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Columbia University Fieldschool, EcuadorPambamarca Archaeology Project
Summer 2005
Contact Chad Gifford with questions at: [email protected]
The Six Highland Basins of Ecuador
The Columbia Fieldschool takes place in
Northern Highland Ecuador along the
eastern edge of the Quito Basin.
Ecuador was invaded by the 11th Inka King,
Huayna Capac.
The chronicles describe battles that took place outside a
fortress.
Specific tribes of Ecuador are mentioned in the
chronicles.
Research Background
The Spanish chronicles relate that the Inkas faced great resistance from indigenous tribes in Northern Highland Ecuador.
P a c i f i c C o a s tPa sto
Pa ísC a ra nq ui
Q uitus
Pa nza le o
M t. C o to p a xi(5911m )
M t. P ic hinc ha(4324m )
M t. C a ya m b a(5796)
A ntisa na(5758m )
Pam bam a rc a
C o c ha sq uí
La ta c ung a
ElQ uinc he
Q uito
C a ya m b e
Ib a rra
M t. Im b a b ura(4000)
O ta va lo
Tulc á n
R. P isq ue
R. G ua ylla b a m b a
R. Na p o
R. C ho taR. M
ira
EC UAD O R
0 km 50
m e te rs
3000+
1200+
F ig u re 1 : N o rth e rn H ig h lan d E cu ad o rT h e ex p an d in g In k a fro n tie r re ach ed th e so u th e rn b o rd e r o f th e P a ís C a ran q u i in c a . A D 1 4 9 0 .
Northern Highland Ecuador
The expanding Inka frontier reached
Pambamarca at the southern border of
the País Caranqui in ca. AD 1490.
The Pambamarca Fortresses
This is a sample of the Pambamarca fortresses that are the focus of the project’s research. Fortresses Pi10 (Quitoloma) was investigated in 2002. Fortress Pi23 (Campana Pucara) was
investigated in 2003.
QuitolomaResearch in 2002 focused on Quitoloma, the largest fortress in Pambamarca. The site overlooks Quito to the west and Volcano
Cayambe to the east.
Quitoloma
This Inka settlement and fortress is over half a
kilometer in length and contains more than 70 stone
structures. This site map was created in 2002 by
project members using a total station.
Campana Pucara Research in 2003 focused on Campana Pucara, an Inka fortress located in Pambamarca. The site overlooks Mt. Cayambe.
Technology at Campana Pucara
Fieldwork in 2003 included a remote sensing campaign at
Campana Pucara.
Excavations at Campana Pucara
Fieldwork in 2003 included archaeological excavations at Campana Pucara.
Pi-0011
Pi-0023
Pi-0025 Pi-0019
Sites of Possible Study in 2005
In 2005 the project will consider returning to Campana Pucara (right) as well as
investigating new forts such as those below.
Quito, Ecuador
Quito is the principal point of entry in to Ecuador.
The city sits on the flanks of the Andean volcano Pichincha just above the verdant Quito Basin.
Quito’s colonial past and modern culture provide visitors
to the city with continuous visual lessons in Ecuadorian
history and contemporary life.
Locating Pambamarca
The project’s study area is know as Pambamarca, a mountainous region along the eastern edge of the Quito
Basin. Pambamarca lies on the equator just south of the city of Cayambe.
Cayambe is a modern, busy city that serves as the project’s connection to the
outside world.
Nearby points of interest include the city of Otovalo, Ecuador most colorful and
busy market town; Oyacachi, the connection point between the high
mountains of the Andes and the eastern lowlands of the Amazon; and Quito,
which is an hour’s drive away.
Cayambe
the equator
Pambamarca
The landscapes are expansive and breathtaking. Here a student takes time to write in her journal on top of a natural formation of bedrock.
One of the challenges of working in Pambamarca is hiking to the archaeolgical sites. Here students make
there way up to Quitoloma.
Pambamarca
Pambamarca
Site visits are an important part of learning on the project. Here two student visit one of the windiest sites in Pambamarca. They are walking
on an ‘usnu’, or Inka ceremonial platform.
CangahuaFieldschool students live in the town of
Cangahua (below), which lies in the heart of Pambamarca.
The project has assembled a dormitory-styled housing for project
participants (right).
Participants and guests have the option of staying in a local colonial
Hacienda (below right).
Cangahua Fiestas
In late June Cangahua hosts a week-long series of festivals. People travel from neighboring communities to participate in different cultural events that
include dancing, singing and bull fighting.
…on the equator: Chad in the Southern
Hemisphere; his dad in the Northern Hemisphere.
…at the archaeological site of Cochasqui: Angela feeds the friendly llamas.
…at a local archaeological museum: please hold the vessels with two hands!
Project participants enjoying themselves…