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combining scientific excellence with commercial relevance
Salinity Gradient Power
Joost Veerman
NHL
November 26, 2009
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Joost Veerman Wetsus, Leeuwarden
salt + fresh brackish + energy
Salinity Gradient Power
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1. Introduction 15 min - SPP, principles - Demo’s 2. Short Quiz 5 min 3. SGP in practice 10 min - power, efficiency and power density - ideas 4. Assignment comparison renewable en. sources 10 min 5. Evaluation 10 min 6. Movie RED 10 min
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Afsluitdijk
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Afsluitdijk
finished 1933lenght 30 km
width 90 mheight 250 m
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250 m ?
Sea: 30 g/L = 0.5 mol/L = 500 mol/m3 ( NaCl)
V = nRT (van ‘t Hoff, 1885) nRT 500*2*8.34*293 = --------- = ---------------------- = 25*105 Pa V 1
= 25 Bar = 250 m H2O
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What is Blue Energy?
transport
precipitation
river discharge
evaporation
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transport
precipitation
river discharge
evaporation
SGP
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Osmotische druk
Rivier Zee
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Exergy
theoretical
1 m3 river + 1 m3 sea 1.7 MJ
1m3 river + ∞ m3 sea 2.6 MJ
practical
1 m3 river + 1 m3 sea 1.0 MJ
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How to milk the cow?
Methods for generating
SGP = Salinity Gradient Power)
1) RED = Reverse Electro Dialysis
2) PRO = Pressure Retarded Osmosis
3) VPDU = Vapor Pressure Utilization
4) Salinity shrinking ( Katchalsky )
5) Other
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RED-2
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RED-2
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PRO-1
Statkraft
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PRO-2
Tomas Harrysson et al.Statkraft
18R.S. Norman, Science 134 (1974) 350-352
PRO-1
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VPDU-1
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VPDU-2
M. Olsson SCIENCE, VOL. 206, 26 OCTOBER 1979
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Katchalsky
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Quiz
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Q 1
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A 1
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Q 1
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A 2
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Q 3
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A 3
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heat + salt + sweet brackish + energy
Energy content of river water
in relation to diesel oil:
1 - 100 times less
100 - 10 000 times less
10 000 - 100 000 times less
Q 4Energy density
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Energy density
• Annihilation ( e- + e+ ) 1011 MJ/kg• Nuclear energy 108 ,,• Diesel 40 ,,• Blue Energy (riv.+ sea) 0.002 ,, • Sewage water (BOD) ca. 0.002 ,,
A 5
1 - 100 times less1 - 100 times less 100 - 10 000 times less100 - 10 000 times less
10 000 – 100 000 times less
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If the sea should contain sugar
instead of salt,
which technique should be useless: • RED • PRO • VPDU
Q-5
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A-5
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Katchalsky
The belt is turning……
Clockswise AnticlockwiseNot at all
Q 6
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Katchalsky A 6 Katchalsky A6
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Worldwide potential
Continent Number of rivers
Total discharge (m3/s)
Total power (GW)
Africa 513 170 134 310
Asia 1308 215 318 338
Australia 275 15 811 30
Europe 767 66 308 91
NorthAmerica
2000 190 457 319
Oceania 529 147 888 275
Oceans 11 792 1
SouthAmerica
439 319 597 314
SUM 1 126 305 1 680
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Worldwide potential
Continent Number of rivers
Total discharge (m3/s)
Total power (GW)
Africa 513 170 134 310
Asia 1308 215 318 338
Australia 275 15 811 30
Europe 767 66 308 91
NorthAmerica
2000 190 457 319
Oceania 529 147 888 275
Oceans 11 792 1
SouthAmerica
439 319 597 314
SUM 1 126 305 1 680
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Worldwide potential
River name receiving sea Discharge (m3/s) Temp. (oC) Salinity (PSU)
Energy density (MJ/m3)
Power (GW)
1 Zaire Atlantic Ocean 56 490 25.4 30.652 1.68 95
2 Orinoco Atlantic Ocean 36 999 27.8 32.358 1.79 66
3 Amazon Atlantic Ocean 159 256 28.7 8.3 0.40 64
4 Ganges Indian Ocean 22 280 27.7 28.548 1.57 35
5 Nile Med. Sea 15 367 21.8 38.862 2.13 33
6 Mississippi Gulf of Mexico 17 060 24.6 32.493 1.78 30
7 Parana Atlantic Ocean 18 873 16.0 28.178 1.49 28
8 St. Lawrence Atlantic Ocean 15 461 8.0 32.029 1.65 26
9 Zambezi Indian Ocean 12 317 26. 2 34.626 1.91 24
10 Mekong Pacific Ocean 12 695 27.509 33.078 1.83 23
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SGP potential worldwide 1.7 TWatt
Electricity consumtion 2.0 TWatt
Other energy consumtion 14.0 TWatt
1.7 1012 Watt Watt
SGP = ---------------------- = 250 ------------• 6.7 109 people person
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Europe: 600 GW from 767 rivers
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Current Projects
• KEMA feasibility study + Coyne et Bellier Red Sea Dead Sea Israel, Palestina, Jordan 2008 – 2010
• Statkraft PRO plant Norway 2009
• REDstack RED plant in the Afsluitdijk the Netherlands 2015
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Israel, Palestia, Jordan
KEMA et al.
Feasibility study
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Norway
Statkraft,Burum, 2-4 kWatt
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The Netherlands
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Afsluitdijk
REDstack, Rijkswaterstaat et al.
IJsselmeer + Waddenzee Waddenzee
350 m3/s 350 MW
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Philipsdam
Merwede + Oosterschelde Grevelingen 1000 m3/s
1000 MW
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Vlaardingen
Nw. Maas + Hartelkanaal Nw. Waterweg 700 m3/s
500 MW R.W. Quak
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Max. power
Max. power = Energy density * flow P = A * B J m3
P = ------- * -------- m3 s In the Netherlands: P = 2.5* 106 * 3300 = 8.3 *109 Watt ( 70% )IJssel (Afsluitdijk):
P = 2.5* 106 * 500 = 1.3 *109 Watt ( 11% )
Electricity consumption in the Netherlands (2007)= 12 *109 Watt ( 100% )
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1 x Afsluitdijk BE = 2 x Bergumermeer Power station3 x Nuclear Power Station Borsele
=
=
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Power = Energy density * flow
Pmax = A * B Preal = a*A * b* B or Preal = a * b * Pmax
maximization of a and b:
a: energy efficiency : technical b: fuel availability : political, economical, ecological, technical, ……….. fuel availability factor : realistic a=0.3 b = 0.3 future a=0.7 b = 0.7
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IJsselmeer: 1100 km2
IJssel : 500 m3/s
Without drain off during 24 hours :
4 cm rise of the level
Consequences:
1) 24 h buffering easy
2) Longer period storage discutable
no conversion losses
Storage / buffering
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or .....
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My project
Design
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Piotr Długołęcki
membranes
University of Twente
Prof. Dr. Ing Matthias Wessling
Jan Post
fouling
Wageningen University
Prof. Dr. C. Buisman
Joost Veerman
stack design
Groningen University
Prof. Ir. G.J. Harmsen
Wetsus and Blue Energy
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My project
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3 stages
Experiments: Effect on fuel efficiency & specific power
co- OR countercurrent
different spacers
Serial OR oparallel
Shortcut currents?
co- OR countercurrent
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Multi staging
Conclusions:
1 stage: P=0.95 W/m2 and Ygross=0.093 stages:
P= 0.40 W/m2 and Ygross=0.18
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
number of stages
Psp
( W
/m2 )
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
Yg
ross
(-)
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Multi staging
Conclusions:
1 stage: P=0.95 W/m2 and Ygross=0.093 stages:
P= 0.40 W/m2 and Ygross=0.18
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0 1 2 3 4 5
number of stages
Psp
( W
/m2 )
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
Yg
ross
(-)
Psp*Ygross
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Comparison of
renewable energy sources
assignment 1
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Comparison sustainable energy sources
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Each group fills in 1 aspect- for each mentioned sub-aspect- add ( if possible) additional sub-aspects scale: 1 = very bad 2 = bad 3 = neutral 4 = good 5 = very good
when finished: report the data a.s.a.p. We show the scores live! l time: max. 10 min.
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meat vegetable bread oilspinach cabbage sunflower olive peanut
product calories 3 1 2 4 5 5 5
health vitamins 4 4 3 5 1 1 1minerals 4 4 3 5 1 1 1sat. fat 3 5 5 4 3 5 1
other taste 1 3 4 4 1 5 1price 1 4 5 4 2 4 4smell 1 1 5 4 2 3 2
Geometric Mean 2.03 2.67 3.67 4.26 1.79 2.84 1.69Rank 5 4 2 1 6 3 7
Aritmatic Mean 2.43 3.14 3.86 4.29 2.14 3.43 2.14Rank 5 4 2 1 6 3 6
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Conclusion
. . . . . . . . . . .
is the best
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Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . is the best but variation is better ! ! ! !
Schijf van vijf
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• Movie B.E.
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?
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