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COM 354 New Media Ethics
Robert Bodle IR11 - Göteborg
Outline
intro rise of interoperabilityOpen APIs and privacy concerns other concernsclose
Open APIs - the sex organs of interoperability
A means to exchange data between two or more web services . . .
Open APIs – sharing data
between sites and services . . .
Open APIs – through calls
Browser calls routed through API server
Open APIs – enabling cross-posting
Syndicating messages on various “web platforms simultaneously” (Global Voices Advocacy 2009)
ecosystem of 3rd party developersbuild on top of a platformmutualadd valueinteroperability often achievedthough not always . . . tenuous
begetting a world of 3rd party web apps
mashups widgetssocial gamesdesktopmobile social plug-ins
mashup integrates 3 APIs: Mappy API Google Latitude API
Facebook API
a world of 3rd party web apps
mashups widgetssocial games desktopmobile social plug-ins
widget
a world of 3rd party web apps
mashups widgetssocial games desktopmobile social plug-ins
Social games – FB quizzes
a world of 3rd party web apps
mashups widgetssocial games desktopmobile social plug-ins
a world of 3rd party web apps
mashups widgetssocial games desktopmobile social plug-ins
The “Like” button
From modularity to interoperability
prevent vendor lock-indrive competition drive innovationreduce costs
Jon Postel championed non discriminatory standardization and interoperability
Facebook's expansion of Open APIs
Facebook Developer (2006) Facebook Platform (2007)Facebook Connect (2008)Open Stream (2009)Open Graph (2010)
Facebook Connect
Social plug-ins
Unlike Beacon which broadcasted information about user's web purchases without permission, the “Like” button encourages people to volunteer their tastes and preferences.
Open Graph
Sharing one's “social graph” or the sum total of one's connections -activity streams, profile information, comments, recommendations, preferences (“Likes”) . . .
What is being shared?
* Friends: https://graph.facebook.com/me/friends * News feed: https://graph.facebook.com/me/home * Profile feed (Wall): https://graph.facebook.com/me/feed * Likes: https://graph.facebook.com/me/likes * Movies: https://graph.facebook.com/me/movies * Books: https://graph.facebook.com/me/books * Notes: https://graph.facebook.com/me/notes * Photo Tags: https://graph.facebook.com/me/photos * Photo Albums: https://graph.facebook.com/me/albums * Video Tags: https://graph.facebook.com/me/videos * Video Uploads: https://graph.facebook.com/me/videos/uploaded * Events: https://graph.facebook.com/me/events * Groups: https://graph.facebook.com/me/groups * Check-ins: https://graph.facebook.com/me/checkins
Privacy, autonomy, freedom
lose control over one's information unable to anticipate consequencesunable to make informed decisionsloss of self-determination or autonomyfreedom from interference
or “informational self determination” (Tavani 2010)
Open APIs and other forms of enclosure
market dominance lock-inprescribed info-flowscommodificationdependency
Opening the social media ecosystem
secureprivatecontrolled by userstransparentnondiscriminatory interoperability
Digital dilemma
If Facebook shares our information with advertisers and web trackers should we be concerned about the consequences of privacy breaches (deontological) or should we tolerate this as a necessary by-product of sharing online (utilitarian-greater good, consequences)?
Opening the social media ecosystem