Combined Heat and Power

• Combined Heat and Power

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Carbon footprint - Of heat and various combined heat and power schemes, heat pumps, etc.

1 The previous table gives the carbon footprint per kilowatt-hour of electricity

generated, which is about half the world's man-made CO2 output. The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste

heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint. much

lower than micro-power or heat pumps.


District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion

1 Additionally a cogeneration plant (also called combined heat and

power, CHP) is often added in parallel with the boilers



1 In the case of a fossil fueled cogeneration plant, the heat output is typically sized to meet half of the peak heat load but over

the year will provide 90% of the heat supplied. The boiler capacity will be able to meet the entire heat demand unaided

and can cover for breakdowns in the cogeneration plant. It is not economic to size the cogeneration plant alone to be

able to meet the full heat load.



1 The combination of cogeneration and district heating is very efficient

energy use|energy efficient. A simple thermal power station can be 20–

35% efficient, whereas a more advanced facility with the ability to recover waste heat can reach total

energy efficiency of nearly 80%.



1 Waste heat from nuclear power plants is sometimes used for district heating. The

principles for a conventional combination of cogeneration and district heating applies the

same for nuclear as it does for a thermal power station. Russia has several

cogeneration nuclear plants which together provided 11.4 PJ of district heat in 2005.

Russian nuclear district heating is planned to nearly triple within a decade as new plants

are built.



1 Other nuclear-powered heating from cogeneration plants are in the Ukraine, the Czech Republic,

Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Switzerland, producing up to about 100MW per power station. One use of nuclear heat generation was with the Ågesta Nuclear Power Plant in

Sweden closed in 1974.



1 In Switzerland, the Beznau Nuclear Power Plant provides heat to about

20,000 people.SUGIYAMA KEN'ICHIRO (Hokkaido Univ.) et al.

[http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200607 /000020060706A0175205.php Nuclear District Heating: The Swiss

Experience]


Micro combined heat and power

1 'Micro combined heat and power' or 'micro-CHP' is an extension of the

now well established idea of cogeneration to the single/multi

family home or small office building.


Micro combined heat and power - Overview

1 A micro-CHP system is a small heat engine (power plant) which provides

all the power for an individual building; HVAC|heating, ventilation,

and air conditioning, mechanical energy and electric power



1 However, it is not practical to transport heat long distances, due to heat loss from the

pipes. Since electricity can be transported practically, it is more efficient to generate the electricity near where the waste heat can be

used. So in a micro-combined heat and power system (micro-CHP), small power plants are

instead located where the secondary heat can be used, in individual buildings. Micro-CHP are defined by the EC as being of less than 50kW

electrical power output.



1 In a central power plant, the supply of waste heat may exceed the local heat demand. In

such cases, if it is not desirable to reduce the power production, the excess waste heat

must be disposed in e.g. cooling towers or sea cooling without being used. A way to

avoid excess waste heat is to reduce the fuel input to the CHP plant, reducing both the

heat and power output to balance the heat demand. In doing this, the power production

is limited by the heat demand.



1 CHP systems are able to increase the total energy utilization of primary energy sources, such as fuel and

concentrated solar thermal energy. Thus CHP has been steadily gaining

popularity in all sectors of the energy economy, due to the increased costs of fuels, particularly oil-based fuels, and due to environmental concerns,

particularly climate change.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html


1 In a traditional power plant delivering electricity to consumers, about 30% of the heat content of the primary

heat energy source, such as biomass, coal, solar thermal, natural gas,

petroleum or nuclear power|uranium, reaches the consumer, although the efficiency can be 20% for very old

plants and 45% for newer gas plants



1 CHP systems have benefited the industrial sector since the beginning of the industrial

revolution



1 Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in

sales in 2012.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2013]



1 PEMFC fuel cell mCHP operates at low temperature (50 to 100 °C) and needs high purity hydrogen, its prone to contamination, changes are made

to operate at higher temperatures and improvements on the fuel

reformer



1 CHP systems linked to absorption chillers can use waste heat for

refrigeration.[http://www.fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/CHP%20Fact

%20Sheet.pdf Fuel Cells and CHP]


Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems

1 In many cases industrial CHP systems primarily electricity

generation|generate electricity and heat is a by-product; micro-CHP

systems in homes or small commercial buildings are controlled

by heat-demand, delivering electricity as the by-product. When

used primarily for heat in circumstances of fluctuating

electrical demand, micro-CHP systems will often generate more electricity than is instantly being

demanded.



1 To date, micro-CHP systems achieve much of their savings, and thus

attractiveness to consumers, through a generate-and-resell or net metering

model wherein home-generated power exceeding the instantaneous in-home needs is sold back to the

electrical utility



1 Another positive to net-metering is the fact that it is fairly easy to configure



1 While net-metering is a very efficient mechanism for using excess energy generated by a micro-CHP system, it

does have detractors



1 In an evaluation from 2008 by Claverton Energy Group, Stirling

engined micro CHP was deemed the most cost effective of the various microgeneration technologies in

abating carbon in the UK.[http://www.claverton-

energy.com/what-is-microgeneration.html What is

microgeneration? Jeremy Harrison, Claverton Energy Group Conference,

Bath, Oct 24th 2008]



1 A 2013 UK report from Ecuity Consulting stated that MCHP is the most cost-effective method of utilising gas to generate energy at the domestic level.[http://www.ecuity.com/wp-content/uploads

/2013/03/The-role-of-micro-CHP-in-a-smart-energy-world.pdf The role of micro CHP in a

smart energy world][http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/vi

ew/31489/micro-chp-report-powers-heated-discussion-about-uk-energy-future/ Micro CHP

report powers heated discussion about UK energy future]


Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies

1 Micro-CHP engine systems are currently based on several different technologies:



1 * Internal combustion engines



1 * Steam engines (using either the traditional water or Organic Rankine

cycle|organic chemicals such as refrigerants)


Micro combined heat and power - Fuels and engine types

1 The majority of cogeneration systems use natural gas for fuel,

because natural gas burns easily and cleanly, it can be inexpensive, it is

available in most areas and is easily transported through pipelines, which

already exist for many homes


Micro combined heat and power - Fuels and engine types

1 The future of combined heat and power, particularly for homes and

small businesses, will continue to be affected by the price of fuel,

including natural gas. As fuel prices continue to climb, this will make the economics more favorable for energy

conservation measures, and more efficient energy use, including CHP

and micro-CHP.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuels

1 There are many types of fuels and sources of heat that may be considered for micro-CHP


Micro combined heat and power - Engines

1 External combustion engines can run on any high-temperature heat

source. These engines include the Stirling engine, hot gas turbocharger,

steam engine. Both range from 10%-20% efficiency, and as of 2008, small quantities are in production for

micro-CHP products.


Micro combined heat and power - Engines

1 Other possibilities include the Organic Rankine cycle, which

operates at lower temperatures and pressures using low-grade heat

sources


Micro combined heat and power - Thermoelectrics

1 Thermoelectric generators operating on the Seebeck Effect show promise due to their total absence of moving

parts. Efficiency, however, is the major concern as most

thermoelectric devices fail to achieve 5% efficiency even with high

temperature differences.


Micro combined heat and power - CPVT

1 This can be achieved by Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector,

another option is 'Concentrated photovoltaics and thermal' ('CPVT'),

also sometimes called 'combined heat and power solar' ('CHAPS'), is a

cogeneration technology used in concentrated photovoltaics that

produce both electricity and heat in the same module. The heat may be employed in district heating, water

heating and solar cooling|air conditioning, desalination or process

heat.



1 CPVT systems are currently in production in Europe, with Zenith

Solar developing CPVT systems with a claimed efficiency of 72%.



1 Sopogy produces a micro CSP|Concentrated solar system

(microCSP) system based on parabolic trough which can be

installed above building or homes, the heat can be used for water

heating or solar air conditioning, a steam turbine can also be installed

to produce electricity.


Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV

1 The recent development of small scale CHP systems has provided the

opportunity for in-house power backup of residential-scale photovoltaic (PV) arrays.J.



1 Pearce, “Expanding Photovoltaic Penetration with Residential

Distributed Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat and Power Systems”, Energy '34', pp



1 In some regions, in order to reduce waste from excess heat, an

absorption chiller has been proposed to utilize the CHP-produced thermal

energy for cooling of PV-CHP system.A.


Micro combined heat and power - Japan

1 The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009 where over

90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being of Hondas ECO-WILL

type.[ http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcFinal00801.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy

companies launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM [

http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20Gas-Performance%20of

%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%20FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20years.pdf Japan 2005-2008

mchp][ http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec

_Sheets/FCgen-1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-

1030V3] product in 2009, with 3,000 installed units in 2008, a production

target of 150,000 units for 2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units

in 2030.[ http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgminutes

/64.pdf ENE FARM residential fuel cells launched] Per December 2012 Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd


Micro combined heat and power - South Korea

1 In South Korea subsidies will start at 80 percent of the cost of a domestic

fuel cell.,.[http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2248391/south-

korea-unveils-80-per-cent South Korea unveils 80 per cent subsidy for domestic fuel cells] The Renewable

portfolio standard program with Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)|renewable energy certificates

runs from 2012 to 2022.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5505/kim_10_19_2010.pdf RD status and prospects on fuel cells

in Korea]



1 Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and

multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally

denominated in units of one megawatt-hour



1 Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU,

March 2008. Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg. Retrieved 16

March 2009 at: www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber



1 Around 350 residential mCHP units where installed in

2012.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1713685/fct_review_2012.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2012]



1 PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Statio

nary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd]

FuelCell Powers CellVille,[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.

kr/eng/index.php FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI

and Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCell

System/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSyste

m.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] SOFC by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/

Kepri] LS Group|LS Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung

Everland (ClearEdge Power), Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by POSCO

Energy (FuelCell Energy) [http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_3-11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and

Doosan Heavy Industries Construction|Doosan.


Micro combined heat and power - Europe

1 The European public–private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative|

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Framework Programmes for Research and

Technological Development|Seventh Framework Programme project ene.field deploys in

2017[http://www.fch-ju.eu/sites/default/files/documents/sga2012/Presentation%20Fiona%20Riddoch-%20Session%20II.pdf 5th

stakeholders general assembly of the FCH JU] up 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) installations in 12 states


Micro combined heat and power - Germany

1 In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units have been installed, using the U.S


Micro combined heat and power - The Netherlands

1 The micro-CHP subsidy was ended in 2012. To test the effects of mCHP on

a smart grid, 45 natural gas SOFC units (each 1,5 kWh) from Republiq Power (Ceramic Fuel Cells) will be

placed on Ameland in 2013 to function as a virtual power plant.


Micro combined heat and power - UK

1 It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP systems were in operation in the UK as of

2002



1 The market is supported by the government through regulatory work,

and some government research money expended through the Energy Saving Trust and The Carbon Trust|

Carbon Trust, which are public bodies supporting energy efficiency in the

UK.[http://www.chpa.co.uk/events/2006/national_conference/presentations/1400%20Ian%20Stares.pdf CHP–The microgeneration boom?] Effective as of 7 April 2005, the UK government has cut the VAT from 20% to 5% for

micro-CHP systems, in order to support demand for this emerging

technology at the expense of existing, less environmentally

friendly technology



1 Two fuel cell varieties of mCHP co-generation units are almost ready for

mainstream production and are planned for release to commercial

markets in early in 2014. With the UK Government's Feed-In-Tariff available for a 10 year period, a wide uptake of

the technology is anticipated.[http://www.ecolocker.co.uk/micro-

combined-heat-and-power-mchp.html]


Micro combined heat and power - United States

1 In 2007, the United States company Climate Energy of Massachusetts

introduced the Freewatt,[http://www.cdhenergy.com/

presentations/Freewatt%20Report%20-%20October2011.pdf ANnalysis

of data collected for the Freewatt microCHP system in Syracuse, NY] a

micro-CHP system based on a Honda MCHP engine bundled with a gas furnace (for warm air systems) or boiler (for hydronic or forced hot

water heating systems)



1 Trenergi Corp, Massachusetts, an early stage company, in June 2010,

announced its Trion residential, high-temperature (300 F) micro-CHP that

operates on both gas and oil, demonstrating combined heat and

electrical power efficiencies of up to 90%. Their first products will be 1, 3,

and 5kW units.[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100614005214/en/Tren

ergi-Completes-Cleantech-Residential-CHP-Solution-Proof Trenergi completes Cleantech

residential CHP solution proof of concept]


Micro combined heat and power - Research

1 Testing is underway in Ameland, the Netherlands for a three year field testing until 2010 of HCNG were

20% hydrogen is added to the local Compressed natural gas|CNG

distribution net, the appliances involved are kitchen stoves

condensing boilers and micro-CHP boilers.[http://corporateuk.eneco.nl/o

utlook_and_strategy/innovation/Pages/ThenewHReboiler.aspx Micro-

CHP][http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F

%2Fwww.waterstofvereniging.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fopinie-

ameland.htmlsl=nltl=enhl=enie=UTF-8 Ameland Field testing]



1 Micro-CHP Accelerator, a field trial performed between 2005 and 2008,

studied the performance of 87 Stirling engine and internal

combustion engine devices in residential houses in the UK.



1 This study found that the devices resulted in average carbon savings of

9% for houses with heat demand over 54 GJ/year.



1 An ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) paper fully

describes the performance and operating



1 and Power units which were in operation from 1979



1 The first unit was an automatic coal fired

steam electric



1 1979, operating with a steam turbine-generator for two



1 years, and was modified with a reciprocating

uniflow expander



1 functioned reliably, with only four forced outages

during



1 the four years of operation.



1 EXPERIENCE WITH EARLY DISTRIBUTED

GENERATION SYSTEMS


Fossil-fuel power station - Combined heat and power

1 Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is the use of a power station to provide

both electric power and process heat or district heating


Vegetable oil fuel - Combined heat and power

1 A number of companies offer diesel engines|compressed ignition engine generators optimized to run on plant oils where the waste engine heat is

recovered for heating.


Low-carbon economy - Combined Heat and Power

1 Cogeneration|Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a technology which by

allowing the more efficient use of fuel will at least reduce carbon emissions; should the fuel be

biomass or biogas or hydrogen used as an energy store then in principle it can be a zero carbon option. CHP can also be used with a nuclear reactor

as the energy source, there are examples of such installations in the far North of the Russian Federation.


Biomass heating system - Combined heat and power

1 Combined heat and power systems are very useful systems in which

wood waste, such as wood chips, is used to generate power, and heat is created as a byproduct of the power

generation system


Biomass heating system - Combined heat and power

1 There are certain situations where CHP is a good option. Wood product

manufacturers would use a combined heat and power system because they have a large supply of waste wood, and a need for both heat and power. Other places where these systems would be optimal are hospitals and

prisons, which need energy, and heat for hot water. These systems are sized so that they will produce

enough heat to match the average heat load so that no additional heat is needed, and a cooling tower is not

needed.


Stationary fuel cell applications - Micro combined heat and power

1 Micro combined heat and power , 'mCHP' or 'Micro cogeneration is a

so-called Distributed Energy Resource|distributed energy resource

(DER)


Stationary fuel cell applications - Micro combined heat and power

1 Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in

sales in 2012.[ http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel

cell industry review 2013] 20.000 units where sold in Japan in 2012

overall within the Ene Farm projecthttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Refrigeration cycle - Comparison with Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

1 A heat pump may be compared with a CHP unit, in that for a condensing

steam plant, as it switches to produced heat, then electrical power is lost or becomes unavailable, just as the power used in a heat pump

becomes unavailable



1 Additionally a cogeneration plant (also called combined heat and

power, CHP) is often added in parallel with the boilers



1 'Micro combined heat and power' or 'micro-CHP' is an extension of the

idea of cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small

office building.



1 Pearce, “Expanding Photovoltaic Penetration with Residential

Distributed Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat and Power Systems”, Energy '34', pp



1 The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009 where over 90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being of Hondas ECO-

WILL type.[http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcFinal00801.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy companies launched

the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM [http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20Gas-Performance

%20of%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%20FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20years.pdf Japan

2005-2008 mchp][http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec_Sheets/FCgen-

1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-1030V3] product in 2009, with 3,000 installed units in 2008, a production target of 150,000 units for

2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units in 2030.[http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgminutes/64.pdf ENE FARM

residential fuel cells launched] Per December 2012 Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd



1 PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_Syst

em--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power (now Doosan),[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php FuelCell

Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI and Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/

FuelCellSystem/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] SOFC by KEPRI,

[http://www.kepri.re.kr/ Kepri] LS Group|LS Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung Everland (ClearEdge Power),

Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy) [http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_3-

11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and Doosan Heavy Industries

Construction|Doosan.






1 for an additional two years operation. The unit


Woodchips - Micro Combined heat and power

1 Wood is occasionally used to power engines, such as steam engines,

Stirling engines, and Otto engines running on woodgas



1 PEMFC fuel cell mCHP operates at low temperature (50 to 100°C) and

needs high purity hydrogen, its prone to contamination, changes are made

to operate at higher temperatures and improvements on the fuel

reformer


Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC

1 *Per December 2012 Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000

PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a price of $22,600 before installation.

[http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117-

5/en130117-5.html Launch of new 'Ene-Farm' home fuel cell product

more affordable and easier to install][http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/en_doc03_02.html Features of the Panasonic

household fuel cell]



1 *Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co Ltd / Nichigas[http://www.nichigas.co.jp/en/appliance

s/enefarm.html Nichigas Ene Farm] installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units (manufactured by

Chofu Seisakusho Co Ltd[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/?ST=english_PRINT Toshiba

revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell] ) per nov

2011.[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/ Toshiba revamps 'Ene

Farm' residential fuel cell]


Micro combined heat and power - SOFC

1 *In the middle of 2012 JX Nippon Oil Co.Sanyo and Seibu Gas Energy Co sold around 4000 SOFC Ene Farm

units.[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/news/201208.pdf The latest news number

196, 2012 FCDIC ]



1 *Aisin Seiki in combination with Osaka Gas, Kyocera, Toyota and Chofu Seisakusho started in April

2012 with the sales of the SOFC ENE-FARM Type S for around $33,500

before installation.[http://www.robaid.com/te

ch/ene-farm-type-s-most-efficient-residential-use-solid-oxide-fuel-

cell.htm ENE-FARM Type S]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html


1 *PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell

Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power, [http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php

FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI and

Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/

RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC

System] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html


1 *SOFC by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/ Kepri]

LS Group|LS Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung Everland

(ClearEdge Power).



1 *Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy)

[http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_3-11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and

Doosan Heavy Industries Construction|Doosan.



1 *PAFC Doosan Fuel Cell America






1 *Ceramic Fuel Cells installs until 2014 up to 100 SOFC units under the SOFT-PACT[http://www.fch-ju.eu/proje

ct/solid-oxide-fuel-cell-micro-chp-field-trials Solid oxide fuel cell micro-CHP field trials] project with E.ON in Germany and the UK. A factory in

Heinsberg, Germany for the production of SOFC based micro-CHP units started in June 2009 to produce 10,000 two-kilowatt units per year.

[http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/2008/03/cogeneration-at-home-ceramic-

fuel-cells.html Ceramic fuel cells]



1 *Vaillant Group|Vaillant (Sunfire

SOFC[http://www.sunfire.de/en Sunfire])



1 It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP systems were in operation in the UK as of

2002



1 In early 2012 less than 1000 1 kWe Baxi-Innotech [http://www.baxi-innotech.de/ BAXI-Innotech] PEM

micro-CHP units from BDR Thermea where installed

[http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-3/features/micro-

chp-japan-continues-to-lead-as-fuel-cells-units-emerge.html Micro-CHP Japan continues to lead as fuel cell

units emerge]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html


1 *A Ceres Power factory in Horsham UK for the production of SOFC based micro-CHP units is expected to start low-volume production in the second

half of 2009.[http://www.renewableenergyfo

cus.com/view/4212/ceres-power-signs-fuel-cell-chp-assembly-deal-with-daalderop/ Ceres Power signs fuel cell CHP assembly deal with

Daalderop]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

NGK - Micro combined heat and power

1 NKG is a manufacturer of SOFC fuel cell micro combined heat and power

units in the range 700W - 1 Kw.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/med

ia/5101/hrd34-3_nishijima.pdf Development of SOFC for residential

use]


Combined Heat and Power Association

1 The 'Combined Heat and Power Association' is an energy organisation based in the United

Kingdom.


Combined Heat and Power Association - Structure

1 It is situated on Dean Farrar Street, near St. James Park Underground station.


Combined Heat and Power Association - Members

1 Members of the CHPA include:


Combined Heat and Power Association - Members

1 * University of Warwick


Combined Heat and Power Association - Function

1 It supports companies involved in cogeneration, which is sometimes

referred to as district heating, whereby waste heat from power generation is used for heating.

Smaller units are referred to as Micro combined heat and power|MicroCHP.


Combined Heat and Power Association - Function

1 Many CHP schemes in the UK are found in hotels, hospitals,

universities and leisure centres. The largest CHP plant in Europe is the

Immingham Power Station.


Combined Heat and Power Association - History

1 It was founded in 1967 as the District Heating Association.



1 'Micro combined heat and power' or 'micro-CHP' is an extension of the idea of

cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small office building in the range 0,3 - 50 Kilowatt|kW. Local generation has a higher

efficiency as it lacks the 8-10 % energy losses when transporting electricity over long distances and the 10-15 % energy losses on

long distance heat transfer due to the difference between the hot energy carrier

(water) and the colder external environment.



1 In many cases CHP systems primarily electricity generation|generate

electricity and heat is a by-product; micro-CHP systems in homes or small commercial buildings are controlled

by heat-demand, delivering electricity as the by-product. When

used primarily for heat in circumstances of fluctuating

electrical demand, micro-CHP systems will often generate more electricity than is instantly being

demanded.



1 CHP systems linked to absorption chillers can use waste heat for

refrigeration.[https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/tri-

generation_fountainvalley.pdf Tri-Generation success story]


Micro combined heat and power - Technologies

1 * Steam engine/Steam motor (using either the traditional water or Organic Rankine cycle|organic chemicals such as refrigerants)


Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP

1 Fuel cells generate electricity and heat as a by product. The

advantages for a stationary fuel cell applications|stationary fuel cell

application over stirling CHP are no moving parts, less maintenance, and

quieter operation. The surplus electricity can be delivered back to

the grid.[http://www.orbit.dtu.dk/files/104

92422/FCCHP_LV.pdf Integration of fuel cell micro-CHPs on low voltage

grid: A Danish case study]



1 As an example, a PEMFC fuel cell based micro-CHP has an electrical efficiency of 37% Lower heating

value|LHV and 33% Higher heating value|HHV and a heat recovery

efficiency of 52% LHV and 47% HHV with a service life of 40,000 hours or 4000 start/stop cycles which is equal

to 10 year use.



1 In 2013 Service life|Lifetime is around 60,000 hours. For PEM fuel

cell units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime

of between ten and fifteen years.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysi

s/analyst-views/2013/13-02-27-latest-developments-in-the-ene-farm-scheme Latest developments in the

Ene-Farm scheme]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html


1 United States Department of Energy|United States Department of Energy

(DOE) Technical Targets: 1–10kW residential combined heat and power fuel cells operating on natural gas.

[http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/distributedstationary-fuel-cell-systems

DOE Distributed/Stationary fuel cell systems]



1 |Start-up time from 20°C ambient temperature||60 min ||45 min ||30 min ||20

min



1 CPVT systems are currently in production in

Europe,[http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/11/

researchers-explore-hybrid-concentrated-solar-energy-system-53981 Renewable Energy World-

Researchers explore hybrid concentrated solar energy system] with Zenith Solar developing CPVT

systems with a claimed efficiency of 72%.



1 The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009 where over

90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being of Honda's ECO-WILL type.[http://www.kgu.or.kr/download.

php?tb=bbs_017fn=wgcFinal00305.pdfrn

=wgcFinal00305.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy

companies launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM

[http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20Gas-Performance%20of

%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%20FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20years.pdf Japan 2005-2008

mchp][http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec_Sheets/FCgen-

1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-1030V3] product in 2009, with 3,000 installed units in 2008, a production

target of 150,000 units for 2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units

in 2030.[http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgm

inutes/64.pdf ENE FARM residential fuel cells launched] 20,000 units

where sold in 2012 overall within the Ene Farm project making an

estimated total of 50,000 PEMFC and up to 5,000 SOFC installations.

[http://www.iea.org/publications/insights/insightpublications/

IEAJapanScorecardMASTERFINALdraft_060913_AF.pdf The IEA CHP and

DHC Collaborative] For 2013 a state subsidy for 50,000 units is in place



1 *Per December 2012, Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000

PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a price of $22,600 before installation.

[http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117-

5/en130117-5.html Launch of new 'Ene-Farm' home fuel cell product

more affordable and easier to install][http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/en_doc03_02.html Features of the Panasonic

household fuel cell]



1 *Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co., Ltd./Nichigas[http://www.nichigas.co.jp/en/appliances/enefarm.html Nichigas Ene Farm] installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units (manufactured by

Chofu Seisakusho Co., Ltd,[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/?ST=english_PRINT Toshiba

revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell] ) per November

2011.[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/ Toshiba revamps 'Ene

Farm' residential fuel cell]



1 *In the middle of 2012, Nippon Oil|JX Nippon Oil Co. Sanyo and Seibu Gas Energy Co. sold around 4,000 SOFC

Ene Farm units.[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/news/201208.pdf The latest news number

196, 2012 FCDIC ]



1 *NGK is a manufacturer of 700W-1 Kw mCHP

units.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5101/hrd34-3_nishijima.pdf

Development of SOFC for residential use]



1 *Miura Kogyo[http://www.miuraz.co.jp/en/ Miura] and Sumitomo Precision Products with

a 4.2 Kw unit.



1 *Toto Ltd.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.

com/media/9333/a399_1.pdf Toto Ltd]



1 In South Korea, subsidies will start at 80 percent of the cost of a domestic

fuel cell.[http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2248391/south-

korea-unveils-80-per-cent South Korea unveils 80 per cent subsidy for domestic fuel cells] The Renewable

portfolio standard|Renewable Portfolio Standard program with

Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)|renewable energy certificates

runs from 2012 to 2022.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5505/kim_10_19_2010.pdf RD status and prospects on fuel cells

in Korea]



1 *PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd]

FuelCell Power,[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php

FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco[https://www.hysco.com/eng/product/fuel_cell0

1.aspx Hyundai Hysco] Joint venture|JV with Plug Power, IHI Corporation|IHI and

Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/

RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System]






1 *Viessmann (Panasonic)[http://www.fcdic.com/en

g/news/201311.pdf Number 211-2013 FDIC -Viesmann-Panasonic]



1 *Elcore,[http://www.elcomax.com/ Elcore - Elcomax ] a 300W addon.

[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-08-14-

handling-the-cost-of-residential-fuel-cells Handling the cost of residential

fuel cells]



1 *Tropical (vehicles)|Tropical [http://www.tropical.gr/products/fuel-cell-power-generators/1kw-hydrogen-

fc-power-generator.html Tropical]



1 *Riesaer Brennstoffzellentechnik GmbH (Inhouse

Engineering)[http://www.inhouse-engineering.de/de/brennstoffzellensy

steme/produkte/PEM-Brennstoffzellenstacks-von-1-5kW/

Inhouse]



1 *Center for Fuel Cell Technology (ZBT) (Nippon Oil|JX

Nippon)[http://www.zbt-duisburg.de/en/meta-menu/news-anzeige-eng/artic

le/deutsch-japanisches-kooperationsprojekt/ ZBT]



1 *Vaillant Group|Vaillant

(Sunfire/Staxera)[http://www.sunfire.

de/en Sunfire]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html


1 *Buderus/Junkers - Bosch Thermotechnik (Aisin

Seiki)[http://enefield.eu/field-trials/installations/first-buderus-ene-field-fuel-

cell-system-successfully-tested-in-single-family-home/ Buderus

Logapower FC10 energy centre supplies both heat and electricity]



1 *In early 2012 less than 1000 1 kWe Baxi-Innotech [http://www.baxi-innotech.de/ BAXI-Innotech] PEM

micro-CHP units from BDR Thermea where installed

[http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-3/features/micro-

chp-japan-continues-to-lead-as-fuel-cells-units-emerge.html Micro-CHP Japan continues to lead as fuel cell

units emerge]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Denmark

1 The Danish mCHP project 2007 to 2014 with 30 units is on the island of

Lolland and in the western town Varde.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/assets/pdf/2008/tuesday/DEM23-

2_AHPederson.ppt.pdf Demonstration of micro CHP based on Danish fuel cells] Denmark is currently part of

the Ene.field project.



1 *AFC Doosan Fuel Cell America



1 Testing is underway in Ameland, the Netherlands for a three year field testing until 2010 of HCNG were

20% hydrogen is added to the local Compressed natural gas|CNG distribution net, the appliances

involved are kitchen stoves, condensing boilers, and micro-CHP

boilers.[http://corporateuk.eneco.nl/outlook_and_strategy/innovation/Pages/ThenewHReboiler.aspx

Micro-CHP][http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterstofvereniging.nl

%2Fnieuws%2Fopinie-ameland.htmlsl=nltl=enhl=enie=UTF-8 Ameland

Field testing]


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Combined Heat and Power