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Combined Meeting of the IEAGHG Modelling and Monitoring Networks
Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation
6th ndash 8th July 2016 Edinburgh Scotland
bull Monitoring of CO2 system in seawater is essential for CO2 leakage
detection in an offshore CO2 storage sites
bull Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster of
Japan define that the operator of CO2 storage under the seabed
must monitor seawater quality to verify no leakage above the
storage site and report monitoring results to regulating authority
bull Exogenous leakage signal need to separate from natural
background
Background
2
CH2O 106 NH3 16H3PO4 + 138O2 106CO2 + 122H2O + 16HNO3 + H3PO4
Photosynthesis
larr
rarr
Degradation
RKR equation
O2 and CO2 concentrations in the ocean
Differentiation between natural processes
and induced leakage
bull Natural pCO2 of coastal waters may fluctuate
considerably and quickly
If leakage signals are to be determined by certain deviation
(eg plusmn2σ) from mean value of pCO2
bull Leakage may not be recognized when natural deviation
is large
bull Natural value may be misrecognized as leakage when
natural deviation is small
Appropriate method for differentiation between natural
processes and induced leakage is needed
Case study on Osaka Bay Japan
Analysisbull Total alkalinity were calculated using linear relationship with
Salinity (Taguchi et al 2009)
bull pCO2 and DIC or TCO2 were calculated using CO2SYS
Databull Research Institute of
Environment Agriculture
and Fisheries Osaka
Prefecture
bull 2002-2012 (Feb May Aug
and Nov)
bull Surface to bottom
bull Temperature Salinity
Dissolved oxygen pH
Relationship between Salinity and Total Alkalinity
of bay seawaters
Taguchi et al 2009 in Japanese
NPSTMW North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
bull Monitoring of CO2 system in seawater is essential for CO2 leakage
detection in an offshore CO2 storage sites
bull Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster of
Japan define that the operator of CO2 storage under the seabed
must monitor seawater quality to verify no leakage above the
storage site and report monitoring results to regulating authority
bull Exogenous leakage signal need to separate from natural
background
Background
2
CH2O 106 NH3 16H3PO4 + 138O2 106CO2 + 122H2O + 16HNO3 + H3PO4
Photosynthesis
larr
rarr
Degradation
RKR equation
O2 and CO2 concentrations in the ocean
Differentiation between natural processes
and induced leakage
bull Natural pCO2 of coastal waters may fluctuate
considerably and quickly
If leakage signals are to be determined by certain deviation
(eg plusmn2σ) from mean value of pCO2
bull Leakage may not be recognized when natural deviation
is large
bull Natural value may be misrecognized as leakage when
natural deviation is small
Appropriate method for differentiation between natural
processes and induced leakage is needed
Case study on Osaka Bay Japan
Analysisbull Total alkalinity were calculated using linear relationship with
Salinity (Taguchi et al 2009)
bull pCO2 and DIC or TCO2 were calculated using CO2SYS
Databull Research Institute of
Environment Agriculture
and Fisheries Osaka
Prefecture
bull 2002-2012 (Feb May Aug
and Nov)
bull Surface to bottom
bull Temperature Salinity
Dissolved oxygen pH
Relationship between Salinity and Total Alkalinity
of bay seawaters
Taguchi et al 2009 in Japanese
NPSTMW North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
CH2O 106 NH3 16H3PO4 + 138O2 106CO2 + 122H2O + 16HNO3 + H3PO4
Photosynthesis
larr
rarr
Degradation
RKR equation
O2 and CO2 concentrations in the ocean
Differentiation between natural processes
and induced leakage
bull Natural pCO2 of coastal waters may fluctuate
considerably and quickly
If leakage signals are to be determined by certain deviation
(eg plusmn2σ) from mean value of pCO2
bull Leakage may not be recognized when natural deviation
is large
bull Natural value may be misrecognized as leakage when
natural deviation is small
Appropriate method for differentiation between natural
processes and induced leakage is needed
Case study on Osaka Bay Japan
Analysisbull Total alkalinity were calculated using linear relationship with
Salinity (Taguchi et al 2009)
bull pCO2 and DIC or TCO2 were calculated using CO2SYS
Databull Research Institute of
Environment Agriculture
and Fisheries Osaka
Prefecture
bull 2002-2012 (Feb May Aug
and Nov)
bull Surface to bottom
bull Temperature Salinity
Dissolved oxygen pH
Relationship between Salinity and Total Alkalinity
of bay seawaters
Taguchi et al 2009 in Japanese
NPSTMW North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Differentiation between natural processes
and induced leakage
bull Natural pCO2 of coastal waters may fluctuate
considerably and quickly
If leakage signals are to be determined by certain deviation
(eg plusmn2σ) from mean value of pCO2
bull Leakage may not be recognized when natural deviation
is large
bull Natural value may be misrecognized as leakage when
natural deviation is small
Appropriate method for differentiation between natural
processes and induced leakage is needed
Case study on Osaka Bay Japan
Analysisbull Total alkalinity were calculated using linear relationship with
Salinity (Taguchi et al 2009)
bull pCO2 and DIC or TCO2 were calculated using CO2SYS
Databull Research Institute of
Environment Agriculture
and Fisheries Osaka
Prefecture
bull 2002-2012 (Feb May Aug
and Nov)
bull Surface to bottom
bull Temperature Salinity
Dissolved oxygen pH
Relationship between Salinity and Total Alkalinity
of bay seawaters
Taguchi et al 2009 in Japanese
NPSTMW North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Case study on Osaka Bay Japan
Analysisbull Total alkalinity were calculated using linear relationship with
Salinity (Taguchi et al 2009)
bull pCO2 and DIC or TCO2 were calculated using CO2SYS
Databull Research Institute of
Environment Agriculture
and Fisheries Osaka
Prefecture
bull 2002-2012 (Feb May Aug
and Nov)
bull Surface to bottom
bull Temperature Salinity
Dissolved oxygen pH
Relationship between Salinity and Total Alkalinity
of bay seawaters
Taguchi et al 2009 in Japanese
NPSTMW North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Relationship between Salinity and Total Alkalinity
of bay seawaters
Taguchi et al 2009 in Japanese
NPSTMW North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
7
[μatm]
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
8
[μatm]
Relationship between pCO2 (microatm) and DO ()
Osaka Bay
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
y = -12510-5 x2 - 46710-3 x + 314
Rsup2 = 078
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Log[p
CO
2(micro
atm
)]
DO ()
Quadratic Trendline
Predicted 95 confidence interval
Predicted 99 confidence interval
Relationship between DO () and Log[pCO2 (microatm)]
Osaka Bay
1000microatm
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Natural background of bottom pCO2 (microatm)
Site Off Niigata
Water depth 40-50 m
June ndash September 2015
pCO2 analyzer SubCtech
httpsubctecheu
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Natural background of bottom pCO2
Niigata site
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
23-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 14-Jul
Sola
r ra
dia
tion
(M
Jm
2)
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Relationship between pCO2 and Solar radiation
Niigata site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)25-Jun
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wate
r d
epth
(m
)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Jul
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2 4
Wa
ter
dep
th (
m)
Chl-a (microgL)15-Aug
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
22-Jun 29-Jun 6-Jul 13-Jul 20-Jul 27-Jul 3-Aug 10-Aug
pC
O2
(microatm
)
Date-Month
Bottom pCO2 and chlorophyl-a concentration
Niigata site
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Newly developed censors
for accurate monitoring of sea water CO2 concentration
SeaFETtrade Ocean pH Sensorhttpsatlanticcom
CONTROS HydroC CO2 underwater carbon dioxide sensor
httpswwwkmkongsbergcom
SAMI-pH - Ocean pH Sensor
httpwwwsunburstsensorscom
CO2 Optode
httpwwwaanderaacom
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
Summary
bull Leakage can be distinguished from natural processes
using relationship between DO and pCO2
bull Natural pCO2 of bottom coastal waters fluctuate
considerably and quickly due to the photosynthetic and
respiration activity
bull Site specific baseline data is essential for leakage
monitoring
bull Continuous monitoring of accurate pH or pCO2 is
recommended for baseline observation
