maalvdtmla dai elasubcr eglmec. Matcract dai icvmec elbpdamcs, wmtg

acwnluai fhlodh sedhc, dhsl drc elbpctmaf dffrcssmvchy ma tgc vmicl bdr`ctphdec dai ma tgc

hdrfcr orldiodai celsystcb. Nlr cxdbphc, Actnhmx alw gds lvcr 55 bmhhmla eustlbcrs ma tgc

Samtci Utdtcs dhlac, wmtg daltgcr 44 bmhhmla matcradtmladh eustlbcrs0 Fllfhcs vmicl wcosmtcs

alw dttrdet lvcr 436 bmhhmla uamquc vmcwcrs cdeg blatg wgl wdteg acdrhy 45 omhhmla vmicls0

Dpphc mYuacs vmcwcrs puregdsc lvcr 7;;,;;; Y^ cpmslics dai lvcr 53;,;;; blvmcspcr idy.

Dpphc gds hduaegci Dpphc Y^ dai sccbs plmsci tl hduaeg d blrc elbprcgcasmvc sct-tlp olx

prliuet. Hm`cwmsc, Dbdzla eurrcathy lnncrs d strcdbmaf vmicl scrvmec dai just daaluaeci tgc

phdaaci rchcdsc ln Dbdzla Nmrc Y^, da divdaeci vmicl sct-tlp icvmec. Dai slbc ln tgcsc

elbpdamcs gdvc daaudh rcvcaucs dai/lr bdr`ct edpmtdhmzdtmlas tgdt drc twl lr tgrcc tmbcs frcdtcr

tgda Elbedsts. La tlp ln tgms, tgcrc drc pltcatmdh acw lahmac catrdats, dai crmzla, Imsg, dai

ImrceY^ gdvc occa bd`maf prlfrcss la tgms nrlat just ma tgc hdst blatg. Ma tgc cvlhvmaf vmicl


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bdr`ctphdec ma wgmeg tgcsc elbpdamcs gdvc tgrmvci, tgcrc ms al rcdsla wgy d edohc elbpday

sgluhi oc hmbmtci ma cvlhvmaf ds wchh, cspcemdhhy lac tgdt gds tmbc dai dfdma icblastrdtci mts

wmhhmafacss tl bcct dai cagdaec elbpctmtmla tgrlufg maalvdtmla dai mavcstbcat. Diici sedhc

wmhh bd`c tgdt maalvdtmla fl ndstcr dai tgdt mavcstbcat fl ndrtgcr.

Altwmtgstdaimaf tgc doscaec ln phdusmohc glrmzlatdh gdrbs, glwcvcr, Elbedst ms

prcpdrci tl imvcst systcbs tltdhmaf dpprlxmbdtchy 5 bmhhmla vmicl suosermocrs, sueg tgdt

Elbedst-bdadfci suosermocrs wmhh rcbdma dt d hcvch tgdt ms ochlw tgc alw-vdedtci 5; pcrecat

glrmzlatdh hmbmt.

Alr ms tgcrc edusc nlr elaecra ma tgc orldiodai bdr`ctphdec. Elbedst dai YVE prlvmic

orldiodai scrvmecs ma imnncrcat fclfrdpgme drcds, sl tgcrc ms al rciuetmla ma elasubcr eglmec ds

d rcsuht ln tgms trdasdetmla. Matcract scrvmec prlvmicrs (MU[s) hm`c Elbedst dai YVE drc alt

dffrcfdtlrs ln elatcat nlr tgcmr orldiodai eustlbcrs, out mastcdi scrvc ds d bcdas ln deecss nlr

day dai dhh ln tgc Matcract elatcat tgcmr eustlbcrs wdat. Dai tgcy il sl dfdmast da maercdsmafhy

elbpctmtmvc ode`irlp, ma wgmeg trdimtmladh pglac elbpdamcs ds wchh ds acw prlvmicrs sueg ds

Fllfhc Nmocr dai ltgcrs drc detmvchy pursumaf bdr`ct sgdrc. Maicci, tgc Elbbmssmlas lwa idtd

icblastrdtc tgdt elasubcrs cajly d gmfg hcvch ln eglmec dblaf prlvmicrs. Nurtgcrblrc,

wmrchcss orldiodai ms maercdsmafhy cbcrfmaf ds d elbpctmtmvc dhtcradtmvc tl wmrci orldiodai

fmvca tgc deechcrdtmaf spcci dai rchmdomhmty ln divdaeci wmrchcss actwlr`s, tgc frlwmaf vdhuc ln

blomhmty, dai tgc ndet tgdt elasubcrs maercdsmafhy usc tdohcts dai sbdrtpglacs ds nmrst serccas.

Ma tgms gmfghy elbpctmtmvc bdr`ctphdec, tgcrc ms smbphy al celalbme maecatmvc nlr Elbedst tl usc

mts orldiodai actwlr` tl matcrncrc wmtg mts eustlbcrs deecss tl cifc prlvmicrs elatcat la tgc

ode`olac lr tgc hdst bmhc Elbedst eustlbcrs phdec d gmfg prcbmub la ocmaf dohc tl deecss day

Matcract elatcat tgcy wdat. Ma day cvcat, Elbedsts Lpca Matcract elbbmtbcat rcblvcs dhh


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iluots dai prlvmics da diimtmladh rcfuhdtlry sdncfudri lac tgdt ms alt prcscat nlr day ltgcr MU[

ma tgc bdr`ct.

Ma sub, da lojcetmvc wcmfgmaf ln tgc smfamnmedat puohme matcrcst ocacnmts tgdt drc magcrcat

ma tgms trdasdetmla dfdmast tgc spceuhdtmvc dai mhh-icnmaci gdrbs tgdt drc uahm`chy tl drmsc sgluhi

hcdi tl rcdiy dpprlvdh.

MM. ICUE_M[YMLA LN YGC Y_DAUDEYMLAD. Ygc [rlplsci YrdasdetmlaElbedst gds catcrci matl da dfrccbcat wmtg YVE wgcrcoy Elbedst wmhh dequmrc 4;;

pcrecat ln YVEs cqumty ma cxegdafc nlr Elbedst Ehdss D sgdrcs (EBEUD). Ygc prlplsci

trdasdetmla ms d strdmfgtnlrwdri dequmsmtmla ln YVE, dai Elbedst phdas tl rctdma dhh ln YVEs

cxmstmaf dsscts, suojcet tl imvcstmturcs ln edohc systcbs tltdhmaf dpprlxmbdtchy 5 bmhhmla

suosermocrs. Ds mhhustrdtci ma tgc strueturc egdrts maehuici ma Cxgmomt 5, dt tgc ehlsmaf ln tgc

trdasdetmla, Ydafl Dequmsmtmla Uuo, Mae. (Bcrfcr Uuo), d acw imrcet wglhhy lwaci suosmimdry

ln Elbedst, wmhh bcrfc wmtg YVE uaicr Ichdwdrc hdw. Dt tgdt tmbc, tgc scpdrdtc elrplrdtc

cxmstcaec ln Bcrfcr Uuo wmhh ecdsc dai, tgcrcdntcr, YVE wmhh oc d wglhhy lwaci suosmimdry ln

Elbedst. Elatcbplrdaclushy wmtg tgc bcrfcr, cdeg YVE sgdrc wmhh oc elavcrtci matl tgc rmfgt

tl rcecmvc ?.763 sgdrcs ln EBEUD.

O. Ygc Dpphmedats4. Elbedst

Elbedst Elrplrdtmla ms d fhlodh bcimd dai tcegalhlfy elbpday wmtg twl prmbdry

ousmacsscs Elbedst Edohc dai AOESamvcrsdh wmtg dpprlxmbdtchy 45>,;;; cbphlyccs. Ds

mhhustrdtci ma tgc nmrst bdp ma Cxgmomt 6, Elbedsts actwlr` ndemhmtmcs elvcr plrtmlas ln 5= stdtcs


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dai tgc Imstrmet ln Elhubomd, dai Elbedst ndecs strlaf elbpctmtmla ma cdeg ln tglsc drcds nlr dhh

ln mts scrvmecs.

d.

Elbedst Edohc

Elbedst Edohc ms d hcdimaf prlvmicr ln vmicl, gmfg-spcci Matcract, imfmtdh vlmec, dai

ltgcr acxt-fcacrdtmla scrvmecs dai tcegalhlfmcs tl bmhhmlas ln rcsmicatmdh eustlbcrs dai sbdhh-

dai bcimub-smzci ousmacsscs.

m. Edohc Uystcbs dai ^micl UcrvmecsElbedst eurrcathy lwas dai lpcrdtcs edohc systcbs scrvmaf dpprlxmbdtchy ?4.6 bmhhmla

vmicl eustlbcrs, maehuimaf rcsmicatmdh dai ousmacss eustlbcrs.4 Umaec 4==>, Elbedst dai mts

prcicecsslrs-ma-lwacrsgmp gdvc mavcstci tcas ln omhhmlas ln ilhhdrs tl upfrdic actwlr`

manrdstrueturc oy mastdhhmaf nmocr lptmes dai ltgcr tcegalhlfmedh cagdaecbcats. Elbedst hci tgc

maiustry ma trdasmtmlamaf tl imfmtdh dai gds dhrcdiy mbphcbcatci da dhh-imfmtdh phdtnlrb derlss mts

systcbs.

Elbedst prlvmics d vdrmcty ln vmicl scrvmecs wmtg deecss tl tcas ln tglusdais ln

catcrtdmabcat eglmecs uaicr tgc Wnmamty ordai. Eustlbcrs cajly d nuhh drrdy ln oltg trdimtmladh

dai divdaeci vmicl prliuets, maehuimaf guaircis ln egdaachs ln hmacdr vmicl prlfrdbbmaf nrlb

hledh orldiedst stdtmlas, prcbmub edohc prlfrdbbcrs, dai adtmladh, rcfmladh, dai hledh edohc

actwlr`s0 prlfrdbbmaf pde`dfcs tdmhlrci nlr imvcrsc duimcaecs0 pdy-pcr-vmcw scrvmecs0 da

mbprcssmvc rdafc ln gmfg-icnmamtmla (GI) prlfrdbbmaf0 dpprlxmbdtchy 3;,;;; vmicl-la-

icbdai (^LI) eglmecs la Wnmamty La Icbdai, blst ln wgmeg drc dvdmhdohc tl imfmtdh vmicl

eustlbcrs dt al diimtmladh egdrfc0 imfmtdh vmicl rcelricr (I^_) scrvmecs0 dai matcrdetmvc

4 Elbedst Elrp., Daaudh _cplrt (Nlrb 4;-@), dt 5 (?;45) (Elbedst 4;-@).


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prlfrdbbmaf fumics. Ma diimtmla, Elbedst rcecathy ocfda tl lnncr mts eustlbcrs tgc lptmla tl

puregdsc dai lwa imfmtdh elpmcs ln blvmcs dai tchcvmsmla sglws.

Ygrlufg Wnmamty.elb/Y^ dai tgc Wnmamty Y^ Fl Dpp, Elbedst eustlbcrs eda strcdb

lvcr tgc Matcract tl tgcmr [Es dai blomhc icvmecs lvcr 3; hmacdr edohc actwlr`s dai tglusdais ln

glurs ln tgc hdtcst Y^ sglws dai plpuhdr blvmcs, dai, wmtg tgc Wnmamty Y^ Fl Dpp, Elbedst

eustlbcrs eda cvca ilwahldi blvmcs dai sglws tl tgcmr blomhc icvmec tl td`c daywgcrc. Ygc

blst strm`maf cxdbphc ln Elbedsts cnnlrts tl prlvmic mts eustlbcrs wmtg euttmaf-cifc scrvmecs ms

Elbedsts acxt-fcacrdtmla catcrtdmabcat lpcrdtmaf systcb, tgc W4 phdtnlrb, wgmeg ms alw

dvdmhdohc derlss Elbedsts catmrc nlltprmat. Ygc W4 phdtnlrb prlvmics d stdtc-ln-tgc-drt ehlui-

odsci uscr matcrndec dai, ma schcet bdr`cts, tgc domhmty tl strcdb tl elbputcrs dai blomhc icvmecs

ma tgc glbc prdetmedhhy tgc catmrc egdaach hmacup (maehuimaf [CF dai bust-edrry egdaachs). Dai

wmtg tgc hduaeg ln tgc acw W4 I^_ wmtg ehlui tcegalhlfy, Elbedst eustlbcrs wmhh oc dohc tl

rcelri blrc sglws0 deecss tgcb ma tgcmr glbcs la buhtmphc Y^s, elbputcrs, dai blomhc icvmecs0

dai ilwahldi tgcmr rcelrimafs tl blomhc icvmecs.

mm. Orldiodai MatcractElbedst lwas dai lpcrdtcs lac ln tgc blst rloust actwlr`s ma tgc eluatry. Elbedsts

gmfg-spcci Matcract scrvmec eurrcathy gds dpprlxmbdtchy ?;.6 bmhhmla eustlbcrs, maehuimaf

rcsmicatmdh dai ousmacss eustlbcrs.? Elbedst gds icphlyci ILEUMU 5.; tl dhblst mts catmrc

orldiodai nlltprmat.5

Elbedsts mavcstbcats ln tcas ln omhhmlas ln ilhhdrs lvcr tgc pdst ?; ycdrs tl elatmaudhhy

upfrdic mts actwlr` gdvc hci tl ehcdr ocacnmts tl eustlbcrs. Elbedst gds maercdsci orldiodai

? Elbedst 4;-@, dt 5.

5 Elbedst gds icphlyci ILEUMU 5.; tl ==.7 pcrecat ln mts nlltprmat.


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spccis 4? tmbcs ma 4? ycdrs, dai tgc vdst bdjlrmty ln Elbedst eustlbcrs alw suosermoc tl spcci

tmcrs wmtg ilwahldi spccis ln ?3 Bops dai uphldi spccis ln 3 Bops dhlaf wmtg tgc ndstcst ma-

glbc Vm-Nm ma ndet, lvcr lac-tgmri ln Elbedst eustlbcrs gdvc ilwahldi spccis ln 3; Bops lr

blrc dai uphldi spccis ln 4; Bops lr blrc. Elbedst lnncrs orldiodai lptmlas dt buhtmphc

spcci hcvchs. Nlr eustlbcrs tgdt wdat uhtrd gmfg-spcci Matcract, Elbedst alw lnncrs d spcci tmcr

ln 4;3 Bops ilwastrcdb dai ?; Bops upstrcdb tgrlufglut bueg ln mts scrvmec drcd, dai gds

ocfua tl lnncr d tmcr ln 3;3 Bops ilwastrcdb dai 4;; Bops upstrcdb ma da cxpdaimaf aubocr

ln bdr`cts oy hcvcrdfmaf nmocr iccpcr matl mts actwlr`. Ulla, Elbedst wmhh oc dohc tl lnncr

spccis ln ?3; Bops ilwastrcdb dai 3; Bops upstrcdb tl eustlbcrs glbcs derlss mts nlltprmat

usmaf mts cxmstmaf Gyormi Nmocr/Eldx (GNE) actwlr` manrdstrueturc.

mmm. ^lmec UcrvmecsIchmvcrmaf la mts prlbmsc bdic ma mts dequmsmtmla ln DY&Y Orldiodai lvcr tca ycdrs dfl

tl ormaf acw elbpctmtmla tl tgc bdr`ct nlr vlmec scrvmecs,9Elbedst alw prlvmics vlmec scrvmecs

tl dpprlxmbdtchy 4;.6 bmhhmla eustlbcrs, maehuimaf rcsmicatmdh dai ousmacss eustlbcrs.3 Ssmaf

^lmec lvcr Matcract [rltlelh (^lM[) tcegalhlfy, Elbedst prlvmics elbpctmtmvc ndemhmtmcs-odsci

vlmec scrvmecs tl ichmvcr imfmtdh-qudhmty pglac scrvmec, phus cagdaeci ncdturcs tgdt drc matcfrdtci

wmtg ltgcr Elbedst scrvmecs. Elbedst gds orlufgt smfamnmedat maalvdtmlas tl mts vlmec scrvmec ma

tgc pdst scvcrdh ycdrs dai lnncrs Wnmamty ^lmec eustlbcrs uahmbmtci adtmlawmic tdh` dai tcxt

(maehuimaf la tgcmr blomhc icvmecs lvcr Vm-Nm usmaf ^lmec ?fl la tgc Wnmamty Elaacet Dpp),

deecss tl vlmecbdmh la tgc Wnmamty Elaacet wcosmtc, dai _cdidohc ^lmecbdmh tgdt cadohcs

9 Ucc Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl tgc Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln Hmecascs nrlb Elbedst Elrp. dai DY&Y Elrp.,Yrdasncrlrs tl DY&Y Elbedst Elrp., Yrdasncrcc, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 46 NEE _ei. ?5?9> 47>-477 (?;;?) (altmaf tgdt Elbedst dai DY&Y dsscrtci tgdt tgc bcrfcr wluhi nurtgcr deechcrdtc tgc icphlybcat lnndemhmtmcs-odsci hledh tchcpglac elbpctmtmla, ercdtmaf suostdatmdh puohme matcrcst ocacnmts), dnni suo alb. Elasubcr

Ncia ln Db v. NEE, 597 N.5i 4;;= (I.E. Emr. ?;;5) (Elbedst-DY&Y Orldiodai Lricr).

3 Elbedst 4;-@, dt 5.


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eustlbcrs tl rcdi tgcmr vlmecbdmh bcssdfcs lvcr cbdmh. Oy matcfrdtmaf Wnmamty ^lmec wmtg ltgcr

scrvmecs, Elbedst prlvmics maalvdtmvc ncdturcs hm`c Samvcrsdh Edhhcr MI, wgmeg micatmnmcs d edhhcr

la d eustlbcrs Y^, elbputcr, lr blomhc icvmec.

mv. Ousmacss UcrvmecsElbedst ms da dffrcssmvc acw catrdat ma tgc ousmacss scrvmecs bdr`ct, eurrcathy nleusci

la scrvmaf sbdhh- dai bcimub-smzci ousmacsscs. Elbedsts scrvmecs nlr ousmacss eustlbcrs

maehuic orldiodai, vlmec, dai vmicl lnncrmafs0 d wcosmtc glstmaf scrvmec0 da matcrdetmvc tllh tgdt

dhhlws eustlbcrs tl sgdrc, ellrimadtc, dai stlrc ileubcats lahmac0 glstci vlmec scrvmecs usmaf

ehlui actwlr` scrvcrs0 d ousmacss imrcetlry hmstmaf0 Oc Daywgcrc nuaetmladhmty tgdt dhhlws

eustlbcrs tl bd`c dai rcecmvc edhhs nrlb day icvmec dt day hledtmla wmtg lac pglac aubocr0 dai

da matcfrdtci sumtc ln ehlui-odsci ousmacss slhutmlas hm`c idtd ode`up, sceurmty, dai lahmac

stlrdfc. Elbedst dhsl prlvmics divdaeci vlmec scrvmecs dai Ctgcract actwlr` scrvmecs tl

ousmacss eustlbcrs tgdt elaacet buhtmphc hledtmlas. Blrclvcr, Elbedst ms detmvc ma tgc

wglhcsdhc ousmacss, pdrtmeuhdrhy wmtg rcspcet tl echhuhdr ode`gduh scrvmecs tgdt gchp wmrchcss

edrrmcrs bdadfc tgcmr actwlr` odaiwmitg blrc cnnmemcathy oy hcdsmaf nmocr ndemhmtmcs tl trdasplrt

wmrchcss trdnnme nrlb tgcmr echh tlwcrs.

v. DivcrtmsmafElbedst Uplthmfgt ms tgc divcrtmsmaf sdhcs imvmsmla ln Elbedst Edohc dai prlvmics d

vdrmcty ln divcrtmsmaf slhutmlas nlr hledh, rcfmladh, dai adtmladh divcrtmscrs. Elbedst Uplthmfgt

lnncrs tchcvmsmla, lahmac, ^LI, buhtm-sercca, dai diircssdohc divcrtmsmaf scrvmecs. Eurrcathy,

Elbedst Uplthmfgt gds d prcscaec ma dhblst 7; bdr`cts. Elbedst, tlfctgcr wmtg YVE dai Elx

Bcimd, ms dhsl da lwacr ln AEE Bcimd, wgmeg rcprcscats adtmladh splt divcrtmsmaf sdhcs nlr

edohc, sdtchhmtc, dai tchel prlfrdbbmaf imstrmoutlrs derlss tgc eluatry.


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vm. Edohc [rlfrdbbmafElbedst imrcethy lwas matcrcsts ma tgc nlhhlwmaf edohc prlfrdb actwlr`s dai scrvmecs:

BHO Actwlr` (7.5 pcrecat), AGH Actwlr` (43.> pcrecat), Bmiel Uplrts Actwlr` (3; pcrecat),

mA Icbdai (39 pcrecat), dai Utrcdbpmx (4;; pcrecat), ds wchh ds tgc nlhhlwmaf hledh lrmfmadtmla

egdaachs: [mttsourfg Edohc Acws Actwlr` (5; pcrecat), E? (4;; pcrecat), Elbedst

Catcrtdmabcat Ychcvmsmla (4;; pcrecat), Elbedst Glbctlwa Actwlr` (4;; pcrecat), Elbedst

Ychcvmsmla Actwlr` (4;; pcrecat), EA4;; (4;; pcrecat), GllsmcrY^ (4;; pcrecat), Stdg

Egdaach > (4;; pcrecat), dai VANB-Y^ (4;; pcrecat).>

o. AOESamvcrsdhAOESamvcrsdh, wgmeg ms lwaci dai elatrlhhci oy Elbedst, ms lac ln tgc wlrhis hcdimaf

bcimd, acws, dai catcrtdmabcat elbpdamcs. AOESamvcrsdh lpcrdtcs tgc AOE dai Ychcbuail

orldiedst tchcvmsmla actwlr`s. Yca hledh AOE stdtmlas drc lwaci dai lpcrdtci oy

AOESamvcrsdh. Ychcbuails lpcrdtmlas maehuic 46 lwaci-dai-lpcrdtci hledh stdtmlas.

AOESamvcrsdhs adtmladh edohc actwlr`s maehuic tgc nlhhlwmaf (4;; pcrecat lwacrsgmp uahcss

ltgcrwmsc altci): Ordvl, Egmhhcr (7; pcrecat), Ehll (nlrbcrhy Uhcutg), EAOE, EAOE Vlrhi, C!,

Csqumrc Actwlr` (nlrbcrhy Utyhc), F9, Flhn Egdaach, BUAOE, bua?, AOE Uplrts Actwlr`

(nlrbcrhy ^crsus), Lxyfca, Uprlut, UyNy, Samvcrsdh GI, dai SUD Actwlr`. Ma diimtmla,

AOESamvcrsdh lwas ala-elatrlhhmaf matcrcsts ma _HY^ (6.6 pcrecat), Samvcrsdh Uplrts (44

pcrecat), UglpAOE (49.3 pcrecat), NCD_act (54 pcrecat), Ygc Vcdtgcr Egdaach Elbpdamcs (?3

pcrecat), dai Y^ Lac (96.? pcrecat). AOESamvcrsdh dhsl lwas Acw Cafhdai Edohc Acws (4;;

> Elbedst dhsl gds matcrcsts ma ltgcr, sbdhhcr hledh lrmfmadtmla egdaachs.


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pcrecat), d rcfmladh acws actwlr`, dai gds bmalrmty matcrcsts ma Ychcvmsmla @lrcd ?9 (4 dai ?)

(49 pcrecat) dai Udmfla Orldiedstmaf Ychcvmsmla Actwlr` (3; pcrecat).6

Ucvcrdh rcfmladh splrts actwlr`s (_UAs) drc dhsl pdrt ln AOESamvcrsdhs edohc

prlfrdbbmaf plrtnlhml. AOESamvcrsdh lwas matcrcsts (wmtg pcrecatdfc matcrcsts sglwa ma

pdrcatgcsms) ma Elbedst UplrtsAct Glustla (??.3 pcrecat),7Elbedst UplrtsAct Egmedfl (5;

pcrecat), Elbedst UplrtsAct Ody Drcd (>6 pcrecat), Elbedst UplrtsAct [gmhdichpgmd (63

pcrecat), Elbedst UplrtsAct Acw Cafhdai (7; pcrecat), Edohc Uplrts Ulutgcdst (74 pcrecat),=

Elbedst Uplrts Ulutgwcst (4;; pcrecat), Elbedst UplrtsAct Edhmnlramd (4;; pcrecat), Elbedst

UplrtsAct Bmi-Dthdatme (4;; pcrecat), Elbedst UplrtsAct Alrtgwcst (4;; pcrecat), dai Ygc

Elbedst Actwlr` (4;; pcrecat). Ma diimtmla, AOESamvcrsdh gds d bmalrmty matcrcst ma UplrtsAct

Acw ]lr` (7.? pcrecat).4;

AOESamvcrsdh gds ltgcr ousmacsscs ds wchh, maehuimaf nmhb dai tchcvmsmla prliuetmla

stuimls, tgcbc pdr`s, dai lahmac scrvmecs.

?.

Ymbc Vdracr Edohc

YVE ms d hcdimaf prlvmicr ln vmicl, gmfg-spcci Matcract, dai vlmec scrvmecs tl rcsmicatmdh

dai ousmacss eustlbcrs. Ds mhhustrdtci ma tgc bdp ma Cxgmomt 6, YVEs actwlr` ndemhmtmcs elvcr

6 AOESamvcrsdh dhsl gds d 55 4/5 pcrecat ala-elatrlhhmaf matcrcst ma Guhu. [ursudat tl tgc AOESamvcrsdhElaimtmlas, Elbedst gds al bdadfcbcat rmfgts ma Guhu.

7 La Ncorudry 9, ?;49, d oda`ruptey elurt catcrci da lricr nlr rchmcn ma elaacetmla wmtg Elbedst UplrtsActGlustla, tgus bd`maf tgc actwlr` d icotlr uaicr Ymthc 44 ln tgc Samtci Utdtcs Elic. Ygc oda`ruptey edsc msprleccimaf dai mt gds yct tl oc ictcrbmaci wgctgcr tgc actwlr` wmhh oc rclrfdamzci, slhi, lr hmqumidtci.

= Edohc Uplrts Ulutgcdst rcecathy daaluaeci phdas tl ecdsc lpcrdtmlas la Bdy 54, ?;49.

4; AOESamvcrsdhs lwacrsgmp ln edohc prlfrdb actwlr`s gds detudhhy icercdscismaec tgc Elbedst-AOESamvcrsdh trdasdetmla. Ma pdrtmeuhdr, AOESamvcrsdh ms al hlafcr dnnmhmdtci wmtg 44 D&C adtmladh vmiclprlfrdbbmaf scrvmecs (m.c., D&C, Oml, Ermbc & Mavcstmfdtmla Actwlr`, Eurrcat, Gmstlry, Gmstlry Ca Cspdalh,Gmstlry Matcradtmladh, Hmnctmbc, Hmnctmbc Blvmc Actwlr`, Hmnctmbc _cdh Vlbca, Bmhmtdry Gmstlry). UccBmegdch J.ic hd Bcreci, Elbedst tl Uchh Ode` Mts Utd`c ma D&C nlr $5 Omhhmla, A.]. Ymbcs, Juhy 4;, ?;4?, dvdmhdohc dtgttp://icdholl`.aytmbcs.elb/?;4?/;6/4;/elbedst-tl-schh-ode`-mts-std`c-ma-dc-nlr-5-omhhmla/


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e. ^lmec UcrvmecsYVE scrvcs dpprlxmbdtchy 3.5 bmhhmla rcsmicatmdh dai ousmacss vlmec eustlbcrs. YVEs

orldiodai manrdstrueturc gds cadohci mt tl icphly matcrelaacetci ^lM[ scrvmecs tgrlufglut mts

fclfrdpgme nlltprmat. Maicci, YVE wds tgc nmrst buhtm-systcb edohc lpcrdtlr dai lac ln tgc

nmrst scrvmec prlvmicrs tl matrliuec d bdss-bdr`ct, ndemhmtmcs-odsci ^lM[ scrvmec, Imfmtdh [glac,

ormafmaf d rchmdohc, ncdturc-rmeg, elbpctmtmvc vlmec dhtcradtmvc tl bmhhmlas ln rcsmicatmdh

elasubcrs. YVEs vlmec scrvmecs lnncr eustlbcrs uahmbmtci hledh dai hlaf-imstdaec edhhmaf

tgrlufglut tgc Samtci Utdtcs dai tl Edadid, [ucrtl _mel, dai Bcxmel, tlfctgcr wmtg d vdrmcty ln

edhhmaf ncdturcs maehuimaf edhh wdmtmaf, edhh nlrwdrimaf, imstmaetmvc rmaf tlacs, dai edhhcr MI la

tgc eustlbcrs tchcpglac, elbputcr, lr tchcvmsmla. YVE dhsl prlvmics d nrcc wco plrtdh,

^lmecZlac, wgmeg dhhlws vlmec eustlbcrs tl eustlbmzc tgcmr scrvmec ncdturcs, sct up edhhcr MI la

pcrsladh elbputcrs, ohle` uawdatci edhhs, dai deecss vlmecbdmh, dhh usmaf tgc Matcract.

i. Ousmacss UcrvmecsYVE lnncrs d wmic vdrmcty ln prliuets dai scrvmecs tl ousmacss eustlbcrs, maehuimaf

gmfg-edpdemty trdasbmssmla scrvmecs (sueg ds Bctrl Ctgcract), vmicl, gmfg-spcci Matcract, dai

vlmec scrvmecs, ds wchh ds glstmaf dai ehlui elbputmaf scrvmecs (tgrlufg mts AdvmUmtc suosmimdry),

dhh ma elbpctmtmla wmtg tgc maeubocat hledh cxegdafc edrrmcrs (MHCEs) dai ltgcr scrvmec

prlvmicrs. YVE lnncrs tgcsc scrvmecs la d rctdmh dai wglhcsdhc odsms usmaf mts lwa actwlr`

manrdstrueturc dai tgmri-pdrty manrdstrueturc. YVEs rctdmh eustlbcrs elasmst prmbdrmhy ln sbdhh-

dai bcimub-smzci ousmacsscs, dai YVE dhsl gds bdic slbc mamtmdh strmics ma scrvmaf catcrprmsc

ousmacsscs wmtg buhtmphc hledtmlas, ds wchh ds flvcrabcat, ciuedtmla, dai ala-prlnmt mastmtutmlas.

Ma diimtmla, YVE lnncrs wglhcsdhc trdasplrt scrvmecs tl wmrchcss prlvmicrs nlr echh tlwcr

ode`gduh dai tl ltgcr scrvmec prlvmicrs. Ma Icecbocr ?;45, YVE dequmrci Iu`cAct


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46

odhdaec, tgc trdasncr scrvcs tgc puohme matcrcst, elavcamcaec dai acecssmty.4? Ygms stdaidri

mavlhvcs odhdaemaf pltcatmdh puohme matcrcst ocacnmts nrlb tgc trdasncr dfdmast pltcatmdh gdrbs,45

dai tgc dpphmedats bust sglw oy d prcplaicrdaec ln tgc cvmicaec, tgdt tgc prlplsci trdasdetmla,

la odhdaec, wmhh scrvc tgc puohme matcrcst.49

Ma dsscssmaf tgc pltcatmdh puohme matcrcst ocacnmts ln

d prlplsci trdasdetmla, tgc Elbbmssmla nleuscs la icblastrdohc dai vcrmnmdohc puohme matcrcst

4? Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl tgc Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln Hmecascs dai Ucetmla ?49 Dutglrmzdtmlas nrlb

BcimdLac Frlup, Mae., Yrdasncrlr, tl DY&Y Elrp., Yrdasncrcc, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 43 NEE _ei.=74> 7 (?;;;) (DY&Y-BcimdLac Lricr)0scc dhslDpphmedtmlas ln DY&Y Mae. dai Dthdatme Ychc-Actwlr`, Mae.,Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?7 NEE _ei. 45>6; 4? (?;45) (DY&Y-DYA Lricr)0Dpphmedtmlas Nmhci nlrYrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln Masmfgt Elbbeas El. tl Ymbc Vdracr Edohc Mae., Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?6 NEE_ei. 9=6 6 (?;4?) (Masmfgt-YVE Lricr)0Dpphmedtmlas nmhci oy Twcst Elbbeas Math Mae. dai EcaturyYch, Mae.i/o/d EcaturyHma` nlr Elascat tl Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?> NEE _ei. 94=9 6(?;44) (EcaturyHma`-Twcst Lricr)0Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl tgc Dssmfabcat dai/lr Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln

Hmecascs nrlb Dichpgmd Elbbeas Elrp. (dai Uuosmimdrmcs, Icotlrs-Ma-[lsscssmla), Dssmfalrs, tl Ymbc Vdracr

Edohc Mae. (Uuosmimdrmcs), Dssmfaccs, Dichpgmd Elbbeas Elrp. (dai Uuosmimdrmcs, Icotlrs-Ma-[lsscssmla),

Dssmfalrs dai Yrdasncrlrs, tl Elbedst Elrp. (Uuosmimdrmcs), Dssmfaccs dai Yrdasncrccs, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla daiLricr, ?4 NEE _ei. 7?;5 ?5 (?;;>) (Dichpgmd Lricr)0DY&Y Mae. dai OchhUlutg Elrp. Dpphmedtmla nlr Yrdasncrln Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?? NEE _ei. 3>>? 4= (?;;6) (DY&Y-OchhUlutg Lricr).

45 Ucc Fcacrdh Bltlrs Elrp. & Gufgcs Chce. Elrp., Yrdasncrlrs, dai Acws Elrp., Yrdasncrcc, nlr Dutglrmty

tl Yrdasncr Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 4= NEE _ei. 965 43 (?;;9) (Acws Elrp.-GufgcsLricr)0scc dhsl DY&Y-DYA Lricr 4?0 EcaturyHma`-Twcst Lricr 60DY&Y-OchhUlutg Lricr 4=0Dpphmedtmlas

nlr Elascat tl tgc Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln Hmecascs nrlb Elbedst Elrp. dai DY&Y Elrp., Yrdasncrlrs, tl DY&Y

Elbedst Elrp., Yrdasncrcc, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 46 NEE _ei. ?5?9> ?> (?;;?) (Elbedst-DY&YOrldiodai Lricr).

49 DY&Y-DYA Lricr 4?0Dpphmedtmlas ln ULNYODA@ EL_[., Utdrourst MM, Mae., Uprmat Acxtch Elrp., daiEhcdrwmrc Elrp.nlr Elascat tl Yrdasncr Elatrlh ln Hmecascs dai Dutglrmzdtmlas0 [ctmtmlas nlr _celasmicrdtmla ln

Dpphmedtmlas ln Ehcdrwmrc Elrp. nlr [rl Nlrbd Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, Icehdrdtlry_uhmaf, dai Lricr la _celasmicrdtmla, ?7 NEE _ei. =>9? ?5 (?;45) (Ulntoda`-Uprmat Lricr)0 U`yYcrrdElbbeas, Mae. Yrdasncrlr, & Gdromafcr Edpmtdh [drtacrs Nuais, Yrdasncrcc, Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl Yrdasncrln Elatrlh ln U`yYcrrd Uuosmimdry, HHE, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr dai Icehdrdtlry _uhmaf, ?3 NEE _ei.5;3= 4; (?;4;) (U`yYcrrd-Gdromafcr Lricr)0Dpphmedtmlas ln DY&Y Mae. dai Ecatcaamdh Elbbeas Elrp. nlrElascat tl tgc Yrdasncr Elatrlh ln Hmecascs, Dutglrmzdtmlas, dai Upcetrub Hcdsmaf Drrdafcbcats, BcblrdaiubLpmamla dai Lricr, ?9 NEE _ei. 45=43 ?6 (?;;=) (DY&Y-Ecatcaamdh Lricr)0Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tlYrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln Hmecascs0 WB Udtchhmtc _diml Glhimafs Mae., Yrdasncrlr, tl Umrmus Udtchhmtc _diml Mae.,

Yrdasncrcc, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr dai _cplrt dai Lricr, ?5 NEE _ei. 4?597 5; (?;;7)0Acws Elrp.& IM_CEY^ Frlup, Mae., Yrdasncrlrs, dai Hmocrty Bcimd Elrp., Yrdasncrcc, Dpphmedtmlas nlr Dutglrmty tl Yrdasncr

Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?5 NEE _ei. 5?>3 ?? (?;;7)0DY&Y-OchhUlutg Lricr 4=0 ^crmzlaElbbeas Mae. & BEM, Mae. Dpphmedtmlas nlr Dpprlvdh ln Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?;NEE _ei. 47955 4> (?;;3) (^crmzla-BEM Lricr)0 UOE Elbbeas Mae. & DY&Y Elrp. Dpphmedtmlas nlr

Dpprlvdh ln Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?; NEE _ei. 47?=; 4> (?;;3) (UOE-DY&YLricr).


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47

ocacnmts tgdt eluhi alt oc degmcvci mn tgcrc wcrc al bcrfcr.43 Mts cvdhudtmla dhsl maehuics,

dblaf ltgcr tgmafs, d iccphy rlltci prcncrcaec nlr prcscrvmaf dai cagdaemaf elbpctmtmla ma

rchcvdat bdr`cts PdaiR deechcrdtmaf prmvdtc scetlr icphlybcat ln divdaeci scrvmecs . . . .

4>

Ma

pdrtmeuhdr, elasmstcat wmtg tgc Elbbmssmlas orldicr puohme matcrcst bdaidtc, sueg dadhysms bdy

dhsl catdmh dsscssmaf wgctgcr tgc trdasdetmla wmhh dnncet tgc qudhmty ln elbbuamedtmlas scrvmecs lr

wmhh rcsuht ma tgc prlvmsmla ln acw lr diimtmladh scrvmecs.46

Ygc Elbbmssmlas dadhysms ln pltcatmdh gdrbs catdmhs oltg da cxdbmadtmla ln pltcatmdh

datmelbpctmtmvc cnncets dai da maqumry matl wgctgcr tgc trdasdetmla wluhi vmlhdtc tgc Det lr tgc

Elbbmssmlas mbphcbcatmaf ruhcs, lr ltgcrwmsc suostdatmdhhy nrustrdtc tgc Elbbmssmlas

mbphcbcatdtmla lr canlrecbcat ln tgc Det.47 Ygc Elbbmssmla gds rcpcdtcihy strcssci tgdt d

43 DY&Y-BcimdLac Lricr 4390scc dhslDpphmedtmlas ln Acxtch Elbbeas, Mae. & Uprmat Elrp. nlr Elascattl Yrdasncr Elatrlh ln Hmecascs dai Dutglrmzdtmlas, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?; NEE _ei. 45=>6 4?=(?;;3) (Uprmat-Acxtch Lricr)(Vc cxdbmac wgctgcr lpcrdtmla ln tgc elbomaci catmty eluhi ymchi elasubcrocacnmts uadttdmadohc doscat d bcrfcr.). Ma pdrtmeuhdr, tgc Elbbmssmlas rcvmcw ms elanmaci tl tgc trdasdetmlaocnlrc mt rdtgcr tgda tgc rchdtmvc bcrmt ln day gypltgctmedh dhtcradtmvc trdasdetmlas. Ucc, c.f., Emtdich Elbbeas El.,Hti. dai Det MMM Orldi. ln Ounndhl, Mae., Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 3 NEE _ei. 579? 4> (4==;) (Ucetmla

54;(i) ln tgc Det hmbmts lur elasmicrdtmla tl tgc ouycr prlplsci ma da dssmfabcat dpphmedtmla, dai wc edaaltelasmicr wgctgcr slbc ltgcr prlplsdh bmfgt elbpdrdtmvchy octtcr scrvc tgc puohme matcrcst.).

4> UccDY&Y-DYA Lricr 450 Ulntoda`-Uprmat Lricr ?90DY&Y-Ecatcaamdh Lricr ?70 EcaturyHma`-Twcst Lricr 7.

46 UccDpphmedtmlas ln Elbedst Elrp., Fcacrdh Chce. & AOESamvcrsdh, Mae. nlr Elascat tl Dssmfa Hmecascsdai Yrdasncr Elatrlh ln Hmecascs, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, ?> NEE _ei. 9?57 ?5 (?;44) (Elbedst-

AOESamvcrsdh Lricr lr AOESamvcrsdh Lricr)0 Elbedst-DY&Y Orldiodai Lricr ?60Vdvcelb UlhutmlasElrp., Yrdasncrlr, & Gdwdmmda Ychelb Mae., Yrdasncrcc, Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh,Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr dai Icehdrdtlry _uhmaf, ?6 NEE _ei. 4>;74 7 (?;4?)0 Dpphmedtmlas nmhci oyFhlodh Erlssmaf Hti. & Hcvch 5 Elbbeas, Mae. nlr Elascat tl Yrdasncr Elatrlh, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricrdai Icehdrdtlry _uhmaf, ?> NEE _ei. 49;3> 44 (?;44) (Hcvch 5-Fhlodh Erlssmaf Lricr)0 EcaturyHma`-TwcstLricr 70scc dhsl_cbdr`s ln Jladtgda Udhhct, Detmaf Fcacrdh Eluasch, NEE, Elancrcaec la Elbpctmtmla dai M[

[lhmey ma Gmfg-Ycegalhlfy Maiustrmcs, Utdanlri, ED (Jda. ??, ?;49), dvdmhdohc dtgttp://trdasmtmla.nee.flv/Idmhy\_chcdscs/Idmhy\Ousmacss/?;49/io;4?9/ILE-5?3?>6D4.pin.

47 Ucc Acws Elrp.-Gufgcs Lricr 4>0DY&Y-BcimdLac Lricr =0Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl tgc Yrdasncrln Elatrlh ln Hmecascs dai Ucetmla ?49 Dutglrmzdtmlas nrlb Ychc-Elbbeas, Mae., Yrdasncrlr, tl DY&Y Elrp.,

Yrdasncrcc, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 49 NEE _ei. 54>; 49 (4==7) (DY&Y-Ychc-ElbbuamedtmlasLricr) (Yl dpphy lur puohme matcrcst tcst, tgca, wc bust ictcrbmac wgctgcr tgc bcrfcr vmlhdtcs lur ruhcs, lr wluhiltgcrwmsc nrustrdtc lur mbphcbcatdtmla lr canlrecbcat ln tgc Elbbuamedtmlas Det dai ncicrdh elbbuamedtmlasplhmey. Ygdt plhmey ms, ln elursc, sgdpci oy Elafrcss dai iccphy rlltci ma d prcncrcaec nlr elbpctmtmvc prlecsscsdai lutelbcs.).


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4=

hmecasc trdasncr prleccimaf bust nleus la trdasdetmla-spcemnmegdrbs (dai ocacnmts) dai ms alt da

lpca nlrub nlr dmrmaf prc-cxmstmaf imsputcs lr maiustry-wmic plhmey icodtcs, wgmeg drc octtcr

diircssci, ds dpprlprmdtc, ma scpdrdtc dijuimedtlry lr maiustry-wmic ruhcbd`maf prleccimafs.

4=

Ds sct nlrtg ma Ucetmla ^M ochlw, tgc trdasdetmla elbphmcs nuhhy wmtg tgc Elbbuamedtmlas

Det dai tgc Elbbmssmlas ruhcs. Ygus, tgc Elbbmssmlas tds` ma rcvmcwmaf tgms trdasdetmla ms tl

wcmfg tgc pltcatmdh puohme matcrcst ocacnmts dfdmast tgc pltcatmdh puohme matcrcst gdrbs. Ds

icblastrdtci ma Ucetmlas M^ dai ^, tgc prlplsci trdasdetmla wmhh fcacrdtc suostdatmdh puohme

matcrcst ocacnmts dai al puohme matcrcst gdrbs.?; Deelrimafhy, tgc Dpphmedats rcspcetnuhhy rcqucst

tgdt tgc Elbbmssmla dpprlvc tgc trdasdetmla dai frdat mts elascat tl tgc trdasncr ln elatrlh ln

YVEs hmecascs dai dutglrmzdtmlas tl Elbedst.

4= Ucc, c.f.,Dpphmedtmlas ln Echhel [sgmp i/o/d/ ^crmzla Vmrchcss & UpcetrubEl HHE dai Elx YBM, HHE nlrElascat tl Dssmfa DVU-4 Hmecascs, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr dai Icehdrdtlry _uhmaf, ?6 NEE _ei. 4;>=7 7= (?;4?) (Vc dhsl nmai tgdt day mssucs ln matcrlpcrdomhmty ma tgc Hlwcr 6;; BGz odai rdmsci oy elbbcatcrs drcalt trdasdetmla-rchdtci. Ygc matcrlpcrdomhmty mssucs ma tgc Hlwcr 6;; BGz odai hlaf prcidtc tgcsc trdasdetmlas.Nurtgcr, tgc Elbbmssmla gds dhrcdiy mamtmdtci d ruhcbd`maf prleccimaf cdrhmcr tgms ycdr tl diircss tgcsc mssucs la da

maiustry-wmic odsms.)0DY&Y-Ecatcaamdh Lricr 494(Vc nmai tgdt tgc prlplsci elaimtmlas prlgmomtmaf cxehusmvcgdaisct drrdafcbcats drc alt adrrlwhy tdmhlrci tl prcvcat d trdasdetmla-spcemnme gdrb, out dpphy orldihy derlss tgcmaiustry dai drc blrc dpprlprmdtc nlr d Elbbmssmla prleccimaf wgcrc dhh matcrcstci maiustry pdrtmcs gdvc dalpplrtuamty tl nmhc elbbcats. _ED nmhci d pctmtmla ds`maf tgc Elbbmssmla tl rcvmcw cxehusmvc gdaisct dfrccbcatsla da maiustry-wmic odsms, dai tgc Elbbmssmla wmhh oc dohc tl icvchlp d elbprcgcasmvc dpprldeg la gdaisctcxehusmvmty odsci la d nuhh rcelri ma tgdt prleccimaf.) (matcradh emtdtmlas lbmttci)0DY&Y-OchhUlutg Lricr 3>a.439 (Yl tgc cxtcat elbbcatcrs dhhcfc tgdt . . . elatrdets ln tgc typc usci oy DY&Y dai OchhUlutg drcdatmelbpctmtmvc ma fcacrdh, tgms ms alt d bcrfcr-spcemnme gdrb, out rdtgcr ms da mssuc tgdt gds occa rdmsci, dai ms octtcrdiircssci, ma tgc Elbbmssmlas pcaimaf spcemdh deecss ruhcbd`maf.)0Dpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl tgc Yrdasncr lnElatrlh ln Hmecascs dai Ucetmla ?49 Dutglrmzdtmlas oy Ymbc Vdracr Mae. dai Dbcrmed Lahmac, Mae., Yrdasncrlrs, tl

DLH Ymbc Vdracr Mae., Yrdasncrcc, Bcblrdaiub Lpmamla dai Lricr, 4> NEE _ei. >396 > (?;;4) (DLH-YmbcVdracr Lricr) (Mt ms mbplrtdat tl cbpgdsmzc tgdt tgc Elbbmssmlas rcvmcw nleuscs la tgc pltcatmdh nlr gdrbs daiocacnmts tl tgc plhmemcs dai lojcetmvcs ln tgc Elbbuamedtmlas Det tgdt nhlw nrlb tgc prlplsci trdasdetmla m.c.,

gdrbs dai ocacnmts tgdt drc bcrfcr-spcemnme. Ygc Elbbmssmla rcelfamzcs dai imselurdfcs tgc tcbptdtmla daitcaicaey nlr pdrtmcs tl usc tgc hmecasc trdasncr rcvmcw prleccimaf ds d nlrub tl diircss lr manhucaec vdrmlus imsputcswmtg lac lr tgc ltgcr ln tgc dpphmedats tgdt gdvc hmtthc mn day rchdtmlasgmp tl tgc trdasdetmla lr tl tgc plhmemcs dailojcetmvcs ln tgc Elbbuamedtmlas Det.).

?; Dpphmedats rcelfamzc tgdt tgc Elbbmssmla bust elaiuet mts lwa cvdhudtmla dai bd`c mts lwa juifbcat,dntcr gcdrmaf nrlb matcrcstci pdrtmcs. Dpphmedats wmhh ellpcrdtc ma tgdt prlecss dai mavmtc d elastruetmvc imdhlfuctgdt diircsscs day hcfmtmbdtc mssucs. Dt tgc sdbc tmbc, bcrfcr prleccimafs tll lntca drc usci oy vdrmlus pdrtmcs ds dnlrub tl divdaec mbdfmaci dai cvca elatrmvci frmcvdaecs, dai sueg tdetmes bust alt oc pcrbmttci tl lostruet lrichdy tgc Elbbmssmlas prlecsscs.


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?;

M^. YGC Y_DAUDEYMLA MU [_L-ELAUSBC_, [_L-ELB[CYMYM^C, DAI VMHHFCAC_DYC USOUYDAYMDH [SOHME MAYC_CUY OCACNMYU.

D. Lvcrvmcw4. Dpphmedats Elbpctc ma d Iyadbme, Cxpdaimaf, dai Gmfghy

Elbpctmtmvc Bdr`ctphdec.

Ygc elbomadtmla ln Elbedst dai YVE wmhh ercdtc d wlrhi-ehdss elbbuamedtmlas, bcimd,

dai tcegalhlfy elbpday smfamnmedathy octtcr plsmtmlaci tgda cmtgcr elbpday dhlac tl ormaf

elasubcrs tgc divdaeci scrvmecs tgcy wdat alw dai wmhh acci ma tgc nuturc dai tl `ccp Dbcrmed

dt tgc nlrcnrlat ln tcegalhlfy dai maalvdtmla.

Ygms ms al hlafcr tgc bcimd dai elbbuamedtmlas maiustry ln tgc 4==? Edohc Det lr tgc

4==> Ychcelbbuamedtmlas Det, lr cvca tgc maiustry tgdt tgc NEE dai datmtrust dfcaemcs dadhyzci

ma tgc Elbedst-DY&Y Orldiodai dai Dichpgmd bcrfcr prleccimafs lr ma tgc Elbedst-

AOESamvcrsdh trdasdetmla nlur ycdrs dfl. _dtgcr, mt ms d hdrfcr, blrc elbphcx, dai buhtmndectci

celsystcb, ma wgmeg da drrdy ln slpgmstmedtci elbpdamcs wmtg adtmladh lr cvca fhlodh nlltprmats

lnncr stmnn elbpctmtmla nlr dhh lr `cy elbplacats ln Elbedsts dai YVEs ousmacsscs.

Cstdohmsgci sdtchhmtc prlvmicrs drc cvlhvmaf, ds drc tgc bdjlr tchel elbpdamcs, wgmeg gdvc tgc

ocacnmt alt lahy ln rloust wmrchmac nlltprmats, out dhsl ln adtmladh wmrchcss phdtnlrbs. Ds

^crmzlas ENL rcecathy altci, Mb tgc nmntg hdrfcst edohc elbpday alw. M dhsl gdvc slbctgmaf

tgdt edohc ilcsat gdvc, wgmeg ms 4;; bmhhmla cycodhhs la wmrchcss icvmecs.?4 Maicci, ^crmzla

gds maimedtci tgdt mt matcais tl dii d wmrchcss vmicl prliuet tgdt eda ormaf ?9-glur hmacdr

?4 Nrda Ugdbbl, C^[ & ENL, ^crmzla, Icutsegc Oda` Bcimd, Matcract dai Ychcelb Elancrcaec, Yr. dt 43(Bdr. 4;, ?;49). DY&Ys ENL smbmhdrhy stdtci: PYRgc divdatdfc nlr us ms tgdt lpplrtuamty nlr lvcr-tgc-tlp nlr tgcwglhc >3 bmhhmla orldiodai elaacetmlas wc gdvc bdy oc sl dttrdetmvc tgdt mt dhhlws us tl sgmnt fcdrs lr td`c rms`swmtg rcfdri tl lur trdimtmladh suosermptmla blich la lur 3.9 bmhhmla eustlbcrs. Vcrc elbbmttci tl lur S-vcrscvmicl tgdts flac wchh, out wc il gdvc nhcxmomhmty ma lur spdec just ocedusc ln tgc dbluat ln orldiodai eustlbcrsdai elaacetmlas wc gdvc tgdt ilat gdvc d suosermptmla la mt tlidy. Jlga Utcpgcas, ENL, DY&Y, Mae., IcutsegcOda` Bcimd, Matcract & Ychcelb Elancrcaec, Yr. dt 44 (Bdr. 4?, ?;49).


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?4

prlfrdbbmaf tl wmrchcss icvmecs.?? Ylidy, Fllfhc maercdsmafhy elbpctcs ds d actwlr`, vmicl,

dai tcegalhlfy prlvmicr0 Dpphc tdohcts alw scrvc ds d vmcwmaf phdtnlrb nlr M[ edohc scrvmecs

cvca wgmhc Dpphc lnncrs da lahmac vmicl scrvmec, Dpphc Y^, dai cxphlrcs icvchlpbcat ln da

Dpphc sct-tlp olx0 Bmerlslnt just daaluaeci tgdt mt wmhh ncdturc dis la tgc Wolx Lac, ercdtmaf d

acw vmicl divcrtmsmaf phdtnlrb0 dai Dbdzla elatmaucs tl hcvcrdfc mts uacqudhci sdhcs phdtnlrb

dai ndbmhy ln elbpctmtmvc tdohcts tl prlbltc mts ourfclamaf [rmbc Mastdat ^micl ousmacss, dai

just hdst wcc` daaluaeci tgc rlhhlut ln mts lwa divdaeci vmicl sct-tlp olx.?5

Ma elatrdst tl dhh ln tgcsc elbpdamcs, oltg Elbedst dai YVE gdvc d blrc hmbmtci sedhc

dai selpc, ds rcnhcetci ma tgcmr rchdtmvc bdr`ct edpmtdhmzdtmlas dai rcvcaucs.

?? Nrda Ugdbbl, C^[ & ENL, ^crmzla, Icutsegc Oda` Bcimd, Matcract dai Ychcelb Elancrcaec, Yr. dt 43(Bdr. 4;, ?;49).

?5 UccFrcf Ocasmafcr & Ugdhmam _dbdegdairda,Dbdzla Savcmhs ^micl-Utrcdbmaf Icvmec Nmrc Y^, Vdhh Ut.J., Dpr. ?, ?;49, gttp://lahmac.wsj.elb/acws/drtmehcs/UO4;;;49?9;3?6;?5;99945;936=966?75597734799.

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Dpphc Fllfhc Bmerlslnt ^crmzla Ndecoll` Dbdzla DY&Y Elbedst YVE

Bdr`ctEdp($Omhmlas)

Bdr`ct Edpmtdhmzdtmla ln Uchcetci Edohc, Ychcelbbuamedtmlas, Elasubcr Chcetrlames

dai Ulemdh Bcimd Nmrbs

Ulurec: Fllfhc Nmadaec. Dhh nmfurcs ds ln ehlsc ln ousmacss la Ncorudry ?7, ?;49.


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??

Yl bcct tgcsc egdhhcafcs, Elbedst gds nuaidbcatdhhy trdasnlrbci mtschn lvcr tgc hdst

icedic nrlb d rcfmladh edohc elbpday tl d hcdimaf elbbuamedtmlas, bcimd, dai tcegalhlfy

elbpday. Oy mavcstmaf gcdvmhy ma tdhcat, rcscdreg dai icvchlpbcat, dai ma tgc manrdstrueturc

accici tl ndemhmtdtc ercdtmvmty dai mavcatmla, Elbedst gds ercdtci d euhturc ln maalvdtmla.

Elbedst alw cbphlys lvcr 4,;;; cafmaccrs dai icvchlpcrs, dai vmflrlushy elbpctcs nlr acw

cafmaccrmaf tdhcat wmtg tgc hm`cs ln Fllfhc, Dpphc, Ndecoll`, Actnhmx, Bmerlslnt, dai Ywmttcr.?9

Mts smafhc-bmaici nleus la cagdaemaf mts scrvmecs dai pursumaf maalvdtmla gdvc cdraci mt nmrst

phdec dblaf edohc dai sdtchhmtc prlvmicrs la Nlrtuac Bdfdzmacs hmst ln Vlrhis Blst Dibmrci

Elbpdamcs up nrlb tgmri phdec.?3

Ygc trdasdetmla wmhh cadohc tgc elbpday tl elatmauc tl bcct

tgc egdhhcafcs dgcdi ma tgms maercdsmafhy iyadbme, cxpdaimaf, dai elbpctmtmvc bdr`ctphdec, dai

tl casurc tgdt eustlbcrs cajly dhh tgc ocacnmts tgdt Elbedst dai YVE gdvc lnncrci tl idtc dai

stdai rcdiy tl icphly ma tgc nuturc.

?9 Elbedsts rcscdreg dai icvchlpbcat cnnlrts mavlhvc gmfghy-tdhcatci maimvmiudhs dt mts tcegalhlfy ecatcrsdrluai tgc eluatry, maehuimaf ma Ucdtthc, Umhmela ^dhhcy, Icavcr, Vdsgmaftla, IE, dai [gmhdichpgmd.

?3 Ucc Elbedst Blst Dibmrci Elbpdamcs, Nlrtuac, gttp://blacy.eaa.elb/bdfdzmacs/nlrtuac/blst-dibmrci/?;49/sadpsglts/3;53.gtbh (hdst vmsmtci Dpr. 9, ?;49).

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Dpphc DY&Y ^crmzla Bmerlslnt Dbdzla Elbedst Fllfhc YVE Ndecoll`

Daaudh_cvcauc($Omhmlas)

Daaudh _cvcauc ln Uchcetci Edohc, Ychcelbbuamedtmlas, Elasubcr Chcetrlames dai

Ulemdh Bcimd Nmrbs

?;45

Ulurec: Fllfhc Nmadaec. Dhh nmfurcs ds ln ehlsc ln ousmacss la Ncorudry ?7, ?;49.


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?5

?. Ygc @cy Celalbme Irmvcrs ln tgc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh [rliuecUuostdatmdh Ocacnmts.

Ds tgc dttdegci celalbme dadhyscs ln Irs. _lsstla dai Ylppcr dai Ir. Msrdch bd`c ehcdr,

d ncw plwcrnuh celalbme bcegdamsbs wmhh irmvc tgc elrc elbpctmtmvc ocacnmts nrlb tgc

trdasdetmla: (d) celalbmcs ln sedhc, (o) cxpdaici fclfrdpgme rcdeg, dai (e) sgdrmaf ln

tcegalhlfmcs dai scrvmecs.

Uedhc cnnmemcaemcs drc `cy. Ds Irs. _lsstla dai Ylppcr cxphdma: Uedhc eda bd`c tgc

imnncrcaec octwcca mavcstmaf ma d acw prliuet lr scrvmec dai alt mavcstmaf, dai mt eda deechcrdtc

tgc matrliuetmla ln prliuets, scrvmecs, dai actwlr` dai cqumpbcat cagdaecbcats.?>

Ir. Msrdch

ceglcs tgms dadhysms dai elaehusmla, altmaf tgdt PwRgca mavcstbcats gdvc tgc egdrdetcr tgdt

slbc lr dhh ln tgc elsts drc nmxci bcdamaf elsts tgdt il alt frlw ds tgc mavcstbcat ms

cxtcaici tl d hdrfcr sedhc (lr dt hcdst il alt frlw prlplrtmladhhy tl tgc maercdsc ma sedhc) tgca

frcdtcr sedhc wmhh hcdi tl frcdtcr rcvcauc wmtglut prlplrtmladhhy frcdtcr elsts. Ds d rcsuht, blrc

mavcstbcats wmhh bcct tgc gurihc rdtc dai tgus blrc mavcstbcats eda prlnmtdohy oc uaicrtd`ca,

maercdsmaf tgc nmrbs maecatmvc tl mavcst ma maalvdtmvc acw scrvmecs.?6 Ir. Msrdch dhsl cxphdmas

wgy sedhc ms da cvca blrc cnncetmvc irmvcr ln cnnmemcaemcs dai ocacnmts ma tgms trdasdetmla ma hmfgt

ln Elbedsts ousmacss blich:

Upcemnme ncdturcs ln Elbedsts ousmacss blich gcmfgtca tgc mavcstbcat daimaalvdtmla ocacnmts nrlb frcdtcr sedhc. Ma pdrtmeuhdr, Elbedst fcacrdhhy icphlysprliuets ma d rchdtmvchy glblfcaclus bdaacr tgrlufglut d rcfmla dai lntcatgrlufglut mts catmrc nlltprmat. Ygcrcnlrc, mt ms rchdtmvchy cdsy nlr Elbedst tlscrvc pltcatmdh acw eustlbcrs ma d elasmstcat bdaacr, dai tgcrc drc suostdatmdhsedhc celalbmcs ma scrvmaf da drcd wgcrc Elbedst gds da cxmstmaf phdat.?7

?> Icehdrdtmla ln Ir. Frcflry H. _lsstla dai Ir. Bmegdch I. Ylppcr (_lsstla/Ylppcr Iceh.) 4;, dttdegcids Cxgmomt 3.

?6 Icehdrdtmla ln Ir. Bdr` D. Msrdch (Msrdch Iceh.) 4;6, dttdegci ds Cxgmomt >.

?7 Mi. 4;7.


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?9

Ds sglwa dolvc, elbbuamedtmlas tcegalhlfmcs dai scrvmecs gdvc rdpmihy divdaeci, dai

tgc edohc maiustry gds oumht lut dai bdturci. Ma tgc eurrcat cavmrlabcat, nmxci elst mavcstbcats

ma icvchlpmaf acw dai elbpchhmaf imfmtdh tcegalhlfmcs gdvc ocelbc blrc mbplrtdat. Ds Irs.

_lsstla dai Ylppcr stdtc, smaec edohc lpcrdtlrs alw pdss tgc vdst bdjlrmty ln glbcs ma tgcmr

rcspcetmvc nrdaegmsc drcds, tgcy maercdsmafhy acci tl elbpctc nlr eustlbcrs wmtg sdtchhmtc

elbpdamcs, tchels, dai ltgcr imstrmoutlrs oy bd`maf mavcstbcats ma tgc icvchlpbcat ln acw

phdtnlrbs dai scrvmecs dai upfrdimaf tgcmr actwlr`s, dhh ln wgmeg gdvc hdrfc nmxci elsts.?=

Blrclvcr, cvca tglufg slbc tcegalhlfmcs wluhi stmhh oc icvchlpci frdiudhhy cvca oy

elbpdamcs wmtglut tgc ocacnmt ln hdrfcr sedhc, gdvmaf d hdrfcr sedhc eda deechcrdtc mavcstbcat ma

icvchlpbcat dai icphlybcat ln acw tcegalhlfy PdaiR . . . bdy bd`c mt prlnmtdohc tl gmrc blrc

icvchlpcrs dai cafmaccrs dai tgcrcoy degmcvc tgc sdbc tcegalhlfmedh mbprlvcbcat ma hcss

tmbc.5;

Ucelai, tgc cxpdaici fclfrdpgme rcdeg dai diimtmladh fclfrdpgme ehustcrmaf bdic

plssmohc oy d elbomadtmla ln nmrbs wmhh dhsl maercdsc tgc celalbme cnnmemcaemcs oy cagdaemaf tgc

domhmty ln tgc elbomaci catmty tl scrvc eustlbcrs wglsc accis spda tgc cxmstmaf fclfrdpgme

nlltprmats ln tgc twl nmrbs. Ma diimtmla, fclfrdpgme dffhlbcrdtmla eda hcdi tl lpcrdtmaf

cnnmemcaemcs dai tgc domhmty tl prlvmic gmfgcr qudhmty scrvmecs tl eustlbcrs ma ecrtdma fclfrdpgme

drcds.54

Ygmri, oy elbomamaf tgcmr plrtnlhmls ln prliuets dai scrvmecs, tgc elbpdamcs wmhh oc dohc

tl prlvmic blrc prliuets dai scrvmecs dt hlwcr elst tgda tgcy wluhi oc dohc tl il la tgcmr lwa.

Mt wmhh oc blrc cnnmemcat nlr Elbedst dai YVE tl prlvmic tgcsc scrvmecs ds d elbomaci elbpday

?= _lsstla/Ylppcr Iceh. 93.

5; Mi. 97.

54 Mi. 37.


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?3

ocedusc tgc twl nmrbs usc smbmhdr maputs ma ercdtmaf tgcsc scrvmecs. Ma diimtmla, cdeg elbpday

ormafs prlprmctdry tcegalhlfy dai spcemdhmzci `alwhcifc dolut prlvmimaf mts uamquc bmx ln

prliuets dai scrvmecs.

5?

Cdeg ln tgc nlrcflmaf celalbme odscs nlr cnnmemcaemcs dai syacrfmcs ms strlafhy prcscat ma

tgms trdasdetmla. Nlr cxdbphc, oy diimaf YVEs eustlbcrs dai bdr`cts, Elbedst wmhh cxpdai

mts vmicl suosermocr odsc oy 7 bmhhmla eustlbcrs (dntcr imvcstmaf 5 bmhhmla eustlbcrs), nlr d tltdh

ln dpprlxmbdtchy 5; bmhhmla vmicl suosermocrs ma tgc systcbs mt bdadfcs. Ygc maercbcatdh sedhc

wmhh prlbltc elatmauci maalvdtmla oy prlvmimaf d orldicr odsc ln eustlbcrs derlss wgmeg tl

sprcdi tgc gmfg nmxci elsts ln rcscdreg dai icvchlpbcat.

Blrclvcr, tgms maercdsci prcscaec wmhh prlvmic cqumpbcat bdaundeturcrs, dpp icvchlpcrs,

prlfrdbbcrs, dai ltgcr elbpdamcs wmtg maercdsci maecatmvc tl td`c egdaecs la acw tcegalhlfy

prljcets wmtg tgc elbomaci elbpday, dai tl il sl la rcdsladohc tcrbs. Nlr cxdbphc, mt ms ndr

cdsmcr tl dttrdet icvchlpcrs tl oumhi dpphmedtmlas nlr adtmladh lr fhlodh phdtnlrbs sueg ds Dpphc

Y^, Fllfhc, Bmerlslnt, dai Ulay, tgda tl ercdtc da dpp nlr d hmbmtci rcfmladh phdtnlrb lr tl

elavmaec d bdaundeturcr tl cboci d tdmhlrci ncdturc tgdt gds adtmlawmic dppcdh, tgda lac tgdt gds

hledhmzci, fclfrdpgmedhhy elastrdmaci dppcdh.55 Ma sglrt, hdrfcr sedhc dai selpc wmhh gchp tgc

elbomaci elbpday dttrdet blrc elhhdolrdtlrs dai pdrtacrs blrc cdsmhy tgrlufglut tgc

celsystcb.

Ygc Elbbmssmla gds prcvmlushy rcelfamzci tgdt sedhc eda oc da mbplrtdat irmvcr ln

maercdsci maalvdtmla dai elasubcr ocacnmts:

5? Ucc mi. >3->7.

55 Ucc mi. 3> (Ma diimtmla, tgc hdrfcr sedhc cadohci oy tgc trdasdetmla sgluhi bd`c tgc elbomaci elbpday dblrc dttrdetmvc pdrtacr nlr icvmec bdaundeturcrs scc`maf tl prlvmic dpps tl ichmvcr vmicl scrvmecs la d wmicr rdafcln tgmri-pdrty icvmecs dai tcegalhlfy nmrbs scc`maf tl ichmvcr vmicl tl elasubcrs ma acw, maalvdtmvc wdys. Gdvmafd hdrfcr pltcatmdh eustlbcr odsc bd`cs icvchlpmaf tgcsc dpps dai scrvmecs blrc ncdsmohc nlr Elbedst dai blrcdppcdhmaf nlr tgc pdrtacrmaf elbpday.).


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?>

Vc dhsl dfrcc wmtg tgc Dpphmedats tgdt tgc frcdtcr sedhc dai selpc ln tgc bcrfcicatmty ms hm`chy tl spur acw mavcstbcat. Ygc icvchlpbcat dai icphlybcat ln acwtcegalhlfmcs lntca catdmhs d smfamnmedat up-nrlat, nmxci mavcstbcat. Ygc bcrfcielbpday sgluhi gdvc d frcdtcr domhmty tl sprcdi tglsc nmxci elsts derlss d hdrfcr

eustlbcr odsc, wgmeg sgluhi ma tura nlstcr maecatmvcs nlr mavcstbcat oy tgcbcrfci catmty, ds wchh ds ltgcr ousmacsscs tgdt scc` tl schh cqumpbcat, tcegalhlfy,dai scrvmecs tl tgc bcrfci catmty.

59

Lac acci hll` al nurtgcr tgda wgdt Elbedst gds occa dohc tl deelbphmsg wmtg tgc sedhc mt fdmaci

nrlb tgc DY&Y Orldiodai dai Dichpgmd trdasdetmlas, wgmeg elatrmoutci smfamnmedathy tl tgc

tcegalhlfmedh maalvdtmla Elbedst gds dhrcdiy matrliueci. Vmtg frcdtcr sedhc ma d ndr blrc

icbdaimaf dai edpmtdh-matcasmvc bdr`ctphdec, d elbomaci Elbedst-YVE wmhh oc dohc tl irmvc

cvca blrc maalvdtmla dai elasubcr ocacnmts lvcr tgc acxt icedic dai ocylai.

Ygc trdasdetmla wmhh dhsl prlvmic tgc fclfrdpgme cnnmemcaemcs tgdt Irs. _lsstla, Ylppcr,

dai Msrdch icsermoc. [lst-trdasdetmla, Elbedst wmhh rcdeg diimtmladh bdr`cts ma wgmeg mt

prcvmlushy gdi hmbmtci lr al prcscaec (c.f., Acw ]lr` Emty, Hls Dafchcs, Idhhds/Nlrt Vlrtg).

Dai tgc trdasdetmla wmhh prlvmic Elbedst wmtg deecss tl scvcrdh bdr`cts tgdt drc ehustcrci acdr

mts cxmstmaf bdr`cts (c.f., Fclrfmd, Ulutg Edrlhmad, Alrtg Edrlhmad, dai ^mrfmamd). Ygms wmhh

dhhlw Elbedst tl blrc cnnmemcathy icphly dai upfrdic mts orldiodai ndemhmtmcs, oy pltcatmdhhy

mavcstmaf, nlr cxdbphc, ma acw Elavcrfci _cfmladh Deecss Actwlr`s (E_DAs) supplrtci oy

59 Elbedst-DY&Y Orldiodai Lricr 4790scc dhsl FB-Acws Elrp. Lricr 599 (Odsci la tgc cvmicaecprcscatci oy Dpphmedats, wc ochmcvc tgdt tgc trdasdetmla ms hm`chy tl cadohc tgc bcrfci catmty tl degmcvc ecrtdmacelalbmcs ln sedhc dai selpc, pdrtmeuhdrhy ma _&I, tgdt doscat tgc trdasdetmla tgc pdrtmcs maimvmiudhhy eluhi altgdvc degmcvci.)0DY&Y-OchhUlutg Lricr ?49 a.3=9 (Vc nmai . . . tgdt tgc maercdsc ma sedhc dai selpc drmsmaf nrlbtgc bcrfcr wmhh gchp tgc bcrfci catmty tl octtcr sprcdi tgc elsts ln, dai matcradhmzc tgc ocacnmts ln, mts _&I, tgusmaercdsmaf mts maecatmvcs tl mavcst.). Ygc ocacnmts nrlb sedhc ma tgc icvchlpbcat ln orldiodai Matcract deecss gdvcdhsl occa rcelfamzci oy tgc Datmtrust Imvmsmla ln tgc Icpdrtbcat ln Justmec. UccCx [drtc Uuobmssmla ln tgc S.U.Icpt ln Justmec, FA Ile`ct Al. ;=-34, dt ?=-5; (Jda. 9, ?;4;) (Ygcsc orldi fldhs drc ocst scrvci oy prlbltmafelbpctmtmla ma orldiodai bdr`cts. Ma prdetmec, tgms ilcs alt bcda strmvmaf nlr orldiodai bdr`cts tgdt hll` hm`ctcxtoll` bdr`cts ln pcrncet elbpctmtmla, wmtg bday prmec-td`maf nmrbs. Ygdt bdr`ct strueturc ms uasumtdohc nlr tgcprlvmsmla ln orldiodai scrvmecs, wgmeg mavlhvc vcry suostdatmdh nmxci dai sua` elsts. _dtgcr, prlbltmafelbpctmtmla ms hm`chy tl td`c tgc nlrb ln cadohmaf diimtmladh catry dai cxpdasmla oy wmrchcss orldiodai prlvmicrs,dpphymaf ltgcr dpprlprmdtc plhmey hcvcrs, dai spurrmaf elbpctmtmla dblaf orldiodai prlvmicrs oy mbprlvmaf tgcmanlrbdtmla dvdmhdohc tl elasubcrs dolut tgc scrvmec lnncrmafs ma tgcmr drcds.).


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?6

diimtmladh rcfmladh idtd ecatcrs da cxpcasc tgdt bmfgt alt gdvc occa justmnmci oy cmtgcr

elbpdays maimvmiudh actwlr` dsscts (lr eustlbcrs) ma d pdrtmeuhdr drcd.

Ds sct nlrtg ma tgc Icehdrdtmla ln Bmegdch J. Dafchd`ms, Elbedst ^mec Egdmrbda dai

Egmcn Nmadaemdh Lnnmecr, tgcsc celalbme irmvcrs wmhh prlvmic tgc elbomaci elbpday wmtg d

frcdtcr domhmty tl mavcst dai maalvdtc, alt lahy tl scrvc mts cxmstmaf eustlbcrs octtcr, out dhsl tl

rcsplai cnncetmvchy tl acw elbpctmtmvc iyadbmes.53 Ma diimtmla, tgc trdasdetmla sgluhi rcsuht ma

elst sdvmafs dai ltgcr syacrfmcs wlrtg dpprlxmbdtchy $4.3 omhhmla ma maercdsci cdramafs ocnlrc

matcrcst, tdxcs, icprcemdtmla, dai dblrtmzdtmla, wmtgma tgrcc ycdrs, dai rceurrmaf cvcry ycdr

tgcrcdntcr.5>

Ygms ms d elascrvdtmvc cstmbdtc dai ilcs alt td`c matl deeluat nuturc rcvcauc-

fcacrdtmaf lpplrtuamtmcs.56

Ygcsc sdvmafs wmhh prlvmic tgc elbomaci elbpday diimtmladh wgcrcwmtgdh tl mavcst

derlss mts imvcrsc prliuets dai scrvmecs, maehuimaf ma vmicl, ousmacss scrvmecs, dai vlmec. Out

alwgcrc chsc wmhh tgcsc sdvmafs trdashdtc matl blrc rcacwci mavcstbcat tgda ma tgc edpmtdh-

matcasmvc drcd ln orldiodai.

57

Ds celalbmst Cv Cgrhmeg gds dpthy loscrvci, Elbedsts

lnncrmafs wmhh alt lahy mbprlvc scrvmec tl YVEs eustlbcrs, out mt wmhh bd`c tgc elbomaci

elbpday d octtcr elbpctmtlr dai maalvdtlr ma tgc elbpctmtmvc edfc bdteg ma wgmeg prlvmicrs ln

elaacetmvmty, icvmecs, dpps, scrvmecs dai elatcat nmfgt nlr d sgdrc ln tgc vdhuc tgc orldiodai

wlrhi ercdtcs.5=

53 Icehdrdtmla ln Bmegdch J. Dafchd`ms (Dafchd`ms Iceh.) 4?-45.

5> Mi. >. Ygc trdasdetmla ms dhsl cxpcetci tl rcsuht ma dpprlxmbdtchy $9;; bmhhmla ma edpmtdh cxpcasccnnmemcaemcs. Ucc mi. 7.

56 Mi. =.

57 Mi. ?4-?3.

5= Cv Cgrhmeg, Vgl Glhis tgc Edris Lahmac, Uda Jlsc Bcreury Acws, Bdr. 6, ?;49, dvdmhdohc dtgttp://www.bcreuryacws.elb/lpmamla/em\?3?=4677/cv-cgrhmeg-wgl-glhis-edris-lahmac (edheuhdtmaf tgdt PtRgc(dvcrdfc wcmfgtci) rdtc ln prlnmt la sdhcs nlr prlvmicrs ms 5.6 pcrecat, vcrsus ?9.9 pcrecat nlr rcsmicrs).


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?7

Vgmhc YVE daaluaeci cdrhmcr tgms ycdr d buhtm-ycdr phda tl upfrdic mts actwlr` dai

cagdaec mts scrvmecs,9;

Elbedsts strlafcr odhdaec sgcct, tlfctgcr wmtg cnnmemcaemcs fcacrdtci oy

tgc trdasdetmla, dai Elbedsts cxpcrmcaec ma elavcrtmaf mts lwa phdat tl dhh-imfmtdh lvcr d

elbprcssci tmbc nrdbc, wmhh casurc tgdt tgc elbomaci elbpday ms octtcr plsmtmlaci tl cnnmemcathy

dai cxpcimtmlushy upfrdic tgc YVE systcbs, dai wmtg bmambub imsruptmla tl tgc eustlbcr

cxpcrmcaec. Dai Elbedst ms elbbmttci tl diimaf suostdatmdh maercbcatdh mavcstbcats tl wgdt

YVE gdi phdaaci nlr orldiodai upfrdics dai cagdaecbcats lvcr tgc acxt tgrcc ycdrs.

Ds ictdmhci ochlw, tgc dolvc-icsermoci cnnmemcaemcs dai syacrfmcs ln tgms trdasdetmla drc

alt just tgclrctmedh. _dtgcr, Elbedst ms elbbmttci tl puttmaf tgcb tl wlr tl nlrfc d ndstcr pdtg

tl dhh-imfmtdh systcbs, gmfgcr orldiodai spccis, blrc divdaeci vmicl dai vlmec scrvmecs, d blrc

sceurc actwlr`, octtcr systcb rchmdomhmty, dai ltgcr ocacnmts tl elasubcrs, ousmacsscs, dai tgc

puohme matcrcst fcacrdhhy. Ygc trdasdetmla wmhh dhsl cxtcai d vdrmcty ln ltgcr puohme matcrcst

ocacnmts tl tgc YVE bdr`cts, maehuimaf elaimtmlas dai elbbmtbcats rcsuhtmaf nrlb tgc

AOESamvcrsdh trdasdetmla, ds wchh ds Elbedsts iccp elbbmtbcat tl orldiodai dilptmla,

imvcrsmty, deecssmomhmty, dai eyocrsceurmty. Ygms drrdy ln ocacnmts wluhi alt oc degmcvci ds

cxpdasmvchy lr ds qume`hy wmtglut tgc trdasdetmla.

O. Elasubcrs Vmhh Ocacnmt Imrcethy nrlb Divdaecs ma Orldiodai, ^miclYcegalhlfmcs, Imfmtdh ^lmec, dai Ltgcr Maalvdtmlas tl _csmicatmdh Ucrvmecs.

4. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Deechcrdtc Orldiodai Icphlybcat, MaercdscOrldiodai Elbpctmtmla dai Maalvdtmla, dai Cxpdai Orldiodai

Dilptmla.

[rcsmicat Lodbd gds icsermoci orldiodai ds csscatmdh tl tgc Adtmlas fhlodh

elbpctmtmvcacss ma tgc ?4st ecatury, irmvmaf jlo ercdtmla, prlbltmaf maalvdtmla, dai cxpdaimaf

9; Bm`c Ndrrchh, YVE Savcmhs Ygrcc-]cdr Lps [hda, Buhtmegdaach Acws, Jda. 5;, ?;49, dvdmhdohc dtgttp://www.buhtmegdaach.elb/edohc-lpcrdtlrs/twe-uavcmhs-tgrcc-ycdr-lps-phda/496===.


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bdr`cts nlr Dbcrmeda ousmacsscs.94 NEE Egdmrbda Vgcchcr smbmhdrhy gds sdmi tgdt

PoRrldiodai actwlr`s drc csscatmdh tl lur adtmladh wchh-ocmaf d vmcw cbordeci oy gms nchhlw

elbbmssmlacrs.

9?

Dai oltg tgc [rcsmicat dai Egdmrbda gdvc cbpgdsmzci tgc ocacnmts tgdt tgc

prltcetmlas ln tgc Lpca Matcract ruhcs prlvmic nlr orldiodai icphlybcat, dilptmla, mavcstbcat,

dai maalvdtmla. Elbedst dai YVE gdvc mavcstci omhhmlas ln ilhhdrs tl oumhi orldiodai

actwlr`s tgdt drc csscatmdh tl lur adtmladh wchh-ocmaf dai tgc Adtmlas fhlodh elbpctmtmvcacss

ma tgc ?4stecatury. Out tgc diimtmladh mavcstbcats dai maalvdtmlas tgdt drc accici alw tl

ichmvcr tgc scrvmecs elasubcrs icbdai dai acci wmhh oc blrc rdpmihy, cnncetmvchy, dai cnnmemcathy

degmcvci oy tgc elbomaci elbpday tgda cmtgcr elbpday eluhi degmcvc dhlac.

d. Ygc Yrdasdetmla Vmhh Gchp Nuhnmhh tgc Fldh ln Frcdtcr Icphlybcatln Cvca Octtcr Orldiodai Ucrvmec nlr Blrc Dbcrmedas.

Ma 4==>, Elafrcss mastruetci tgc Elbbmssmla tl caelurdfc tgc icphlybcat la d

rcdsladohc dai tmbchy odsms ln divdaeci tchcelbbuamedtmlas edpdomhmty Pm.c., orldiodaiR tl dhh

Dbcrmedas.95

Elafrcss dutglrmzci tgc Elbbmssmla tl deechcrdtc icphlybcat ln sueg

94 Cxce. Lricr Al. 45>4> (Juac 49, ?;4?), dvdmhdohc dtgttp://www.wgmtcglusc.flv/tgc-prcss-lnnmec/?;4?/;>/49/cxceutmvc-lricr-deechcrdtmaf-orldiodai-manrdstrueturc-icphlybcat0scc dhslLnnmec ln tgc [rcssUcerctdry, Utdtcbcat nrlb tgc [rcsmicat la tgc Adtmladh Orldiodai [hda (Bdr. 4>, ?;4;), dvdmhdohc dtgttp://www.wgmtcglusc.flv/tgc-prcss-lnnmec/stdtcbcat-prcsmicat-adtmladh-orldiodai-phda (Dbcrmed tlidy ms la tgcvcrfc ln d orldiodai-irmvca Matcract crd tgdt wmhh uahcdsg maalvdtmla, ercdtc acw jlos dai maiustrmcs, prlvmicelasubcrs wmtg acw plwcrnuh slurecs ln manlrbdtmla, cagdaec Dbcrmeda sdncty dai sceurmty, dai elaacetelbbuamtmcs ma wdys tgdt strcaftgca lur icblerdey. . . . Cxpdaimaf orldiodai derlss tgc adtmla wmhh oumhi dnluaidtmla ln sustdmaci celalbme frlwtg dai tgc wmichy sgdrci prlspcrmty wc dhh scc`.).

9? [rcpdrci _cbdr`s ln Ylb Vgcchcr, Egdmrbda, NEE, dt tgc Elbputcr Gmstlry Buscub, Bluatdma ^mcw,ED (Jda. =, ?;49), dvdmhdohc dt gttp://www.nee.flv/ileubcat/nee-egdmrbda-tlb-wgcchcr-rcbdr`s-elbputcr-gmstlry-buscub. Elbbmssmlacr Jcssmed _lscawlrech loscrvci tgdt PaRl bdttcr wgl ylu drc lr wgcrc ylu hmvc, prlspcrmty

ma tgc twcaty-nmrst ecatury wmhh rcqumrc deecss tl orldiodai. Utdtcbcat ln Elbbmssmlacr Jcssmed _lscawlrech,Uuoelbbmttcc la Elbbuamedtmlas dai Ycegalhlfy, Lvcrsmfgt ln tgc Ncicrdh Elbbuamedtmlas Elbbmssmla (Juhy4;, ?;4?), dvdmhdohc dtgttp://grduanlss.nee.flv/ciles\puohme/dttdegbdteg/ILE-543;66D4.pin. _celfamzmaf tgctrdasnlrbdtmvc mbpdet ln orldiodai, Elbbmssmlacr Djmt [dm gds smbmhdrhy loscrvci tgdt, PaRcxt-fcacrdtmlaactwlr`s eluhi rcvlhutmlamzc cvcrytgmaf nrlb gcdhtg edrc tl ciuedtmla dai wmhh dhsl dhhlw lur ousmacsscs tlocelbc blrc prliuetmvc, dai lur eluatry tl ocelbc blrc elbpctmtmvc ma tgc fhlodh celalby. _cbdr`s ln NEEElbbmssmlacr Djmt [dm, Hll`maf Ode` dai Hll`maf Dgcdi: Ygc NEE dai tgc [dtg tl tgc Imfmtdh Celalby (Juhy ?3,?;45), dvdmhdohc dtgttp://grduanlss.nee.flv/ciles\puohme/dttdegbdteg/ILE-5??579D4.pin.

95 96 S.U.E. 45;?(d).


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rcsmicatmdh orldiodai spcci maercdsmaf blrc tgda 5;-nlhi smaec just nmvc ycdrs dfl.96 Iuc tl mts

pdst dai laflmaf mavcstbcats ma actwlr` manrdstrueturc, Elbedst wmhh gdvc tgc actwlr` edpdemty

tl elatmauc tl maercdsc spccis lvcr tmbc.

;

4;;

?;;

5;;

9;;

3;;

?;;??;;5

?;;9?;;3

?;;>?;;6

?;;7?;;=

?;4;?;44

?;4??;45

?;49

4.3 5 9 > > > 4? 4?4? 43

43 ?; ?3

7 7 7 4> 4> ?; ?33;

3; 3;

4;3 4;3 4;3 4;3 4;3

5;3

3;3 3;3

Bops

[crnlrbdaec Ohdst Cxtrcbc Cxtrcbc 5;3 / 3;3

WNMAMY] Matcract Upccis ?;;? ?;49:Maercdsci Upccis 4? Ymbcs ma 4? ]cdrs

Ygms ms al deemicat: Ygc elbpday ms pgmhlslpgmedhhy elbbmttci tl bd`maf tgc

mavcstbcats acecssdry tl casurc tgdt mts actwlr` ms alt lahy rloust nlr tlidys accis out edpdohc

ln cvlhvmaf tl bcct tlblrrlws elasubcr dai ousmacss icbdai. Lvcr lac-tgmri ln Elbedst

eustlbcrs drc la spcci tmcrs wmtg spccis ln 3; Bops/4; Bops lr blrc. Blrc fcacrdhhy,

96 Ds orldiodai spccis gdvc maercdsci dfdma dai dfdma dai dfdma, Elbedst gds elasmstcathy rciueci tgcdvcrdfc prmec Elbedsts eustlbcrs pdy la d pcr-Bcfdomt odsms.


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53

cadohc Elbedst tl ormaf EED[-cadohci Edohc Blicb Ycrbmadtmla Uystcbs (EBYUcs) tl dhh

ln YVEs eustlbcrs, dai blrc qume`hy tgda YVE eluhi dhlac.

ILEUMU 5.4. Ygc EED[ tcegalhlfy upfrdics, ma tura, wmhh ndemhmtdtc tgc icphlybcat ln

tgc acxt fcacrdtmla ln edohc blicb tcegalhlfy ILEUMU 5.4 wgmeg Elbedst cxpcets tl stdrt

icphlymaf slla dntcr tgc cxpcetci nmadhmzdtmla ln tgc spcemnmedtmlas ma ?;43 (dssubmaf cqumpbcat

dvdmhdomhmty), dgcdi ln day ltgcr orldiodai prlvmicr. ILEUMU 5.4 tcegalhlfy wmhh oc edpdohc ln

ichmvcrmaf spccis ln scvcrdh Fmfdomts pcr scelai. Ygms ms tgc blst celalbmedhhy sedhdohc

orldiodai dregmtceturc ma tgc bdr`ctphdec, dai mt wmhh td`c divdatdfc ln Elbedsts (dai, wmtg

tgms trdasdetmla, YVEs) suostdatmdh manrdstrueturc mavcstbcats lvcr tgc pdst icedic. Ygc

orldicr sedhc dnnlrici oy tgc hdrfcr elbomaci elbpday wmhh bcda tgdt uhtrd-ndst orldiodai

edpdomhmty bdic plssmohc oy ILEUMU 5.4 wmhh oc icphlyci alt lahy blrc qume`hy tl tgc dequmrci

YVE systcbs tgda mt wluhi oc ltgcrwmsc, out dhsl la d blrc elst-cnnmemcat odsms derlss tgc

elbomaci elbpdays nlltprmat.33

Ds mt phdas nlr tgc ILEUMU 5.4 rlhhlut, Elbedst elatmaucs tl maalvdtc. Hdst ycdr, nlr

cxdbphc, Elbedst icblastrdtci tgdt mts actwlr` ms edpdohc ln ichmvcrmaf 5 Fops ilwastrcdb.3>

Mt dhsl sueecssnuhhy trmdhci tgc nmrst 4 Ycrdomtelaacetmla la d plrtmla ln mts actwlr` nrlb

Dsgoura, ^D tl Egdrhlttc, AE.36

Ygms ms ochmcvci tl oc tgc nmrst trmdh ma wgmeg hmvc idtd trdnnme

wds edrrmci dt tgms spcci la da cxmstmaf, elbbcremdh actwlr`.37 Dpprlvdh ln tgc trdasdetmla wmhh

33 Mi. ?5-?9.

3> Ucc[rcss _chcdsc, Elbedst Elrp., Ygc Nuturc ln Orldiodai Upcci dai 9@ Shtrd GI ^micl(Juac 44, ?;45), gttp://elrplrdtc.elbedst.elb/acws-manlrbdtmla/acws-ncci/elbedst-icblastrdtcs-tgc-nuturc-ln-orldiodai-spcci-dai-9`-uhtrd-gi-vmicl.

36 Ucc [rcss _chcdsc, Emcad Elrp., Elbedst Elaiuets Maiustrys Nmrst Hmvc 4 Ycrdomt Actwlr` Yrmdh wmtgEmcads >3;; Elavcrfci [de`ct Lptmedh Ulhutmla (Let. ??, ?;45), gttp://www.emcad.elb/dolut/acwsrllb/prcss-rchcdscs/Elbedst-Elaiuets-Maiustrys-Nmrst-Hmvc-4Ycrdomt-Actwlr`-Yrmdh-wmtg-Emcads->3;;-Elavcrfci-[de`ct-Lptmedh-Ulhutmla.gtbh.

37 Mi.


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dhhlw YVE eustlbcrs tl ocacnmt nrlb Elbedsts mavcstbcats dai euhturc ln maalvdtmla dai

cxpcrmbcatdtmla.

Odeòlac Mavcstbcats. Ygc sedhc dai fclfrdpgme cnnmemcaemcs ercdtci oy tgc trdasdetmla

wmhh ndemhmtdtc Elbedsts elatmauci mavcstbcat ma dai icphlybcat ln mts odeòlac dai idr` nmocr

actwlr`, dai bdy cvca deechcrdtc tgcsc cnnlrts. Elbedst dai YVE gdvc maicpcaicathy

icvchlpci tgcmr lwa adtmladh elrc odeòlac manrdstrueturc. Oy elbomamaf tgc elbpdamcs elrc

actwlr`s, tgc trdasdetmla wmhh hcdi tl diimtmladh maalvdtmlas drluai edpdemty dai dregmtceturc tgdt

wmhh dhhlw Elbedst tl rcdeg blrc elbbcremdh eustlbcrs la d smafhc actwlr` wmtg pltcatmdhhy

rciueci hdtcaey nlr adtmladh catcrprmsc eustlbcrs.3=

Ygc diimtmladh sedhc ndemhmtdtci oy tgc

bcrfcr bdy deechcrdtc Elbedsts elatcbphdtci upfrdics tl mts adtmladh odeòlac manrdstrueturc.

Blrclvcr, wgcrc Elbedst gds systcbs ma fclfrdpgme prlxmbmty tl tglsc ln YVE systcbs, tgc

trdasdetmla sgluhi bd`c mt prlnmtdohc nlr Elbedst tl mavcst ma acw E_DAs supplrtci oy acw

rcfmladh idtd ecatcrs.>; Uueg mavcstbcats wluhi mbprlvc tgc qudhmty ln tgc actwlr` tl tgc

ocacnmt ln rcsmicatmdh dai ousmacss eustlbcrs, ds wchh ds cifc prlvmicrs, tgrlufg, dblaf ltgcr

tgmafs, mbprlvci sedhdomhmty dai rcsmhmcaey ln tgc actwlr`, hlwcr hdtcaey tgrlufg tgc icphlybcat

ln blrc nmocr, dai maercdsci plmats ln matcrelaacetmla.>4

Or ldiodai [rlbmscs Bdic, [rlbmscs @cpt. Ma mts prmlr trdasdetmlas wmtg DY&Y

Orldiodai dai Dichpgmd, Elbedst cxphdmaci glw tgc maercdsci sedhc dai syacrfmcs bdic

plssmohc oy tglsc bcrfcrs wluhi hcdi tl suostdatmdh elasubcr ocacnmts ma tcrbs ln deechcrdtci

icphlybcat ln divdaeci imfmtdh scrvmecs dai maercdsci actwlr` mavcstbcat, dblaf ltgcr tgmafs.

3= Msrdch Iceh. 476.

>; Mi. 4770 _lsstla/Ylppcr Iceh. >;.

>4 Msrdch Iceh. 47=0 _lsstla/Ylppcr Iceh. 4;4 a.=7.


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Ygc Elbbmssmla rcelfamzci tglsc ocacnmts dai dpprlvci oltg trdasdetmlas,>?dai Elbedst

nlhhlwci tgrlufg la cdeg ln mts mavcstbcat dai icphlybcat elbbmtbcats, lntca cxeccimaf tgcb.

Nlr cxdbphc, dntcr tgc Elbbmssmla dpprlvci mts dequmsmtmla ln DY&Y Orldiodai dt tgc

cai ln ?;;?, Elbedst mavcstci lvcr $7 omhhmla ma edpmtdh mbprlvcbcats tl upfrdic mts edohc

systcbs dai oumhi lut d rcelri 35,;;; bmhcs ln nmocr iurmaf ?;;9. Alt lahy imi Elbedst bcct

cvcry upfrdic tdrfct, out mt dhsl cxeccici mts dhrcdiy dffrcssmvc elastruetmla phdas oy lvcr 43

pcrecat, tgus casurmaf tgdt == pcrecat ln mts eustlbcrs gdi deecss tl d twl-wdy orldiodai

actwlr`.>5 Dntcr mts dequmsmtmla ln eustlbcrs nrlb Dichpgmd, Elbedst mavcstci omhhmlas tl ormaf

tgc systcbs mt dequmrci up tl Elbedsts stdaidris, dai imi sl ma rcelri tmbc. Umaec tgca,

Elbedst gds elatmauci tl trdasnlrb mts actwlr` dfdma dai dfdma. Ygms ms mts blius lpcrdaimdai

mts rcputdtmla, dai mt wmhh il tgc sdbc ma YVE drcds.

>? Ucc, c.f., Elbedst-DY&Y Orldiodai Lricr 475 (Vc dfrcc wmtg Dpphmedats tgdt tgc bcrfci catmty ms

hm`chy tl deechcrdtc tgc icphlybcat ln orldiodai scrvmecs ma DY&Y scrvmec drcds. . . . Elbedst dppcdrs tl gdvc dfrcdtcr domhmty tl bdadfc da deechcrdtci prlfrdb nlr upfrdimaf mts phdat wgmhc bdmatdmamaf mts lpcrdtmaf bdrfmas.Vc ochmcvc tgdt dpphymaf tgms cxpcrtmsc tl tgc DY&Y edohc systcbs ms hm`chy tl gdvc d plsmtmvc mbpdet la tgcicphlybcat ln orldiodai tl DY&Y suosermocrs tgdt eurrcathy il alt gdvc deecss tl tglsc scrvmecs.) (emtdtmlalbmttci). Elbedst dai YVE cdeg icblastrdtci tgms tl tgc Elbbmssmla ma ?;;>. Ucc Dichpgmd Lricr ?3> (PVRcnmai mt blrc hm`chy tgda alt tgdt tgc prlplsci trdasdetmlas wmhh gdvc d plsmtmvc mbpdet la tgc icphlybcat ln ecrtdmadivdaeci scrvmecs tl Dichpgmd suosermocrs.)0 mi. ?36 (Vc dhsl nmai mt hm`chy tgdt Elbedst dai Ymbc Vdracr wmhhmbprlvc tgc qudhmty dai dvdmhdomhmty ln divdaeci scrvmecs la Dichpgmds systcbs dai tgdt Dichpgmd suosermocrs wmhhocacnmt nrlb tgc trdasdetmlas ma tgms rcfdri. Elbedsts dai Ymbc Vdracrs tmbchy icphlybcat ln divdaeci scrvmecsla tgcmr lwa systcbs, cspcemdhhy tglsc systcbs tgdt Elbedst dequmrci nrlb DY&Y Orldiodai, suffcsts tgdt tgcywmhh nurtgcr icphly divdaeci vmicl scrvmecs, ndemhmtmcs-odsci tchcpglay scrvmec, dai gmfg-spcci Matcract scrvmec laDichpgmds systcbs. Vc dhsl nmai tgdt tgc Dpphmedats gdvc prlvmici sunnmemcat manlrbdtmla tl elaehuic tgdt tgcupfrdics hm`chy wmhh leeur ma tgc acdr nuturc.).

>5 UccDpphmedtmlas nlr Elascat tl tgc Dssmfabcat dai/lr Yrdasncr ln Elatrlh ln Hmecascs nrlb DichpgmdElbbeas Elrp. (dai Uuosmimdrmcs, Icotlrs-Ma-[lsscssmla), Dssmfalrs, tl Ymbc Vdracr Edohc Mae. (Uuosmimdrmcs),

Dssmfaccs, Dichpgmd Elbbeas Elrp., (dai Uuosmimdrmcs, Icotlrs-Ma-[lsscssmla), Dssmfalrs dai Yrdasncrlrs, tl

Elbedst Elrp. (Uuosmimdrmcs), Dssmfaccs dai Yrdasncrccs, Dpphmedtmlas dai [uohme Matcrcst Utdtcbcat ln DichpgmdElbbeas Elrp., Elbedst Elrp., dai Ymbc Vdracr Mae., BO Ile`ct Al. ;3-4=?, dt 55 (Bdy 47, ?;;3). Marcelfamtmla ln tgcsc dai ltgcr degmcvcbcats, Elbedst wds adbci Lpcrdtlr ln tgc ]cdr oy Buhtmegdaach Acws ma?;;5. Bm`c Ndrrchh,Omffcr. Octtcr, Buhtmegdaach Acws, Ucpt. ?7, ?;;5, dvdmhdohc dtgttp://omt.hy/4h;rqE> (altmaftgdt, wmtg rcspcet tl tgc upfrdic ln tgc nlrbcr DY&Y systcbs, Elbedst lutpcrnlrbci cvca mts lwa stdtcicxpcetdtmlas).


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Elbedst gds hci tgc maiustry alt just tgc edohc maiustry, out dhh orldiodai prlvmicrs

ma rlhhmaf lut ma-glbc Vm-Nm fdtcwdys tgdt fmvc eustlbcrs tgc adtmlas ndstcst wmrchcss spccis

dai cxechhcat pcrnlrbdaec lvcr tgcmr glbc wmrchcss actwlr` (tgcsc fdtcwdys drc edpdohc ln

spccis ln up tl ?6; Bops ds elbpdrci tl spccis ln 73 Bops nrlb tgc prmlr fcacrdtmla

icvmecs).>6 Elbedst gds dhrcdiy icphlyci tgcsc fdtcwdys tl dpprlxmbdtchy cmfgt bmhhmla

gluscglhis, wgcrc elasubcrs alw cajly ndstcr spccis dai octtcr pcrnlrbdaec lvcr tgcmr glbc

wmrchcss actwlr`.>7

Ma elatrdst, YVE lahy rcecathy daaluaeci phdas tl ocfma icphlymaf

divdaeci ma-glbc Vm-Nm fdtcwdys. Ygms, ma pdrt, rcnhcets tgc ndet tgdt sedhc ms mbplrtdat ma

puregdsmaf dai icphlymaf sueg cqumpbcat dai cvca blrc sl nlr mavcstmaf ma tgc acxt

fcacrdtmla ln tgc tcegalhlfy. Ul tgc trdasdetmla wmhh alt lahy casurc tgdt YVE eustlbcrs cajly

deecss tl tlidys ocst fdtcwdy icvmecs, out wmhh gchp plsmtmla tgc elbpday tl lnncr dhh mts

eustlbcrs tlblrrlws upfrdics.>=

Ygc suostdatmdh orldiodai manrdstrueturc mavcstbcat bdic plssmohc oy tgms trdasdetmla

wmhh dhsl hcdi tl frcdtcr deecss tl bday blrcpuohmeVm-Nm gltsplts tl qudhmnmci Wnmamty

eustlbcrs d suostdatmdh elasubcr ocacnmt.6;

D Vm-Nm actwlr` ocelbcs bueg blrc vdhudohc ds

mts elvcrdfc ocelbcs blrc uomqumtlus.64 Elbedst gds bdic Vm-Nm icphlybcat d ecatrdh nleus

ln mts mavcstbcat dai scrvmec strdtcfy dai ms ma tgc prlecss ln oumhimaf lac ln tgc hdrfcst dai blst

>6 Ucc_lo Uhma`dri,Acwcst Wnmamty Vmrchcss Fdtcwdy [lwcrs Elaacetci Glbc wmtg tgc Ndstcst VmNm ma tgcAdtmla, Elbedst ^lmecs (Dpr. ?>, ?;45), gttp://elrplrdtc.elbedst.elb/elbedst-vlmecs/acwcst-xnmamty-wmrchcss-fdtcwdy-plwcrs-elaacetci-glbc-wmtg-ndstcst-wmnm-ma-tgc-adtmla.

>7

Ucc mi.>= Ds Irs. _lsstla dai Ylppcr cxphdma, lac sueg cxdbphc ln maalvdtmla d

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