CHPCombined Heating & Power

An overview of technologies & opportunitiesby

Mark Krebs, Laclede Gasfor

ASHRAE St. Louis ChapterFebruary 2/11/2013 Meeting

CHP Is Used at the Point of Demand

81.7 GW

3,700 CHP Projects

Saves 1.8 quads of fuel each year

CO2 reduction = removing 430 GW coal plants

558 CHP Projects

11.1 GW

CO2 reducation = removing 42 million cars

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Defining Combined Heat & Power (CHP)The on-site simultaneous generation of two forms of energy

(for example, heat and electricity) from a single fuel/energy source

Two (2) Forms of CHP

FuelElectricity

Heat

Conventional CHP System

Fuel

Electricity

Energy Intensive Industrial Process

HeatSteam Turbine

Heat recovery steam boiler

Waste Heat Recovery CHP(also referred to as Bottoming Cycle CHP or Indirect Fired CHP)

Conventional CHP(also referred to as Topping Cycle CHP or Direct Fired CHP)

Attractive CHP Markets

Industrialo Chemical

manufacturingo Ethanolo Food processingo Natural gas pipelineso Petrochemicalso Pharmaceuticalso Pulp and papero Refiningo Rubber and plastics

Commercialo Data centerso Hotels and casinoso Multi-family housingo Laundrieso Apartmentso Office buildingso Refrigerated

warehouseso Restaurantso Supermarketso Green buildings

Institutionalo Hospitalso Landfillso Universities &

collegeso Wastewater

treatmento Residential

confinement

Agriculturalo Concentrated

animal feeding operations

o Dairieso Wood waste

(biomass)

United States Rating:

Source: International Energy Agency CHP/DHC Country Scorecard: United States

CHP / DHC Scorecard

Other terms for CHP• Total Energy Systems (TES)

• Cogeneration (cogen)

• Trigeneration (trigen)

• Combined Cooling, Heating & Power (CCHP)

• Building Combined Heating & Power (BCHP)

• Distributed Energy Resources (DER)

• Distributed Generation (DG)

Laclede Gas Building

Today’s focus: “Topping Cycles”

Specifically:1. Review of international, national & state markets2. Leading “prime mover” (engine) technologies3. Uses of engine “waste heat”4. Emissions regulations5. Regional market potential

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CHP Integrated Technologies / Components

o Prime Movers– Turbines (Combustion, Steam, Micro)

– Reciprocating Engines– Fuel Cells– ORC

o Thermal Technologies– Heat Exchangers– Absorption Chillers– Desiccants

o Controls

o Fuels– Natural Gas– Biogas / Biomass– Landfill Gas– Waste Products– Exhaust Gases– Other

o Generators– Synchronous– Induction– Inverters

Mechanical CHP example

EPA Catalog of CHP Technologies

Review of international, national & state markets

International CHP Share of Total Power Production (%)

Source: CHP and District Cooling: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for India

CHP Potential, 2015 and 2030

Source: CHP and District Cooling: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for India

Source: ACEEE 2011 CHP Rankings

U.S. Market share of various CHP technologies

Gas Turbine14% Combined

Cycle52%

Recip Engine2%

Boiler/Steam Turbine

33%

Other 1%

Microturbine5%

Other1%

Gas Turbine13%

Combined Cycle7%

Recip Engine47%

Boiler/Steam Turbine

24%

Fuel Cell3%

Source: International Energy Agency, US CHP Scorecard

CHP generation by MW’s CHP generation by technology

Existing CHP Overview

Source: International Energy Agency CHP/DHC Country Scorecard: United States

Source: International Energy Agency CHP/DHC Country Scorecard: United States

Midwest “Spark Spread” Improving

30 GW of Midwest Coal Fired Utility Power Plants impacted

by EPA regulations

Henry Hub Gas Prices Will Average Projected Between

$5 and $7 per MMBtu

Source: ICF International

FavorableNatural Gas Outlook

Upward Pressure on Electricity Prices

Capital cost of electric generation alternatives

Source: http://www.seattlesteam.com/documents/CHP%20as%20part%20of%20CES.pdf

2011 Electricity Flow(Quadrillion Btu)

Overall efficiency: (13.16/40.04) x 100 = 32.8%

Leading “prime mover” technologies

Reciprocating enginesCombustion turbinesMiscellaneous

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Reciprocating Engine Energy Flows

InputEnergy100% ~ 33%~ 32%

~ 32% ~ 2%

Micro Small Medium Large

Reciprocating Engines

The basic four-cycle engine

1.Intake2.Compression3.Power4.Exhaust

4 strokes of a Wankel engine

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Rotary engine advantages• Low Cost

– equivalent to same size electric motor• Long life

– 10,000 hours between overhaul• Good efficiency

– 10,000 Btu/hp-hr• Less emissions

– 1/2 gram/hp-hr NOx• High speed

– same as electric motors• Modular construction

– rotor sections can be stacked together• Compact & lightweight

– equivalent to same horsepower electric motor

Diesel auto-derivative engines alsooffer economically feasible options

Detroit Diesel DELTA Navistar

Dodge Ram 24-valve

turbo diesel

CaterpillarJEEP/Chrysler Minivan

“micro-pilot” injectorsDiesel engine conversion technology

Combustion turbine(Brayton Cycle)

Combustion Turbines

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBdUcGYo7XA

Small: Capstone Micro-Turbine

Two Standard Generator Types

• Induction– Requires external

power source to operate (grid)

– When grid goes down, CHP system goes down

– Less complicated & less costly to interconnect

– Preferred by electric utilities

• Synchronous– Self excited (does not

need grid to operate)– CHP system can

continue to operate thru grid outages

– More complicated & costly to interconnect (safety)

– Preferred by CHP customers

How fuel cells work:

Leading types of stationaryfuel cells

• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)– 1,200 degrees F

• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)– 400 degrees F

• Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM)– 200 degrees F

• Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)– 1,800 degrees F

• Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)