Combined Doc - Westminster

8/10/2019 Combined Doc - Westminster

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Westminster-Basco-Gupta-Neg-NDCA-Round4



1ncText: The United States federal government should [insert mandate of AFF] if and only if Venezuela:- ousts narco-kingpins from government- institutes constitutional, economic, and electoral reforms- dismantles Iranian and Hezbollah networks in Venezuela, and- demonstrates commitment to protecting human rights.

The counterplan solves and establishes democracy and stability in Venezuela and Latin AmericaNoriega, 13 – Roger F., former assistant secretary of state under President George W. Bush, is a visiting fellow atthe American Enterprise Institute, 3/5/13, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/a-post-chvez-checklist-for-us-policymakers/, ―A post-Chávez checklist for US policymakers,‖ ADM

The State Department should set aside … organizations committed to democracy, human rights, anti-drug

cooperation, and hemispheric solidarity, which have been neutered by Chávez‘s destructive agenda

Chávez‘s economic policy forced repression and destruction of economic freedom – stats prove that onlyeconomic reform solvesRoberts and Daga 13 – James M., primary responsibility as The Heritage Foundation's lead expert in economicfreedom and growth is to produce the Index of Economic Freedom co-published by Heritage and The Wall Street

Journal. Roberts also studies economic and political issues in Latin America and Europe, Sergio, promotes economicfreedom in Latin American nations as a visiting senior policy analyst in The Heritage Foundation's Center forInternational Trade and Economics. Among his tools is Heritage's flagship publication, the annual Index of EconomicFreedom, 4/15/13, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/venezuela-us-should-push-president-maduro-toward-economic-freedom, ―Venezuela: U.S. Should Push President Maduro Toward Economic Freedom,‖ ADM

The foundations of economic freedom in Venezuela have crumbled. When Chavez took office in ANDhis Chavista cronies in the region through such schemes as ALBA and PetroCaribe.

Economic freedom is a basic human right – sovereign governments have the primary responsibility ofprotecting economic freedom – d-ruleHolmes 08 – Kim R., Ph.D., is Vice President of Foreign and Defense Policy Studies and Director of the Kathryn andShelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies at The Heritage Foundation, 7/24/08,http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/economic-freedom-as-a-human-right, ―Economic Freedom as a Human

Right,‖ ADM

It is in that vein, then, that I wish to speak about economic ANDof economic freedom also enjoy higher levels of i ncome for women.

KThe affirmative locks in a view of other actors as a constant enemy – this legitimizes endless war and adiscursive orientation in crisis politicsWendt 1992 – the Ralph D. Mershon Professor of International Security at Ohio State, also professor at Yale,Dartmouth, and University of Chicago (Alexander, ―Social theory of international politics‖, pages 261-266, GoogleBooks, WEA)

Enemy images have a long pedigree, and some states continue to position each …to suck all of its members into the fray,

making nonalignment or neutrality very difficult.58 The principal exception will be states that are able to ―hide‖ because of the materialcondition of geography (Switzerland in World War II), although geography‘s signi®cance is itself subject to material changes in technology (nuclearweapons).

Our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac – debate is an academic forum andyour job is to inculcate valuable understanding – having a coherent intellectual position is more importantthan specific political battlesJones 99 – Professor International Politics @ Aberystwyth University (1999, Richard Wyn, Security, Strategy, andCritical Theory, p. 155-163)

The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a

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http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/economic-freedom-as-a-human-right









No chance of African terrorismMills and Herbst, 07 – heads the Johannesburg-based Brenthurst Foundation AND Provost of Miami University ofOhio (Greg and Jeffrey, RUSI Journal, (G ―Africa, Terrorism and AFRICOM,‖ April, Vol. 152, Iss. 2; pg. 40, 5 pgs,Proquest)

It must also be said that the danger that Westerners in most African countries face from crime and car accidents stilloutweighs, by a considerable degree, the damage that international terrorists have done to date . Also, while terroristsmay want to kill Americans, Europeans… is very different also in terms of spatial needs: training camps have differentrequirements to simply providing sanctuary.

ANTI-AMERICANISM

no conflagration—national incentives and history.Maloney and Takeyh 07 – *senior fellow for Middle East Policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Studies at theBrookings Institution AND **senior fellow for Middle East Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Susan andRay, International Herald Tribune, 6/28, ―Why the Iraq War Won't Engulf the Mideast‖,http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0628iraq_maloney.aspx)

Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, … its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire MiddleEast.

Representations of Middle East conflict are the root cause of violence and reproduce academic orientalismBilgin 05 – PhD International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Department of International Relations BilkentUniv (Pinar, Regional Security in the Middle East, p. 12-15)

Reflecting upon the history of US engagement with the Middle East, Douglas Little identifiesANDhow they think security should be sought in this part of the world.

.

1NC RUSSIA WARGive Russia war zero probability – politics, military superiority, economic concerns, and nuclear securityGraham 07 – (Thomas, Russia in Global Affairs, "The dialectics of strength and weakness",http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1129.html)

An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that ― ANDwhile laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.

Russia threat evidence is a process of otherizing Russia that ensures a self-fulfilling prophecyJæger 2k – (2000 SECURITIZING RUSSIA: DISCURSIVE PRACTICES OF THE BALTIC STATES Øyvind Jæger Iwould like to thank Lene Hansen, Grazina Miniotaite, Iver B. Neumann, Robert Geyer, Mare Haab, Zaneta Ozolina,Ole Wæver, Henrik Thune, Jan Risvik, Clive Archer, Helge Blakkisrud, Erik André Andersen and especially PerttiJoenniemi for discussions and comments on earlier drafts of this article. I researched and wrote up this piecebetween New Years Day and Easter 1997 while I enjoyed a Visiting Fellowship at the Copenhagen Peace ResearchInstitute, to which I am grateful for support and hospitality.

This is a study of a discourse of danger producing insecurity in pursuit of securityANDThe question is not which will prevail – but how to get together.

1NC FAILED STATESThe affirmative‘s discourse of ―failed states‖ legitimizes an interventionist epistemology that effacesdifference, makes north-south inequality inevitable, and is self-fulfillingEisenträger 12 – (Stian Eisenträger, MA student in IR, board member at International Reporter, a Norwegian NGO,3-27-12, ―Failed State or Failed Label?: The Concealing Concept and the Case of Somalia,‖ http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/27/failed-state-or-failed-label-the-concealing-concept-and-the-case-of-somalia/) gz

The end of the Cold War shaped a new international political context where the issues ANDalso when we want to analyse states in Africa, and especially Somalia.

http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/27/failed-state-or-failed-label-the-concealing-concept-and-the-case-of-somalia/









2ncANTI-AMERICANISMHis defense of his reps of Middle Eastern instability is empiricism – their obsession with scientificquantification of IR is narcissism in the face of inevitable uncertainty – their studies are not neutral, butrather are deeply political – the AFF institutionalizes the false distinction between facts and values whichmakes ongoing structural violence and conflict inevitable – outweighs the AFF – star this card

Jeong 99 – associate professor at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University(Ho-Won, Epistemological Foundations for Peace Research, classweb.gmu.edu/hwjeong/epistemological.htm)

Other peace researchers have attempted to find the sources of violence through a critical analysis of existing social,

economicsystems. Understanding the meaning of power in a … help find creative solutions to problems

which humanity faces at the present time and in the future .

2NC HEGPursuit of hegemonic control is a product of death anxiety – the illusion of invulnerability is an attempt tocope with an uncertain world – this myth places us on a psychological treadmill which guarantees globalviolence – turns the caseLifton 03 – Robert Jay Lifton, Visiting Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, previously DistinguishedProfessor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Graduate School and Director of The Center on Violence and HumanSurvival at John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, 2003[Superpower Syndrome: America‘s Apocalyptic Confrontation With The World, Published by Thunder‘s Mouth Press /Nation Books, ISBN 1560255129, p. 125-130 // BATMAN]

It is almost un-American to be vulnerable. As a people, we ANDboth the superpower and the world it acts upon may become dangerously destabilized.

2NC RUSSIARusso-phobia skews their perspective – American objectivism makes the impact inevitableLieven 01 – (Senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), 01 (World Policy Journal. NewYork: Winter 2000/2001.Vol.17, Iss. 4; pg. 25)

Ever since the Cold War ended, Western officials and commentators have been telling the AND

in which certain nations are classed as irrationally, irredeemably savage and wicked.

OAS2NC BRAZIL SOPOTheir input-output understanding of the Brazilian economy doesn‘t account for the complexity of humanbehavior – their predictions become self-referential and failKaul 11 – Writer for The Economic Times (Vivek, ―The perils of prediction: Why do we believe in predictions evenwhen they fail‖, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-12/news/29880664_1_economists-predictions-oil-prices/2, accessed 7/19/12)//BZ

The perils of prediction: Why do we believe in predictions even when they fail ANDaccount a wide range of futures and pays off in any of them."

SANCTIONS2NC CHINA WAR

They guarantee war – conservative politics will hi-jack the plan

Pan 04 – (Chengxin, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Arts, DeakinUniversity, Discourses Of ‗China‘ In International Relations: A Study in Western Theory as (IR) Practice, p. 144 -45)

Thus, the problem is less about the lack of transparency in Chinese official statistics ANDits most hegemonic character. The following examples help us explain this point.

http://classweb.gmu.edu/hwjeong/epistemological.htm

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-12/news/29880664_1_economists-predictions-oil-prices/2





http://classweb.gmu.edu/hwjeong/epistemological.htm



No China war escalation due to capability gapRichardson 6/28/12 – (Michael Richardson, visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studiesin Singapore, ―China‘s Iron Fist in a Velvet Glove,‖ The Japan Times,http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20120628mr.html, Sawyer)

SINGAPORE — China could easily grab control of the disputed Scarborough Shoal fishing grounds in ANDfor the top posts cannot afford to appear weak in upholding national unity.

K

FW2NC FRAMEWORKa. their threat prediction method turns debate into a catastrophic prediction market – the ballot becomes thecurrency awarded to the most catastrophic and inevitable impact – this orients society towards permanentwar and evacuates critical public spheres which means the AFF becomes anti-political – turns case andcrushes educationElmer and Opel 06 – Greg Elmer, Bell Globemedia Research Chair in the School of Radio TV Arts at RyersonUniversity, and Andy Opel, assistant professor in the Department of Communication at Florida State University, July-September 2006, Cultural Studies, Vol. 20, No. 4-5, p. 488-490

Throughout the media discourse over the virtues or moral failings of the policy analysis markets ANDto investigate impropriety or ethical l apses because the f raud may be our very own

b. epistemic arrogance – their highly detailed internal link chain inflates proabiblity estimates and distortsthe likelihood of the AFF – vote neg on presumption

Yudkowsky 06 – cites Bruce Schneier, a security expert – Eliezer Yudkowsky, 8 ANDa futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.



1nrEach link is a DA to the perm – they instill a cognitive dissonance about the true state of securityInan 04 – Dr. A (Annette) Freyberg Inan Associate Professor, the Director of the Master's Program in PoliticalScience, Univ of Amsterdam, PhD in Political Science at the University of Georgia, USA. Her MA degrees in PoliticalScience and English were obtained at the University of Stuttgart in her native Germany. Editorial Board Member:International Studies Review, Globalizations Journal, Advisory Board Member: Millennium, What Moves Man: TheRealist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature 2004

Cognitive approaches concede that real-life decision makers cannot comply with the expectation of ANDprocess are reinterpreted as evidence of confirmation.66 (128-130)



Westminster-Basco-Gupta-Neg-Michigan-Round5



1nc1NC DAChinese influence in Mexican energy is increasing nowEric Farnsworth, 9/24/2013. Vice President of the Council of the Americas and Americas Society. ―China andMexico: An Emerging Trans-Pacific Partnership?‖ China US Focus, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/china-and-mexico-an-emerging-trans-pacific-partnership/.

China‘s exploding interest in Latin … may also be noticing the trend and seeking to take full advantage.

US engagement with mexico trades off with Chinese energy investment, tanking their economyGary Regenstreif , 6/12/2013. ―The looming U.S.-China rivalry over Latin America,‖ Reuters,http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/06/12/the-looming-u-s-china-rivalry-over-latin-america/.

Though the U.S. and Chinese presidents … open the oil industry to foreign investment.

That causes chinese economic collapse, resulting in global warKane 01 [Thomas Kane, PhD in Security Studies from the University of Hull & Lawrence Serewicz, Autumn,http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm]

Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be

ANDChina's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries .

1NC K – GENERICEnergy production policy is grounded within a global system of inequality and militarism – Enablescontinued reactionary violence and environmental destruction

Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy – It‘s a leading institutionfor interdisciplinary graduate education, research, and advocacy in energy and environmental policy – John is also aDistinguished Professor of Energy & Climate Policy at the University of Delaware – 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for hiswork on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Toley – Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton inChicago programs - Selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013 -expertise includes issues related to urban and environmental politics, global cities, and public policy, ―Energy as aSocial Project: Recovering a Discourse,‖ p. 1-32) From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity

ANDare the enemies. The living organism demands a life-sustaining environment.

Neoliberal engagement of Latin America results in loss of value to life, political oppression, militaryintervention, and environmental destruction – makes extinction inevitableMakwana 06 – (Rajesh, STWR, 23rd November 06, http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html, ZBurdette)

Neoliberalism and Economic Globalization

The goal of neoliberal economic … industry and self sufficiency, thereby reducing poverty. They would then be in a better position tocompete in international markets.

Reject the AFF as a means to create space for alternatives to neoliberal engagementMunck 03 – professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy &Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, ―Neoliberalism,necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?‖, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No3, pp 495 –511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal%20Library/Trade%20and%20Countries/Neoliberalism,%20necessitarianism%20and%20alternatives%20in%20Latin%20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

Taking as its point of departure the position that there are or must be alternatives to neoliberalism, this article

explores the issue in relation to some examples … 2001 –02 shows that ‗actually existing‘ neoliberalism simply does

not work even on its own terms , the exciting but also challenging prospects now opening up in Brazil under Lula underline the urgency of

developing a credible and viable alternative to its policies.

1NC T

http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm

http://www.stwr.org/globalization/neoliberalism-and-economic-globalization.html


http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal%20Library/Trade%20and%20Countries/Neoliberalism,%20necessitarianism%20and%20alternatives%20in%20Latin%20America.pdf








http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm



Their aff has already effectively been ratified and only minor implementation differences need to be workedout in conference committeeSnow, 10/14/13 - OGJ Washington Editor (Nick, ―Senate passes gulf transboundary bill, forwards to House‖ Oil andGas Journal, http://www.ogj.com/articles/2013/10/senate-passes-gulf-transboundary-bill-forwards-to-house.html)

The US Senate approved legislation authorizing … of safety and environmental standards,‖ Murkowski said.

Voting issue –

1. key to negative ground – we can‘t generate disads against the status quo or trivial changes to it. At best,the affirmative is a minor repair over small implementation details

2. limits – their interpretation makes any minor modification to existing status quo engagement fair game, itwould be impossible to debate

3. key to meaningful education – there‘s zero value to debating their affirmative, it will inevitably be passed

4. Makes them not topical which is a voting issue – a substantial increase must be substantively meaningfulWords and Phrases, 2 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, ―Substantially,‖ Volume 40B, p. 324-330 October2002, Thomson West)

Okla. 1911. ―Substantially‖ means in substance: in the main; essentially; by including the material or essential part.

1NC DAObama‘s consistent pressure and Democratic unity are key to get Boehner to allow a voteSullivan, 10/24/13 (Sean, ―John Boehner's next big test: Immigration‖ Washington Post Blogs, The Fix, lexis)

President Obama delivered remarks Thursday morning to …. That's enough to believe he will at least entertain thepossibility of tuning the hard-liners out a bit more this time around.

Plan is massively unpopularCFR 12 – (Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, ―Oil Mexico, and the Transboundary Agreement,‖Minority Staff Report, December 21, 2012)

The Transboundary Agreement (TBA) provides a bilateral basis upon which both countries can AND

the TBA itself, thus possibly

miring the TBA in other political fights.

Immigration reform generates an effective base of IT experts - solves cyberterror *top 20 firms conclude H1-B visa requestors are oversees – increasing IT experts, the majority of which are overseas,cannot come to the US, talented students that have tremendous ability to develop tech and scientific advances don‘thave the ability to come to the US – collapses response mechanismsMcLarty 09 – (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task ForceCo-Chair, ―U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force‖, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms ANDgoing to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

A successful cyber-attack ensures accidental nuclear war

Fritz 09 – (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, ―Hacking Nuclear Command and Control‖, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

The US uses the two-man rule to achieve a higher level of AND

of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

1NC DAThe plan bolsters US LNG exports

http://www.ogj.com/articles/2013/10/senate-passes-gulf-transboundary-bill-forwards-to-house.html

http://www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc

http://www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc

http://www.ogj.com/articles/2013/10/senate-passes-gulf-transboundary-bill-forwards-to-house.html



Ebinger et al 12 – (Charles, Task Force Co-Chair of Brookings Institution Natural Gas Task Force, "Evaluatingthe Prospects for Increased Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas from the United States",January,Brookings,www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/natural%20gas%20ebinger/natural_gas _ebinger_2.pdf)

The successful export of LNG will depend upon the necessary shipping infrastructure and capacity being

AND

the isthmus, resulting in a dramatic decline in shipping costs to Asia.

That challenges Russian gas dominance over the EUDaly 12 – Ph.D. from the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. served as Director ofPrograms at the Middle East Institute in Washington DC before joining UPI as International Correspondent (―RussiaRattled by Rising Importance of Shale Gas,‖ 4/13, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Russia-Rattled-by-Rising-Importance-of-Shale-Gas.html)

Whilst it is exceedingly difficult to summon up much sympathy for either Russia‘s state- AND

risks losing its main source of income - the export of natural gas.‖

Increasing US LNG exports breaks European dependence on RussiaRatner et al 12 – specialist in energy policy, other authors include ***Paul Belkin, analyst in European affairs, ***JimNichol, specialist in Russian and Eurasian affairs, and ***Steven Woehrel, specialist in European Affairs (Michael,

―Europe‘s Energy Security: Options and Challenges to Natural Gas Supply Diversification,‖ Congressional ResearchService, 3/13/12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42405.pdf)//AM

The 27 member-state European Union (EU) has been a growing natural gas consumer and importer for decades.

However, as Europe‘s natural gas production has … U.S. LNG contracts not include an oil -indexed formula, pressure would beadded for other countries, including Russia, to follow suit. Russian companies, including state-controlled natural gas giant Gazprom,have adamantly defended oil-indexed natural gas prices.

EU dominance is vital to Russian gas exports – key to the Russian economy and perceived as a life or deathnational interestWeitz 11 – senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor (Richard, ―Can We Managea Declining Russia?‖ November, http://www.aei.org/files/2011/12/08/-can-we-manage-a-declining-russia_152701899417.pdf)

Europe is an unavoidable partner. The European market consumes 90% of Russia's total gas exports and 60% of its

crude oil, which make up only 25 and 15% of Europe's total demand… or target new markets any better than it has in thepast.

Willful disregard for core Russian interests turns Russia into a hostile challenger of the USAllison and Blackwill 11 – * director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard‘s KennedySchool AND ** Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Grahamand Robert, ―Russia and U.S. National Interests Why Should Americans Care?‖, Task Force on Russia and U.S.National Interests Report, October, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Russia-and-US-NI_final-web.pdf)

Americans often tend to focus on either … recognize that today‘s Russia is not sufficiently strong to challenge American global leadership without the support of other major powers.

This causes war and will escalate globallyWeitz, 11 - senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor (Richard, ―Can We Managea Declining Russia?‖ November, http://www.aei.org/files/2011/12/08/-can-we-manage-a-declining-russia_152701899417.pdf)

Conversely, a Russia relatively weaker to the United States would have less capability to ANDto reverse their feared decline in ways that helped precipitate disastrous global wars.

1NC – COUNTERPLAN

Text: The United States federal government should implement the Outer Continental Shelf TransboundaryHydrocarbon Agreement.if and only if Mexico agrees to

http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Russia-Rattled-by-Rising-Importance-of-Shale-Gas.html







- Enhance transparency by protecting the free flow of information,- Expand targeted performance-based funding to the Mexican states,- Allow monitoring and reporting of crimes directly to a federal body,- And increase police wages, training, and equipment.

Conditions key – creates political pressure to enact the counterplan.

Reyes et al 12, (Alex Velez-Green, Robin Reyes, and Anthony Ramicone, September, The Institute of Politics is a non-

profit organization located in the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, ―GOVERNMENTAL, JUDICIAL AND POLICE CORRUPTION,‖ http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdf)

Thirdly, recognizing that functioning police forces are essential to ensure the safety of noncorrupt ANDremain independent of local political pressures by reporting directly to a federal agency.

That solves Mexican instability

Sabet 10 (Daniel, May 2010, ―Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles,‖ Woodrow Wilson InternationalCenter for Scholars Mexico Institute, University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute, Daniel Sabet is a visiting professor atGeorgetown University‘s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service,http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf)

At no time in Mexico‘s history has there been a greater need for professional police

ANDcreating an effective police force operating ¶ within the confines of the law.

Extinction.

Rochlin 94 (James,. Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University College. ―Discovering the Americas: the evolutionof Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America,‖ p. 130-131)

While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were AND, such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter.

1NC RELATIONSMexico relations are too strong – definitely no chance of collapse for several reasons

1ac author Shifter 13 – (Michael, Michael is an Adjunct Professor of Latin American Studies at GeorgetownUniversity's School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and writes for theCouncil's journal Foreign Affairs. He serves as the President of Inter- American Dialogue, ―A More Ambitious Agenda‖February 2013 http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD9042_USMexicoReportEnglishFinal.pdf\\CLans)

US President Barack Obama was sworn in for his second four-year term on AND

longterm growth and job creation, and set the stage for further economic integration

Single instances of action do not change international perceptions of the U.S. Fettweis 08 (Christopher – professor of political science at Tulane, Credibility and the War on Terror, PoliticalScience Quarterly, Winter, GDI File)

Since Vietnam, scholars have been generally unable to identify cases in which high credibility AND

a coherent test; when it was, it almost inevitably failed.40

No risk of a bioweapons attack – too difficult to acquire and deployBurton and Stewart 08 – (Fred and Scott, Stratfor Intelligence, ―Busting the Anthrax Myth‖, July 30,http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/busting_anthrax_myth)

In fact, based on the past history of nonstate actors conducting attacks using biological AND, militant groups would have used them far more frequently than they have.

No nuclear terrorism – tech barriers

http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf

http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/dms76/policefiles/Sabet_police_reform.pdf



Chapman 12 – (Stephen, editorial writer for Chicago Tribune, ―CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely,‖ May 22,http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html)

A layperson may figure it‘s only a matter of time before the unimaginable comes to AND

, it appears, the worst eventuality is one that will never happen.

1NC DODD

Zero internal link to Afghanistan- multiple alt causes that was cross-ex

No risk of India-Pakistan warMutti 09 – over a decade of expertise covering on South Asia geopolitics, Contributing Editor to Demockracy journal(James, 1/5, Mumbai Misperceptions: War is Not Imminent, http://demockracy.com/four-reasons-why-the-mumbai-attacks-wont-result-in-a-nuclear-war/)

Writer Amitav Ghosh divined a crucial … US, Russia, and others not to let the situation end in war. India has been actively recruiting Pakistan‘s closestallies – China and Saudi Arabia – to pressure Pakistan to act against militants, and the US has been in the forefront of pressing Pakistan for action.Iran too has expressed solidarity with India in the face of the attacks and is using its regional influence to bring more diplomatic pressure on Pakistan.

The war won't escalate or cause extinctionDyer 02 – (5/24, Gwinette, Hamilton Spectator, "Nuclear war a possibility over Kashmir", Lexis, WEA)

For those who do not live in the … fallout.

People over 40 have already lived through a period when the great powers conducted hundreds of nuclear tests in the atmosphere, and they aremostly still here.

No impact to middle east warMaloney and Takeyh 07 – *senior fellow for Middle East Policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Studies at theBrookings Institution AND **senior fellow for Middle East Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Susan andRay, International Herald Tribune, 6/28, ―Why the Iraq War Won't Engulf the Mideast‖,http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0628iraq_maloney.aspx)

Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, … to contain its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entireMiddle East.

b) no global escalationDyer 02 – Ph.D. in Military and Middle Eastern History from the University of London and former professor at the

Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and Oxford University (Gwynne, Queen‘s Quarterly, ―The coming war‖, December,questia) All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible AND

. But the good news is: we are out of the business.

1NC HEGEMONY

The world is moving to pluralism, not multi-polarity – the US can still maintain unipolar leadership becausemost challengers are regionalEtzioni, 13 – served as a senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard Universityand The University of California at Berkeley; and is currently a university professor and professor of internationalrelations at The George Washington University (Amitai, ―The Devolution of American Power‖ 37 Fletcher F. World Aff.13, lexis)

The theory that the world is moving from a unipolar order, dominated by the United States, to a multipolar distribution of power has led to a robustdebate concerning the consequences of this change on the international order. However, the global power …between declining and rising globalpowers, and thus are less likely to lead to outright conflicts. With devolution, the central power yields, therefore risking much less when pluralismincreases than when a transition from uni- to multipolarity takes place. This is one of the principle strengths of pluralism.

Unilateralism is what sustains primacy – other states bandwagon with the US for fear of other rising powers – moving towards multilateralism makes it unsustainableSeldena, 13 – assistant professor of political science at the University of Florida (Zachary, ―Balancing Against orBalancing With? The Spectrum of Alignment and the Endurance of American Hegemony‖ Security Studies Volume22, Issue 2, 2013, Taylor and Francis)

http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html

http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html



Understanding which of these choices—soft … reduction in the ability of the United States to project power and anincreased reluctance to use its power in support of its national interests .

Heg doesn‘t solve stabilityCambanis 12 – [Thanassis, fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of ―A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah‘sLegions and Their Endless War Against Israel‖, ―The lonely superpower,‖http://bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/01/22/the-lonely-superpower/FRkSf1s5n9lXku4VqvEtqJ/story.html]

Now, however, with a few decades of experience to study, a young AND

be much safer for a unipolar superpower, not more costly and hazardous .

No impact to hegemonic transitionIkenberry 08 – professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University (John, ―The Rise of China andthe Future of the West Can the Liberal System Survive?‖ Jan/Feb 2008, Foreign Affairs,)

Some observers believe that the American era is coming to an end, as the AND, but the Western order -- if managed properly -- will live on.

http://bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/01/22/the-lonely-superpower/FRkSf1s5n9lXku4VqvEtqJ/story.html

http://bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/01/22/the-lonely-superpower/FRkSf1s5n9lXku4VqvEtqJ/story.html



2nc2NC OVERVIEW (0:27)c. obliterates value to life – outweighs extinctionGiroux 08 – McMaster cultural studies professor (Henry, ―Beyond the bio politics of disposability: rethinkingneoliberalism in the New Gilded Age‖, Social Identities; Sep2008, Vol. 14 Issue 5, p587-620, ebsco)

Any attempt to address the current bio politics of neoliberalism and disposability must begin by ANDprecisely at this intersection of pedagogy and politics that neoliberalism must be challenged.

2NC FRAMEWORKc. education – the status quo represents a constrained political world framed by neoliberal ideology whichbreeds political dogmatism – that destroys resistance to neoliberal ideologyGiroux 11 – (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 28February 2011, ―Left Behind? American Youth and the Global Fight for Democracy‖, http://www.truth-out.org/left-behind-american-youth-and-global-fight-democracy68042)

Meanwhile, not only have academic jobs been disappearing, but given the shift to ANDfunded, knowledge has to justify itself in market terms or simply perish.

d. personal agency – focusing on the levers of power cedes politics to warmongers – makes real-worldviolence inevitable – reject the team

Kappeler 95 – Freelance author and teacher in England and Germany, 1995 [Susanne, The Will to Violence:

the Politics of Personal Behavior , p. 9-11]

War does not suddenly break out in a peaceful society ; sexual violence is not

AND

and that there is no such thing as not acting or doing nothing.

e. serial policy failure – the curriculum has been coopted by violent neoliberal forces – perpetuates failedpolicies which make extinction inevitable and obscure accurate reflection of the epistemology behind the 1ac

– reject the AFFHill 10 – (Dave Hill is professor of education policy at the University of Northampton, England, and professor of

education at Middlesex University, London, England. 2010. Revolutionizing Pedagogy: Education for Social JusticeWithin and Beyond Global Neo-Liberalism. Eds. Sheila Macrine, Peter McLaren, and Dave Hill, pp. 135-138)

Impacts on Democracy and on Critical Thinking The neoconservative faces of education reform, indeed AND, socialist society: in that way we maintain our dignity and hope.

The K turns the case – the AFF causes error replication and encourages wars in AfghanistanAhmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development(IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department ofInternational Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of internationalrelations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace & Security Volume23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected

ANDturn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict.

TURNS HEGEMONY***TURNS BENEFIT OF HEGEMONY – the AFF‘s call for a military industrial apparatus comes from a profit-driven epistemology that expands neoliberal militarism and threat inflationCypher 07 – (James Cypher, writer for the Monthly Review, research professor in the doctoral program indevelopment studies at la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, author of The Process of Economic Developmentand State and Capital in Mexico: Development Policy since 1940, June 2007, "From Military Keynesiasism to Global-



Neoliberal Militarism," Monthly Review, monthlyreview.org/2007/06/01/from-military-keynesianism-to-global-neoliberal-militarism)

Hence, with the participation of the Departments of Defense and State, the United AND

but possible. It is possibility that justifies the defenses they advocate.7

TURNS MANUFACTURING/MEXICO RELS

***TURNS MEXICO RELATIONS – the economic model of the AFF is rooted in an exploitative theory oftransnational dependence which marginalizes the population at the expense of elites – that‘s the root causeof Mexican economic declineCypher and Wise 11 – (James M., and Raúl Delgado, research professor in the doctoral program in developmentstudies at la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, author of The Process of Economic Development and State andCapital in Mexico: Development Policy since 1940, AND PhD in social sciences from the University of Pennsylvania,recipient of the 1993 Maestro Jesus Silvia Herzog prize in economics, member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences,member of the National System of Researchers, executive secretary of the International Migration and DevelopmentNetwork, director of the doctoral program in development studies at la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, October10, 2011, Mexico‘s Economic Dilemma (The Developmental Failure of Neoliberalism), available online athttp://www.kilibro.com/en/book/preview/147236/mexicos-economic-dilemma, alp)

The maquilized sectors of the economy have since late 2006 been grouped under the acronym AND.-based firms that are the dominant participants in this new economic model.

2NC AT: PERM DO BOTHc. co-option DA – neoliberalism coopts reform – pragmatism for Latin American governments results incontrol by international capital – turns your cedes politics argument – the K is an impact turn to currentforms of politicsBoron 08 – Buenos Aires political science professor (Atilio, The New Latin American Left, pg 242-245)

THE CURSE OF CONSERVATIVE 'POSSIBILISM' Given the above, and granting the existence of alternatives ANDelecting Lula, because the markets would govern the country in any case.

AT: DEMOCRACY

Plan solves isn‘t a justification of neoliberalism. It just says democracy checks the environment or war –

Neolib is a worse form of democracy and corrupts the impact – a. exacerbates probability of proximate causes to war and causes environmental collapseStaples 2k – International Network on Disarmament and Globalization chair (Steven, ―The relationship betweenglobalization and militarism‖, Social Justice, 27.4, proquest)

Economic inequality is growing; more conflict and civil wars are emerging. It is

AND

them and their investments, insulating them from the violent effects of globalization.

b. globalization makes environmental collapse inevitable – tech can‘t solve Ehrenfeld 05 – Rutgers biology professor (David, ―The Environmental Limits to Globalization‖, Conservation BiologyVol. 19 No. 2, ebsco) Ehrenfeld ‗5,

The overall environmental changes brought about or accelerated by globalization are, however, much AND

answer to the life-threatening problems exacerbated by globalization (Ehrenfeld 2003b).

AT: TRANSITION WARSArgentina proves no transition warsCobb 06 – John Cobb, 2006, Professor Emeritus at the Claremont School of Theology, ―Democratizing the EconomicOrder,‖ The American Empire and the Commonwealth of God, p. 96.

In this regard, developments in Argentina are instructive and basically encouraging. That country

ANDmitigate the ecological crisis and even, perhaps, to reduce its virulence.

http://www.kilibro.com/en/book/preview/147236/mexicos-economic-dilemma

http://www.kilibro.com/en/book/preview/147236/mexicos-economic-dilemma



AT: POVERTYGrowth causes poverty and massive resource disparitiesTrainer 02 – senior lecturer at the University of New South Wales (Ted, Democracy & Nature, 8.2, "If you wantaffluence, prepare for war", EBSCO)

Rich countries are taking most of the world‘s resource production. Their … fully devoted to production by the people of the things they

most urgently need.

2NC NEOLIB UNSUSTAINABLE (1:19)Alt solves – creates alternatives to neoliberalismMunck 03 – professor of Globalization and Social Exclusion – (Ronaldo, Department of Sociology, Social Policy &Social Work Studies and Globalisation and Social Exclusion Unit, University of Liverpool, ―Neol iberalism,necessitarianism and alternatives in Latin America: there is no alternative (TINA)?‖, Third World Quarterly, Vol 24, No3, pp 495 –511, 2003, http://www-e.uni-magdeburg.de/evans/Journal%20Library/Trade%20and%20Countries/Neoliberalism,%20necessitarianism%20and%20alternatives%20in%20Latin%20America.pdf, ZBurdette)

To sum up, we need to move 'towards a new common sense' , as AND

unitary) will come to the surface and stake their claims in practice .

Neoliberalism is unsustainable, several warrants –

a. economic rationality – neoliberalism prioritizes short term profit over the well-being of life – makesextinction inevitableNhanenge 07 – South Africa development studies masters – (Jytte, ―Ecofeminsm: Towards Integrating The ConcernsOf Women, Poor People And Nature Into Development‖, February,http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1, DOA: 7-4-12)

Generation of wealth was an important part of the Scientific Revolution and its modern society ANDmodels, which can support women, Others and nature, are presented.

b. systems theory – increasing complexity undermines resiliency and creates diminishing returnsHudgins 12 – cites *Joseph Tainter; Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and SocialChange at Arizona State University, cites **Jim Rickards, an American lawyer, economist, and investment bankerwith 35 years of experience working in capital markets on Wall Street (Coley Hudgins, March 22nd, 2012, ‗ResilientFamily,‘ ―Complexity Theory and System Collapse,‖ http://www.theresilientfamily.com/2012/03/complexity-theory-and-system-collapse/ >:)

Jim Rickards is probably the world‘s baddest of the bad-asses in understanding and ANDand simplicity are the best hedges in an increasingly complex and unstable world.

2NC BIOTERRORRhetoric of bioterrorism recreates the threat – otherwise there is no impactLeitenberg 06 – (Leitenberg, Milton, "Bioterrorism, Hyped‖ Common Dreams, 17 Feb. 2006. Web. 21 July 2013.<http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0217-27.htm>) // AR

The United States has spent at least $33 billion since 2002 to combat the ANDproduced simply with easily available materials." We are creating our worst nightmare.

XT – NO ! TO BIOTERROR (1:07)c. meteorology checks the impact Mueller 10 – John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International SecurityStudies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A.and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press]

Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could potentially , if thus far only in AND

then effective dispersal could easily be disrupted by unfavorable environmental and meteorological conditions.




http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1

http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1






d. status quo bio-defense solves – trends prove Orent 09 – (Wendy, Ph.D. in anthropology from the … the World's Most Dangerous Disease 7/1―The bioterrorbugaboo.‖ Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/17/opinion/oe-orent17)

After the anthrax letter attacks of October 2001, the Bush administration pledged $57 ANDWar College report, by the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.

http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/17/opinion/oe-orent17

http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/17/opinion/oe-orent17





Westminster-Basco-Gupta-Neg-Harvard-Round1





Levinas's hesitations about the value of psychoanalysis—indeed, what might be called …. a being, and not a truth about beings "

(41). In this last claim, the fate of Heideggerian fundamental ontology that is an understanding of Being rather than a relation to beings (or to a being, aface) is hitched to the fate of psychoanalysis and both linked to participation, the "nocturnal chaos" that threatens to drown the ego in the totality.

b. switch-side debate solves – read psychoanalysis on the negative, that‘s key to critical thinking which is aportable educational skill – outweighs your offenseHarrigan 08 – (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master‘s in Communications – Wake Forest U., ―ADefense of Switch Side Debate‖, Master‘s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both ANDHunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

c. political simulations are educationally valuable – deliberation is empowering and activates agencyHanghoj 08 – Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author hasbeen affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is locatedat the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits havetaken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education atthe University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education,University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant professor(http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Joas‘ re-interpretation of Dewey‘s pragmatism as a ―theory of situated creativity‖ AND

the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.

1NC CASEa. Lenin‘s Act as Zizek describes it necessarily led to totalitarianism and the method that Zizek affirms is thetotalitarian impulse—the Act is demand for an ideal over all other political considerations and requiresviolence and the restablishment of a conservative social orderRobinson and Tormey, 2003 (Andrew and Simon, School of Politics at the University of Nottingham, "Zizek is not aRadical," http://homepage.ntlworld.com/simon.tormey/articles/Zizeknotradical.pdf)

Depleting Lenin: What is not to be done! Zizek is not a political theorist, and much of what passes for ‗politics‘ ANDthe ‗Leninist‘ Act, if this is the ‗Leninism‘ on offer.

b. Lenin did more than just embrace an ethic as part of the Act: he organized a party and formed amovement for actual political change—their affirmative‘s act of imagination is not even close to Lenin andZizek‘s reading of Lenin is so inaccurate that the real revolutionary goal should be to revoke his tenure

Robinson and Tormey, 2003 (Andrew and Simon, University of Nottingham, ―What is Not to be Done! Everythingyou wanted to know about Lenin, and (sadly)weren‘t afraid to ask Zizek‖ homepage.ntlworld.com/simon.tormey/articles/Zizeklenin.pdf)

As a historical account, Zizek‘s reading of Lenin is problematic. He often seems ANDwhere one can once again insist on the intransigence of ‗objective conditions‘.

2. Turn—even if their affirmative can transform political relations, it will do so in a way that replicates theexisting social order or makes it worse

Robinson and Tormey, 2003 (Andrew and Simon, University of Nottingham, ―What is Not to be Done! Everythingyou wanted to know about Lenin, and (sadly)weren‘t afraid to ask Zizek‖ homepage.ntlworld.com/simon.tormey/articles/Zizeklenin.pdf)

Conclusion: Smashing the Fragile AbsoluteZizek‘s Lenin takes his place amongst the various elements in Zizek‘s theory which operate as ANDthe hierarchy and subordination we would argue is implicit to any Zizekian schema.



3. The idea of embracing the death drive is politically devastating and cannot create radical change—bydefinition embracing social death refuses any possibility of affirmative social change and instead risks moreviolenceRobinson, 04 (Andrew, recently completed his PhD in political theory at the University of Nottingham, AndrewRobinson - Theory Blog, 11/15, ZIZEK - notes and work in progress, http://andyrobinsontheoryblog.blogspot.com/)

Zizek's concept of the Act is exceedingly redemptive (although it is a negative 'redemption'

ANDeg. "the task today is precisely to..." (CHU 128).

I suspect Zizek is what Vaneigem calls an "active nihilist" - not a nihilist of the passive, accepting kind, but the kind of nihilist who throws a beer-

glass against a wall, driven by a directionless refusal of the present (would Vaneigem's beer-glass thrower be committing a Zizekian Act? Quite possibly). Crucially, in

Vaneigem's account active nihilists are only proto-revolutionary; to become revolutionary, they would have to take additionalsteps. Zizek seems to refuse such steps (which mostly involve identifying with and engaging in resistances ineveryday life) on principle (see RESISTANCE), and therefore remains trapped permanently at the level of activenihilism.

4. Zizek provides zero data for any of his claims—there is no reason to accept any of his arguments becauseit requires obliterating differences between individuals and social groups to be coherentRobinson, 04 (Andrew, recently completed his PhD in political theory at the University of Nottingham, AndrewRobinson - Theory Blog, 11/15, ―Notes on Held and Zizek on 911‖, http://andyrobinsontheoryblog.blogspot.com/)

This is in many ways a repetition of Zizek's favourite themes, rearticulated around a AND

which never contain any further case for why one should support this assertion.

5. There is no universal foundation for politics. Metaphorically substituting one psychic relation for allpolitics fails. Their reduction of politics to confronting the death drive closes off successful innovations inpolitical strategy and means their strategy is counterproductiveBoggs 1993 (Carl, Intellectuals and the crisis of Modernity P. 138-140, net library)

The search for universal microfoundations of political action is surely futile, since the " ANDinsofar as they influence the capacity of labor to unite against capital. 100

Psychanalysis is incapable of social change

Adam Rosen-Carole 10, Visiting Professor of Philosophy at Bard College, 2010, ―Menu Cards in Time ofFamine: On Psychoanalysis and Politics,‖ Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Vol. LXXIX, No. 1, p. 205 -207

On the other hand, though in these ways and many others, psychoanalysis seems to promote the sorts ofsubjective dispositions and habits … of the institutional transformations necessary for their realization,and so conspire with our blindness to the enormous institutional impediments to a progressive politicalfuture?

1NC K

Lacan‘s alternative is a radically conservative fantasy – it writes world problemsoff as ―inevitable‖ and ―constitutive of existence,‖ thereby ending all hope ofsolving them, all the while universally applying a fantastical symbolism thatreplicates what Lacan critiques.Robinson, 05 (Andrew, recently completed his PhD in political theory at the University of Nottingham, Theory and

Event, 8/1, ―The Political Theory of Constitutive Lack: A Critique‖, projectmuse) There is more than an accidental relationship between the mythical operation of the concept AND

proponent, Žižek, claims to attack: a ―plague of fantasies‖.

Zizek‘s politics would destroy the left Robinson and Tormey, 2003 (Andrew and Simon, School of Politics at the University of Nottingham, "Zizek is not aRadical," http://homepage.ntlworld.com/simon.tormey/articles/Zizeknotradical.pdf)

Zizek‘s politics are not merely impossible, but potentially despotic, and also (between







Westminster-Basco-Gupta-Neg-Greenhill-Round2



1nc1nc framework

a. resolved requires a policyLouisiana House 05 – 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm

Resolution A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations, stating policies, AND, 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4)

b. ―United States federal government should‖ means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policyestablished by governmental actionEricson 03 – (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater‘sGuide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains ANDcompelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

c. ―economic engagement‖ is limited to expanding economic tiesÇelik 11 – Arda Can Çelik, Master‘s Degree in Politics and International Studies from Uppsala University, Economic

Sanctions and Engagement Policies, p. 11

Introduction

Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behaviour which involves with the target state. Engagement ANDposition of one state affects the position of others in the same direction.

A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life – even if their position is contestable that‘s distinctfrom it being valuably debatable – this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targetsthe discussion to avoid mere statements of fact – T debates solve your offenseSteinberg and Freeley 08 – *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injuryand civil rights law, AND **David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation andDebate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of opinion or a conflict of interest beforethere … best facilitated by the guidance provided by focus on a particular point of difference, which will beoutlined in the following discussion.

Turns the AFF – a predictable topic forces pre-round internal-reflective deliberation which is the only way toconvince people of the legitimacy of the 1acGoodin and Niemeyer 03 – (Robert and Simon, Australian National University, ―When Does Deliberation Begin,Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy‖ Political Studies, Volume 50, p 627-649,WileyInterscience)

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in ANDleast one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

That‘s key to critical thinking which is a portable educational skill – outweighs your offense

Harrigan 08 – (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master‘s in Communications – Wake Forest U., ―ADefense of Switch Side Debate‖, Master‘s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits to the practice of requiring students to debate both ANDHunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

e. political simulations are educationally valuable – deliberation is empowering and activates agencyHanghoj 08 – Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author hasbeen affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is locatedat the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits havetaken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at





Laclau (1996) has written about the inherent emptiness at the … as much as the political is understood as beingbroadly democratic, and as an invocation or extrapolation of publicness from what might otherwise be privatecircumstances (e.g., choosing a consumer good or debating with neighbors over dinner).

History demonstrates to us that this over-extension carries with it the seeds of tyranny instead of resistanceRufo and Atchison 11 – (Ken Rufo, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. inRhetoric from the University of Georgia, Review of Communication, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 193215)

A Fascism of/and the Political If our feeling of foreboding seems absurd, ANDnecessarily a determination of the extent and comportment of the political per se.

Our alternative is to vote negative to resist the over-extension of the political. Their consistent call for you touse your ballot to support change is the over-extension of the political that always focuses on increasingpolitical participation. Before you consider using your ballot in the name of change you must confront thefascist nature of holding our entire community hostage to their inspection.Rufo and Atchison 11 – (Ken Rufo, Ph.D. in Rhetoric from the University of Georgia, Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. inRhetoric from the University of Georgia, Review of Communication, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 193215)

The mention of fascism is of particular importance here in this debate . As a AND

entirely is indeed the very essence of fascism. (p. 144)

1nc ptxDebt ceiling will passEasley, 9/18/13 – spent four years as a political columnist and the politics editor at 411mania.com, where he coveredsuch issues as the Iraq War, warrant less wiretapping, and the daily workings of the American legislative process.Jason has also written for the Blogger News Network, and saw his 2008 presidential election coverage quoted in over300 newspapers worldwide. Jason has a Bachelor‘s Degree in Political Science (Jason, ―Obama‘s Genius Labeling ofGOP Demands Extortion Has Already Won The Debt Ceiling Fight‖ Politics USA,http://www.politicususa.com/2013/09/18/obamas-genius-labeling-gop-demands-extortion-won-debt-ceiling-fight.html)

President Obama effectively ended any Republican hopes of getting a political victory on the debt ceiling when hecalled their demands extortion. Nobody …, Obama is routing them on the debt ceiling.

Engagement with Mexico sparks backlash – Congress doesn‘t trust Mexico

AP ‗13 (5/2/13, Associated Press, ―Obama to Pitch Immigration Overhaul in Mexico‖http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Newsfront/obama-immigration-mexico-trip/2013/05/02/id/502393)

For Pena Nieto, Obama's visit is a chance for him to showcase his country's ANDnot ready to sign off on more money without a lot more details."

Default will destroy the U.S. and global economyDavidson, 9/10/13 – co-founder of NPR‘s Planet Money (Adam, ―Our Debt to Society‖ New York Times,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all)

If the debt ceiling isn‘t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will have to be made. Perhaps the government can skimp on its

foreign aid or furlough all of NASA, but eventually the big-ticket items, like Social Security and Medicare, … their Treasury bonds. The U.S.government, desperate to hold on to investment, would then raise interest rates far higher, hurtling up rates on credit cards, student loans, mortgages

and corporate borrowing — which would effectively put a clamp on all trade and spending. The U.S. economy would collapse far worsethan anything we‘ve seen in the past several years.

Nuclear warFriedberg and Schoenfeld 08 – [Aaron, Prof. Politics, And IR @ Princeton‘s Woodrow Wilson School and VisitingScholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal , ―The Dangers ofa Diminished America‖, 10-28, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html]

Then there are the dolorous consequences of a potential collapse of the world's financial architecture AND

http://www.politicususa.com/2013/09/18/obamas-genius-labeling-gop-demands-extortion-won-debt-ceiling-fight.html

http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Newsfront/obama-immigration-mexico-trip/2013/05/02/id/502393

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all

http://www.newsmaxworld.com/Newsfront/obama-immigration-mexico-trip/2013/05/02/id/502393

http://www.politicususa.com/2013/09/18/obamas-genius-labeling-gop-demands-extortion-won-debt-ceiling-fight.html



of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with external adventures.



2ncNarratives bad—they entrench the exclusion they try to combat by obstructing factual truth analysisEpstein 93 – (Richard, James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Prof. Law – U. Chicago, Stanford Law Review,―Legal Education and the Politics of Exclusion‖, 45 Stan. L. Rev. 1607, July, L/N)

One source of exclusivity is an attempt to redefine the relationship between experience and knowledge

ANDthe academic mission of a university or law school is to be fulfilled.

Narratives are accommodated into hegemonic structures- they obscure the connection between particularstories and universal problems and place certain truths beyond question- this is an epistemological indictPatricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey Law & Society Review, 00239216, 1995, Vol. 29, Issue 2

In the previous section, we discussed how narratives, like the lives and experiences

… from the provision of legal remedies without the requirement to produce an individually crafted narrative of rightand liability.





Westminster-Basco-Gupta-Neg-NDCA-Round6





Hip hop is dead. The aff‘s use of hip-hop is anything but revolutionary – the appeal to authentic localpractices of experiential knowledge reintrenches the fable of identity and makes a coherent critique ofcapitalism impossible. Their conception that hip-hop is necessarily transformative is just another means tocovertly essentialize identity and obscure the tools of class analysis.Darder , and Torress, 04 [Antonia, Prof of education policy studies at U of Illinois, and Rodolfo, Associate prof oflatino studies at UC Irvine, After Race: Racism after multiculturalism, p. 101-4 //liam]

The process of signification is at work in the emphasis that critical race theory places AND

constituted, reproduced and transformed‖ (Viotti da Costa 2001, 22).

Externally, the short term drive for profit necessitated by capitalism corrupts rational decision making --- thisis the only avenue to extinctionMarko, 3 (Anarchism and Human Survival: Russell‘s problem, May 14, 2003,https://www2.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/05/68173.html)

There exist three threats to survival namely nuclear war, ecological change and north- ANDpopulation to constrain and eventually overthrow these institutions because apocalypse is institutionally rational.

This is a question of non-permutable starting points; only refusal to participate in their pedagogical play cangenerate a movement away from the system

McLaren, 6 (Peter, University of California, ―Slavoj Žižek's Naked Politics: Opting for the Impossible, A SecondaryElaboration‖, JAC, http://www.jacweb.org/Archived_volumes/Text_articles/V21_I3_McLaren.htm, jj)

Žižek challenges the relativism of the gender -race-class grid of reflexive positionality ANDof each is the condi-tion for the free development of all?

1NC CASE

Narratives are accommodated into hegemonic structures- they obscure the connection between particularstories and universal problems and place certain truths beyond question- this is an epistemological indict

Patricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey Law & Society Review, 00239216, 1995, Vol. 29, Issue 2In the previous section, we discussed how narratives, like the lives and …, and some consumer protection regimes derivedirectly from the provision of legal remedies without the requirement to produce an individually crafted narrative ofright and liability.

The 1AC activist stance commodifies the experiences of the oppressed they claim to speak for – this rendersthe 1ac meaningless and creates a destructive model of dissent that depends upon authoritarian institutionsand imprisons the rhetorical value of the 1ac via commodification that denies the dignity of the representedJames 03 – Joy, Professor of Africana Studies @ Brown ―Academia, activism, and imprisoned intellectuals.‖http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Academia,+activism,+and+imprisoned+intellectuals.-a0133368005

Activism is as multidimensional in its appearances as the academy; as academia's alter ego ANDcommunicate with political prisoners, as openly as possible given the structural disparities.

Starting politics from the standpoint of an excluded identity-group is a vengeful politics of resentment---itcan only position itself reactively against an ostensible universal like Whiteness, inevitably re-instantiating

the terms of oppressionBhambra 10 – U Warwick— AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and theNeed for a ‗Tomorrow‘, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_) 2 The Reification of Identity We wish to turn now to a related problem within AND

to the identity being foreclosed through its attention to past-based grievances .

Hip hop is inevitably marketed to white consumers- turns black culture into a commodity that can be tossedaway-Card can also be used as an alt- diaspora movement

Hartigan 5- prof of anthropology @ UT, PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz

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2nc2NC OVERVIEWDon‘t get any ideas that their performance of hip hop actualizes change – they cannot weigh the case againstour procedural topicality argument – they operate under a politics of delusion – assuming that the ballotrepresents anything other more than a decision about who won the debate reduces their speech act to alecture on the myth of the model minority that is commodified to appease the academy – turns case, star thiscardGunnell 86 - Distinguished Professor of Political Science at University of Albany (John G., ―Tradition, Interpretation,and Science: Political Theory in the American Academy‖ pages 351-352)

There may be pointed exceptions; but, on the whole, the … structure for another.

AT: EXCLUSIONARYDecolonizing the academy is an attempt to proclaim innocence and assuage our guilt---proposing specificreforms is necessary to overcome the temptations of this palliative---also proves T version of affTuck 12— Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz. (Eve,Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)

Fanon told us in 1963 that decolonizing the mind is the first step, not AND

as decolonization and does not inherently offer any pathways that lead to decolonization.

AT: SIMULATES PERFECT GOVPolicy focus is key to challenge racist structuresThemba-Nixon 2k, Executive Director of The Praxis Project, a nonprofit organization helping communities use mediaand policy advocacyMakani, July 31, Colorlines, Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing, Vol 3.2)

―This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a AND. Of course, policy work is just one tool in our box.

AT: NARRATIVES GOODNarratives bad—they entrench the exclusion they try to combat by obstructing factual truth analysis

Epstein 93 – (Richard, James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Prof. Law – U. Chicago, Stanford Law Review,―Legal Education and the Politics of Exclusion‖, 45 Stan. L. Rev. 1607, July, L/N)

One source of exclusivity is an attempt to redefine the relationship between experience and knowledge ANDthe academic mission of a university or law school is to be fulfilled.

AT: HIP HOP GOODHip-hop is profoundly depoliticizing and channels resistance away from the state. Cultural studies is theconsolation prize in the game of politics—the real winners are the right wing elitesGitlin, 97 - professor of journalism and sociology at Columbia (Todd, ―The anti-political populism of cultural studies,‖ Dissent,Spring, proquest)

From the late 1960s onward, as I have said, the insurgent energy …, demonstrations, lobbies, whatever; let us do politics.Let us not think that our academic work is already that .

2NC STASIS DABroad limits turn exclusion – ethical obligation to vote negativeRowland 84 – (Robert C., Baylor U., ―Topic Selection in Debate‖, American Forensics in Perspective Ed. Parson, p.53-4)

The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is AND

of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs.

2NC FAIRNESS OUTWEIGHSTurns education – the debate space creates backlash and fractures coalitions – losers become scapegoats



Atchison and Panetta 09 – (Jarrod, PhD. In Speech Communication. Edward, Ph.D. in Communication.―Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future‖; The SAGEHandbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 28-9) JFS

The larger problem with locating the "debate as activism" perspective within the competitive AND

long community problems requires a tremendous effort by a great number of people .



1nr – The impact is extinctionBaudrillard 10 – (Jean, Carnival and Cannibal; Ventriloquous Evil, p. 70-73) [m leap]

IN THE PROMETHEAN PERSPECTIVE of unlimited growth, there is not merely the desire toAND

form of understanding or intelligence, which is the intelligence of the mystery.